N.G. הוא מקבל מלגות מן הצרפתית "פונדציה לשפוך la Recherche Médicale FRM" וקרן פיליפ; R.S. נתמך על ידי קרן לוסיל פקארד לבריאות הילדים ופרס סטנפורד NIH / NCRR CTSA מספר UL1 RR025744; נ.ב. נתמך על ידי מלגת מקס קייד של קרן מקס קייד והאקדמיה האוסטרית למדעים ומלגת שרודינגר של קרן המדע האוסטרית (FWF): J3399-B21; S.J.G. מכיר בתמיכה של המכונים הלאומיים לבריאות מעניק U19 AI104209, NS 080062 ומהתוכנית לחקר מחלות הקשורות לטבק באוניברסיטת קליפורניה; L.L.R. מכיר בתמיכה של קרן המחקר הלאומית דלקת פרקים (ANRF) ומכוני הבריאות הלאומיים מענק K99AI110645.

למחברים אין מה לחשוף.

כמעט 30 שנה לאחר תיאורו הראשוני38, הגישה 'תא התורן לדפוק ב' ממשיכה לספק מידע רב ערך על מה MCs יכול לעשות או לא יכול לעשות vivo. הפונקציות של MCs נחשבו זמן רב להיות מוגבל לתפקידם באלרגיה. נתונים שנוצרו באמצעות גישת 'תא התורן knock-in' שינו השקפה זו, על ידי מתן ראיות כי MCs יכול, בין היתר, ...

תאי פיטום (MCs) הם תאים hematopoietic הנובעים אבות מח עצם פלוריפוטנטי1-3. בעקבות יציאה מח עצם, MCs אבות נודדים לתוך רקמות שונות שבו הם מתפתחים לתוך MCs בוגרת תחת השפעת גורמי גדילה מקומיים1-3. MCs תושבי רקמות ממוקמים אסטרטגית בממשקי סביבה מארחת, כגון העור, דרכי הנשימה ומערכת העיכול, שם הם מתנהגים כקו הגנה ראשון מפני עלבונות חיצוניים3-6. MCs מסווגים לעתים קרובות על סמך המאפיינים הפנוטיפיים "הבסיסיים" שלהם והמיקומים האנטומיים שלהם. בעכברים תוארו שני סוגים של MCs: MCs מסוג "רקמת חיבור" (CTMCs) ומחשבי MCs הרירית (MMCs)1-3,7,8. CTMCs ממוקמים לעתים קרובות סביב venules ליד סיבי עצב, ומתגוררים בחללים serosal, בעוד MMCs לכבוש מיקומים תוך-אפיתל במעיים רירית הנשימה1-3.
מתודולוגיות רבות יושמו כדי ללמוד פונקציות ביולוגיות של MCs9-13. קבוצות רבות התמקדו בגישות במבחנה באמצעות קווי תאים (כגון הקווים האנושיים MC HMC114 או LAD215,16), IN VITRO נגזר MCs (כגון MCs נגזר דם היקפי אנושי17, או עצם העכבר נגזר תרבית MCs [BMCMCs]18, MCs בתרבית עור עוברי [FSCMCs]19 ומחשבים גרפיים [PCMCs]20) או MCs מבודדים ex vivo מאתרים אנטומיים שונים. כל המודלים האלה נמצאים בשימוש נרחב כדי ללמוד פרטים מולקולריים של ביולוגיה MC, כגון איתות מסלולים המעורבים בהפעלת MC. עם זאת, היבט חשוב של הביולוגיה MCs הוא כי המאפיינים הפנוטיפיים והפונקציונליים שלהם (למשל,תוכן פרוטאז גרנול ציטופלסמי או תגובה לגירויים שונים) ניתן לווסת על ידי מיקום אנטומי microenvironment2,7. מאז התערובת המדויקת של גורמים כאלה כי הם נתקלים vivo עשוי להיות קשה לשחזר במבחנה, אנו מעדיפים להשתמש בגישות vivo כדי לקבל תובנות פונקציות MCs9.
קיימים מספר זנים של עכברים עם מחסור גנטי ב- MC, כגון עכברי WBB6F1-קיט W/W-v או C57BL/6-קיט W-sh/W-sh. עכברים אלה חסרים ביטוי ו/או פעילות של KIT (CD117), הקולטן של גורם הגדילה העיקרי של MC גורם תאי גזע (SCF)21,22. כתוצאה מכך, לעכברים אלה יש מחסור עמוק ב- MC אך יש להם גם חריגות פנוטיפיות נוספות הקשורות למוטציותערכת c שלהם (ב- WBB6F1-קיט W / W-v עכברים) או להשפעות של היפוך כרומוזומלי גדול שתוצאתוביטוי ערכת c מופחתת (ב C57BL / 6 -קיט W-sh / W-sh עכברים)9,10,12,23. לאחרונה, מספר זנים של עכברים עם c-קיט- מחסור עצמאי MC מכונן דווחו24-26. כל העכברים האלה וכמה סוגים חדשים נוספים של עכברים חסרי השכלה MC נבדקו לאחרונה בפירוט9,10,13.
כאן, אנו מתארים שיטות ליצירת MCs מתורבתים שמקורם בעצם העכבר (BMCMCs), העברתם המאמצת לעכברים חסרי MC וניתוח המספרים וההתפלגות של MCs שהועברו באופן מאמץ באתרים אנטומיים שונים. שיטה זו שנקראת 'תא התורן לדפוק ב' ניתן להשתמש כדי להעריך את הפונקציות של MCs ומוצרים שמקורם MC ב vivo. אנו דנים ביתרונות ובמגבלות של שיטה זו, לאור גישות חלופיות שפותחו בשנים האחרונות.

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			<td>Olympus BX60 Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>NA</td>
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			<td>Paraplast Plus Tissue Embedding Medium</td>
			<td>Fisher Brand</td>
			<td>23-021-400</td>
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			<td>Corning cellgro</td>
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			<td>Propidium Iodide Staining Solution</td>
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			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
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			<td>Tissue culture flasks T25 25 cm2</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson</td>
			<td>353109</td>
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			<td>Recombinant Mouse SCF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>250-03</td>
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	</tbody>
</table>

analyzing the functions of mast cells in vivo using 'mast cell knock-in' mice

תאי פיטום (MCs) הם תאים hematopoietic אשר שוכנים ברקמות שונות, והם שופעים במיוחד באתרים חשופים לסביבה החיצונית, כגון עור, דרכי הנשימה ומערכת העיכול. ידוע בעיקר בשל תפקידם המזיק בתגובות אלרגיות תלויות IgE, MCs הופיעו גם כשחקנים חשובים בהגנה המארחת מפני ארס ופלש חיידקים ולטפילים. פנוטיפ MC ותפקוד יכול להיות מושפע גורמים microenvironmental שעשויים להיות שונים בהתאם למיקום האנטומי ו / או מבוסס על סוג או שלב ההתפתחות של תגובות חיסוניות. מסיבה זו, אנחנו ואחרים העדפנו בגישות vivo על פני שיטות במבחנה כדי לקבל תובנה פונקציות MC. כאן, אנו מתארים שיטות ליצירת MCs מתורבתים של מח עצם העכבר (BMCMCs), העברתם המאמצת לעכברים לקויי MC גנטית, וניתוח המספרים וההתפלגות של MCs שהועברו באופן מאמץ באתרים אנטומיים שונים. שיטה זו, בשם'תא התורן knock-in' גישה, נעשה שימוש נרחב במהלך 30 השנים האחרונות כדי להעריך את הפונקציות של MCs ומוצרים שמקורם MC ב vivo. אנו דנים ביתרונות ובמגבלות של שיטה זו, לאור גישות חלופיות שפותחו בשנים האחרונות.

סקירה כללית של גישת 'חיקוי תא התורן' מוצגת באיור 1, וכוללת את הדור של BMCMCs, את מספר התאים שיש לחרוט i.p., i.d. או i.v. לעכברים חסרי MC (המספר יכול להיות מגוון אם צוין בהתבסס על העיצוב הניסיוני) ואת המרווח בין חריטה לניסוי בהתאם לאתר ההזרקה (מרווח זה גם יכול להשתנות, אם צוין; למשל, התוכ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing the Functions of Mast Cells In Vivo Using 'Mast Cell Knock-in' Mice at JoVE.com

Analyzing the Functions of Mast Cells In Vivo Using &#039;Mast Cell Knock-in&#039; Mice

אנו מתארים שיטה ליצירת תאי פיטום שמקורם במבחנה, חריטה שלהם לעכברים חסרי תאים תורניים, וניתוח של פנוטיפ, מספרים והפצה של תאי פיטום חרוטים באתרים אנטומיים שונים. פרוטוקול זה יכול לשמש כדי להעריך את הפונקציות של תאי פיטום ב vivo.

ניתוח הפונקציות של תאי פיטום ב Vivo באמצעות 'תא התורן לדפוק ב' עכברים

Mast cells (MCs) are hematopoietic cells which reside in various tissues, and are especially abundant at sites exposed to the external environment, such ...

analyzing-functions-mast-cells-vivo-using-mast-cell-knock

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Analyzing the Functions of Mast Cells In Vivo Using 'Mast Cell Knock-in' Mice

10.2K Views.  Stanford University School of Medicine. אנו מתארים שיטה ליצירת תאי פיטום שמקורם במבחנה, חריטה שלהם לעכברים חסרי תאים תורניים, וניתוח של פנוטיפ, מספרים והפצה של תאי פיטום חרוטים באתרים אנטומיים שונים. פרוטוקול זה יכול לשמש כדי להעריך את הפונקציות של תאי פיטום ב vivo.

Video: Analyzing the Functions of Mast Cells In Vivo Using 'Mast Cell Knock-in' Mice

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the simultaneous infection of the cell by a number of phages, one of two pathways is chosen: lytic (virulent) or lysogenic (dormant)3,4. We recently developed a method for fluorescently labeling individual phages, and were able to examine the post-infection decision in real-time under the microscope, at the level of individual phages and cells5. Here, we describe the full procedure for performing the infection experiments described in our earlier work5. This includes the creation of fluorescent phages, infection of the cells, imaging under the microscope and data analysis. The fluorescent phage is a "hybrid", co-expressing wild- type and YFP-fusion versions of the capsid gpD protein. A crude phage lysate is first obtained by inducing a lysogen of the gpD-EYFP (Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein) phage, harboring a plasmid expressing wild type gpD. A series of purification steps are then performed, followed by DAPI-labeling and imaging under the microscope. This is done in order to verify the uniformity, DNA packaging efficiency, fluorescence signal and structural stability of the phage stock. The initial adsorption of phages to bacteria is performed on ice, then followed by a short incubation at 35&deg;C to trigger viral DNA injection6. The phage/bacteria mixture is then moved to the surface of a thin nutrient agar slab, covered with a coverslip and imaged under an epifluorescence microscope. The post-infection process is followed for 4 hr, at 10 min interval. Multiple stage positions are tracked such that ~100 cell infections can be traced in a single experiment. At each position and time point, images are acquired in the phase-contrast and red and green fluorescent channels. The phase-contrast image is used later for automated cell recognition while the fluorescent channels are used to characterize the infection outcome: production of new fluorescent phages (green) followed by cell lysis, or expression of lysogeny factors (red) followed by resumed cell growth and division. The acquired time-lapse movies are processed using a combination of manual and automated methods. Data analysis results in the identification of infection parameters for each infection event (e.g. number and positions of infecting phages) as well as infection outcome (lysis/lysogeny). Additional parameters can be extracted if desired.

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

This article describes the procedure for preparing a fluorescently-labeled version of bacteriophage lambda, infection of E. coli bacteria, following the infection outcome under the microscope, and analysis of infection results.

בעקבות Cell-גורל ב<em&gt; א coli</em&gt; לאחר זיהום על ידי phage מבדה

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological deficiencies. GVHD is caused by mature alloreactive T cells present in the bone marrow graft that are infused into the recipient and cause damage to host organs. However, in mice, T cells must be added to the bone marrow inoculum to cause GVHD. Although extensive work has been done to characterize T cell responses post transplant, bioluminescent imaging technology is a non-invasive method to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo. 
Following lethal irradiation, recipient mice are transplanted with bone marrow cells and splenocytes from donor mice. T cell subsets from L2G85.B6 (transgenic mice that constitutively express luciferase) are included in the transplant. By only transplanting certain T cell subsets, one is able to track specific T cell subsets in vivo, and based on their location, develop hypotheses regarding the role of specific T cell subsets in promoting GVHD at various time points. At predetermined intervals post transplant, recipient mice are imaged using a Xenogen IVIS CCD camera. Light intensity can be quantified using Living Image software to generate a pseudo-color image based on photon intensity (red = high intensity, violet = low intensity). 
Between 4-7 days post transplant, recipient mice begin to show clinical signs of GVHD. Cooke et al.1 developed a scoring system to quantitate disease progression based on the recipient mice fur texture, skin integrity, activity, weight loss, and posture. Mice are scored daily, and euthanized when they become moribund. Recipient mice generally become moribund 20-30 days post transplant. 
Murine models are valuable tools for studying the immunology of GVHD. Selectively transplanting particular T cell subsets allows for careful identification of the roles each subset plays. Non-invasively tracking T cell responses in vivo adds another layer of value to murine GVHD models.

Induction of Graft-versus-host Disease and In Vivo T Cell Monitoring Using an MHC-matched Murine Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation is a widely used technique to study immunological mechanisms governing graft-versus-host disease in humans. The ability to monitor T cell trafficking patterns in vivo allows for detailed analysis of the development and perpetuation of T cell responses during graft-versus-host disease.

אינדוקציה של מחלת שתל נגד מארח ו<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; ניטור תא T תוך שימוש במודל Murine MHC התאמה

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the limiting barrier to the broad use of bone marrow transplant as a curative therapy for a variety of hematological ...

A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent

Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g. by an allergen), they degranulate, a process that results in the exocytosis of allergic mediators. Modulation of mast cell degranulation by drugs and toxicants may have positive or adverse effects on human health. Mast cell function has been dissected in detail with the use of rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3), a widely accepted model of human mucosal mast cells3-5. Mast cell granule component and the allergic mediator &#946;-hexosaminidase, which is released linearly in tandem with histamine from mast cells6, can easily and reliably be measured through reaction with a fluorogenic substrate, yielding measurable fluorescence intensity in a microplate assay that is amenable to high-throughput studies1. Originally published by Naal et al.1, we have adapted this degranulation assay for the screening of drugs and toxicants and demonstrate its use here.
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is present in many consumer products and has been found to be a therapeutic aid in human allergic skin disease7-11, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here we demonstrate an assay for the effect of triclosan on mast cell degranulation. We recently showed that triclosan strongly affects mast cell function2. In an effort to avoid use of an organic solvent, triclosan is dissolved directly into aqueous buffer with heat and stirring, and resultant concentration is confirmed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (using &#949;280 = 4,200 L/M/cm)12. This protocol has the potential to be used with a variety of chemicals to determine their effects on mast cell degranulation, and more broadly, their allergic potential.

Mast cell degranulation, the release of allergic mediators, is important in allergy, asthma, and parasite defense. Here we demonstrate techniques1 for assessing effects of drugs and toxicants on degranulation, methodology recently utilized to exhibit the powerful inhibitory effect of antibacterial agent triclosan2.

Assay Microplate כדי להעריך את ההשפעות כימיות על degranulation תא התורן RBL-2H3: השפעות של Triclosan ללא שימוש בממס אורגני

Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g. by an allergen), they degranulate, a ...

Investigating Mast Cell Secretory Granules; from Biosynthesis to Exocytosis

Mast Cells (MC) are secretory cells of the immune system that accomplish their physiological and pathological functions by releasing pre-formed and newly synthesized allergic, inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators. MCs&#8217; mediators affect multiple tissues and organs culminating in allergic and immune responses. The synthesis, storage and release of the MC mediators are highly regulated. The pre-formed mediators are packed in cytoplasmic secretory granules&#160;(SG) that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their content by regulated exocytosis. We present a protocol, based on the co-expression of a gene of interest with a reporter gene that is targeted to the SGs and is released in a regulated fashion alongside the endogenous SG mediators. The protocol enables high resolution four dimensional confocal analyses of the MC SGs and monitoring their timeline from biogenesis to triggered exocytosis. Thus, using this protocol for screening genes of interest for their phenotypic and functional impact allows deciphering the molecular mechanisms that govern the biogenesis and exocytosis of the MC SGs and identifying the regulators involved. Thereby, further insights into the cellular mechanisms that account for MCs function in health and disease should be provided.

The goal of the present&#160;protocol was to develop a method that will allow functional genomic analyses of mast cell secretion. The protocol is based on quantitative assessment of the release of a fluorescent reporter gene cotrasfected with the gene of interest and real time&#160;analyses of the secretory granule&#39;s morphology.

חוקר תא פיטום הפרשת הגרגרים; מיוסינתזה לExocytosis

Mast Cells (MC) are secretory cells of the immune system that accomplish their physiological and pathological functions by releasing pre-formed and newly ...

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, including phagocytosis of damaged synapses or cells, debris, and/or invading pathogens. Impaired phagocytic function has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Alzheimer's and age-related macular degeneration, where amyloid-&#946; plaque and drusen accumulate, respectively. Despite its importance, microglial phagocytosis has been challenging to assess in vivo. Here, we describe a simple, yet robust, technique for precisely monitoring and quantifying the in vivo phagocytic potential of retinal microglia. Previous methods have relied on immunohistochemical staining and imaging techniques. Our method uses flow cytometry to measure microglial uptake of fluorescently labeled particles after intravitreal delivery to the eye in live rodents. This method replaces conventional practices that involve laborious tissue sectioning, immunostaining, and imaging, allowing for more precise quantification of microglia phagocytic function in just under six hours. This procedure can also be adapted to test how various compounds alter microglial phagocytosis in physiological settings. While this technique was developed in the eye, its use is not limited to vision research.

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay

Microglial phagocytosis is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and inadequate phagocytic function has been implicated in pathology. However, assessing microglia function in vivo is technically challenging. We have developed a simple but robust technique for precisely monitoring and quantifying the phagocytic potential of microglia in a physiological setting.

להערכת תפקוד רשתית microglial Phagocytic<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; שימוש cytometry זרימה מבוסס Assay

Microglia are the tissue resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) and they perform a variety of functions that support CNS homeostasis, ...

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol specifically intended to measure antigen-specific killing without an infection. This protocol is designed and describes methods to overcome these limitations by allowing for the detection of antigen-specific killing of a target cell by CD8+ T cells in vivo. This is accomplished by merging a vaccination model with a traditional CFSE-labeled target killing assay. This combination allows the researcher to assess the antigen-specific CTL potential directly and quickly as the assay is not dependent upon tumor growth or infection. In addition, the readout is based on flow cytometry and so should be readily accessible to most researchers. The major limitation of the study is identifying the timeline in vivo that is appropriate to the hypothesis being tested. Variations in antigen strength and mutations in the T cells that may result in differential cytolytic function need to be carefully assessed to determine the optimal time for cell harvest and assessment. The appropriate concentration of peptide for vaccination has been optimized for hgp10025-33 and OVA257-264, but further validation would be needed for other peptides that may be more appropriate to a given study. Overall, this protocol allows a quick assessment of killing function in vivo and can be adapted to any given antigen.

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

The goal of this protocol is to allow for detection of in vivo antigen-specific killing of a target cell in a murine model.

אין ויוו Assay גילוי של הפונקציה Cytolytic תא T אנטיגן ספציפי באמצעות מודל החיסון

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol ...

Isolation of Peritoneum-derived Mast Cells and Their Functional Characterization with Ca2+-imaging and Degranulation Assays

Mast cells (MCs), as a part of the immune system, play a key role in defending the host against several pathogens and in the initiation of the allergic immune response. The activation of MCs via the cross-linking of surface IgE bound to high affinity IgE receptor (Fc&#949;RI), as well as through the stimulation of several other receptors, initiates the rise of the free intracellular Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]i) that promotes the release of inflammatory and allergic mediators. The identification of molecular constituents involved in these signaling pathways is crucial for understanding the regulation of MC function. In this article, we describe a protocol for the isolation of murine connective tissue type MCs by peritoneal lavage and cultivation of peritoneal MCs (PMCs). Cultures of MCs from various knockout mouse models by this methodology represent a useful approach to the identification of proteins involved in MC signaling pathways. In addition, we also describe a protocol for single cell Fura-2 imaging as an important technique for the quantification of Ca2+ signaling in MCs. Fluorescence-based monitoring of [Ca2+]i is a reliable and commonly used approach to study Ca2+ signaling events, including store-operated calcium entry, which is of utmost importance for MC activation. For the analysis of MC degranulation, we describe a &#946;-hexosaminidase release assay. The amount of &#946;-hexosaminidase released into the culture medium is considered as a degranulation marker for all three different secretory subsets described in MCs. &#946;-hexosaminidase can easily be quantified by its reaction with a colorigenic substrate in a microtiter plate colorimetric assay. This highly reproducible technique is cost-effective and requires no specialized equipment. Overall, the provided protocol demonstrates a high yield of MCs expressing typical MC surface markers, displaying typical morphological and phenotypic features of MCs, and demonstrating highly reproducible responses to secretagogues in Ca2+-imaging and degranulation assays.

Isolation of Peritoneum-derived Mast Cells and Their Functional Characterization with Ca2+-imaging and Degranulation Assays

Here, we present a protocol to isolate and cultivate murine peritoneal mast cells. We also describe two protocols for their functional characterization: a fluorescent imaging of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and a degranulation assay based on colorimetric quantification of the released &#946;-hexosaminidase.

בידוד של תאי פיטום, נגזר צפק ואיפיונן פונקציונלי עם Ca2 +-הדמיה, מבחני Degranulation

Mast cells (MCs), as a part of the immune system, play a key role in defending the host against several pathogens and in the initiation of the allergic ...

Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Antibodies, also termed as immunoglobulins (Ig), secreted by differentiated B lymphocytes, plasmablasts/plasma cells, in humoral immunity provide a formidable defense against invading pathogens via diverse mechanisms. One major goal of vaccination is to induce protective antigen-specific antibodies to prevent life-threatening infections. Both thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (TI) antigens can elicit robust antigen-specific IgM responses and can also induce the production of isotype-switched antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgE) as well as the generation of memory B cells with the help provided by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Here, we describe a protocol to characterize TD and TI Ig isotype responses in mice using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this protocol, TD and TI Ig responses are elicited in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization with hapten-conjugated model antigens TNP-KLH (in alum) and TNP-polysaccharide (in PBS), respectively. To induce TD memory response, a booster immunization of TNP-KLH in alum is given at 3 weeks after the first immunization with the same antigen/adjuvant. Mouse sera are harvested at different time points before and after immunization. Total serum Ig levels and TNP-specific antibodies are subsequently quantified using Ig isotype-specific Sandwich and indirect ELISA, respectively. In order to correctly quantify the serum concentration of each Ig isotype, the samples need to be appropriately diluted to fit within the linear range of the standard curves. Using this protocol, we have consistently obtained reliable results with high specificity and sensitivity. When used in combination with other complementary methods such as flow cytometry, in vitro culture of splenic B cells and immunohistochemical staining (IHC), this protocol will allow researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of antibody responses in a given experimental setting.

In this paper, we describe a protocol to characterize T-dependent and T-independent immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype responses in mice using ELISA. This method used alone or in combination with flow cytometry will allow researchers to identify differences in B cell-mediated Ig isotype responses in mice following T-dependent and T-independent antigen immunization.

אפיון של אימונוגלובולינים התימוס תלוית ועצמאי התימוס תגובות Isotype בעכברים באמצעות אנזים-מקושרים Immunosorbent Assay

Antibodies, also termed as immunoglobulins (Ig), secreted by differentiated B lymphocytes, plasmablasts/plasma cells, in humoral immunity provide a ...

Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging in primary NK cells. For example, transgene delivery using lentiviral or retroviral transduction resulted in a limited yield of genetically-engineered NK cells due to substantial procedure-associated NK cell apoptosis. We describe here a DNA-free method for genome editing of human primary and expanded NK cells using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Cas9/RNPs). This method allowed efficient knockout of the TGFBR2 and HPRT1 genes in NK cells. RT-PCR data showed a significant decrease in gene expression level, and a cytotoxicity assay of a representative cell product suggested that the RNP-modified NK cells became less sensitive to TGF&#946;. Genetically modified cells could be expanded post-electroporation by stimulation with irradiated mbIL21-expressing feeder cells.

Here, we present a protocol to genetically modify primary or expanded human natural killer (NK) cells using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (Cas9/RNPs). By using this protocol, we generated human NK cells deficient for transforming growth factor&#8211;b receptor 2 (TGFBR2) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1).

דור של תאים מעלף העיקרי ומורחבת NK האנושי באמצעות Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging ...

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

T Follicular Helper (Tfh) cells are an independent CD4+&#160;T cell subset specialized in providing help for germinal center (GC) development and generation of high-affinity antibodies. In influenza virus infection, robust Tfh and GC B cell responses are induced to facilitate effective virus eradication, which confers a qualified mouse model for Tfh-associated study. In this paper, we described protocols in detection of basic Tfh-associated immune response during influenza virus infection in mice. These protocols include: intranasal inoculation of influenza virus; flow cytometry staining and analysis of polyclonal and antigen-specific Tfh cells, GC B cells and plasma cells; immunofluorescence detection of GCs; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of influenza virus-specific antibody in serum. These assays basically quantify the differentiation and function of Tfh cells in influenza virus infection, thus providing help for studies in elucidating differentiation mechanism and manipulation strategy.

This paper describes protocols of evaluating Tfh and GC B response in mouse model of influenza virus infection.