Name: synthesis of wavelength-shifting dna hybridization probes by using photostable cyanine dyes
Uploaded: 2016-07-06T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 44 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes at JoVE.com

תמיכה כספית על ידי (DFG, ווה 1386 / 17-1), את GRK קבוצת הדרכת המחקר 2039 (ממומן על ידי DFG) והערכה היא הודתה בהכרת תודה.

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+Wavelength-Shifting+Fluorescent+Module+for+the+Adenosine+Aptamer+Using+Photostable+Cyanine+Dyes.">Development of a Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent Module for the Adenosine Aptamer Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes.</a> ChemistryOpen. 4 (2), 92-96 (2015).</li><li>Gierlich, J., Burley, G. A., Gramlicj, P. M. E., Hammond, D. M., Carell, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Click+chemistry+as+a+reliable+method+for+the+high-density+postsynthetic+functionalization+of+alkyne-modified+DNA.">Click chemistry as a reliable method for the high-density postsynthetic functionalization of alkyne-modified DNA.</a> Org. Lett. 8 (17), 3639-3642 (2006).</li><li>Matteucci, M. D., Caruthers, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+deoxyoligonucleotides+on+a+polymer+support.">Synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides on a polymer support.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103 (11), 3185-3191 (1981).</li><li>Fasman, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Volume 1: Nucleic Acids. , 589 (1975).</li><li>Puglisi, J. D., Tinoco, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absorbance+melting+curves+of+RNA.">Absorbance melting curves of RNA.</a> Meth. Enzymol. 180, 304-325 (1989).</li><li>Johansson, M. K., Fidder, H., Dick, D., Cook, R. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

<html> פרוטוקול זה מראה את הנוהל המלא לתייג DNA שלאחר סינטטי באמצעות CuAAC ידי צבעי ניאון-modified יזידו. זה כולל את הסינתזה של צבעים ואת DNA שונה-אלקין וכן הליך התיוג. הסינתזה של צבעים כדלקמן ארבעה שלבים. כל המוצרים ניתן להשיג על ידי משקעים פש?...

הדמיה מולקולרית מייצגת טכניקה בסיסית להבנת תהליכים ביולוגיים בתוך תאי חיים. 1-3 פיתוח בדיקות מבוססות חומצת פלורסנט גרעין עבור יישומים כימיים-ביולוגית כזה הפך לשדה מחקר הרחבה. בדיקות ניאון אלו צריכים לעמוד בכמה דרישות הופכים לכלי שרת מתאים הדמיה תא. ראשית, צבעים מיושם צריך להפגין הקרינה עם תשואות קוונטית גבוהה, משמרות &#39;גדול סטוקס, והכי חשוב, photostabilities גבוה כדי לאפשר לטווח ארוך בתחום ההדמיה vivo. ושנית, הם צריכים להראות הודעת קרינה אמינה. כרומופור-מרווה-מערכות קונבנציונליות מבוססות על ההודעה של צבע פלואורסצנטי אחת על ידי שינויים פשוטים עוצמות קרינה. 4 גישה זו נושאה את הסיכון של תוצאות שליליות חיוביות או שקר שקר בשל autofluorescence של רכיבים תאיים או יחסי אות לרעש נמוכים בשל מרווה רצוי על ידי com האחרponents. 4 דיווחנו לאחרונה על הרעיון של &quot;רמזור DNA&quot; שמראה readouts צבע פלואורסצנטי הכפול באמצעות שני chromophores שונה. 5-6 התפיסה מבוססת על העברת האנרגיה (ET) מ צבען התורם כדי לצבוע acceptor אשר משנה את הקרינה צבע (ראה איור 1). זה מאפשר הודעה אמינה יותר ובכך מספק כלי רב עצמה עבור בדיקות דימות פלואורסצנטי. תוויות של oligonucleotides עם צבעי ניאון יכול להיות מושגת על ידי שתי גישות שונות. צבעים ניתן לשלב במהלך סינתזת ה- DNA הכימית על שלב מוצק באמצעות אובניים בניין phosphoramidite שונה בהתאם. 7 שיטה זו מוגבלת צבעים כי הם יציבים בתנאי phosphoramidite ו deprotection סטנדרטיים. כחלופה, מתודולוגיות שינוי שלאחר סינתטי הוקמו בכימיה oligonucleotide. הנה, אנחנו מדגימים את הסינתזה של אחד התמונות החדשות שלנושולחן אנרגיה העברת זוגות 8,9 ואת תיוג שלאחר סינתטי של דנ&quot;א באמצעות-זרז נחושת 1,3-cycloaddition בין azides ו alkynes (CuAAC). 10

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;synthesis&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>4-Picoline</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>239615</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1,3-Diiodopropane</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>238414</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10660131</td><td>HPLC grade</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl acetate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10456870</td><td>technical grade</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium azide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>71290</td><td>p.a. grade</td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10626642</td><td>technical grade</td></tr><tr><td>Indole-3-carboxaldehyde; 98%</td><td>ABCR</td><td>AB112969</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium carbonate, 99+%</td><td>Acros</td><td>424081000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dimethylcarbonate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>517127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;N,N&lt;/em&gt;-Dimethylformamide, 99.8%, Extra Dry over Molecular Sieve</td><td>Acros</td><td>348435000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium sulfate</td><td>Bernd Kraft</td><td>12623.46</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 99.5%</td><td>Acros</td><td>397690010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Piperidine, 99%</td><td>Acros</td><td>147181000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diethylether</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>10407830</td><td>technical grade</td></tr><tr><td>2-Phenylindole-3-carboxaldehyde; 97%</td><td>ABCR</td><td>AB125050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-Methylquinoline</td><td>ABCR</td><td>AB117222</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;DNA synthesis&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Expedite 8909 Nucleic Acid Synthesizer</td><td>Applied Biosystems</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMT-dA(bz) Phosphoramidite</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A111081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMT-dT Phosphoramidite</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T111081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMT-dG(dmf) Phosphoramidite</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>G11508</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMT-dC(bz) Phosphoramidite</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C11108</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amidite Diluent for DNA synthesis</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L010010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrapure Acetonitrile for DNA synthesis</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L010400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cap A</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L840000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cap B</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L850000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CPG dT Column 1.0&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;mole</td><td>Proligo Reagents</td><td>T461010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CPG dA(bz) Column 1.0&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;mole</td><td>Proligo Reagents</td><td>A461010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CPG dG(ib) Column 1.0&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;mole</td><td>Proligo Reagents</td><td>G461010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CPG dC(bz) Column 1.0&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;mole</td><td>Proligo Reagents</td><td>C461010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ammonia (aqueous solution)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fluka Analytical</td><td>318612</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>centrifugal devices nanosep 0.45&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m</td><td>Pall</td><td>ODGHPC34</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-(Benzylthio)-1H-tetrazole (Activator)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>75666</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2&#039;-O-propargyl deoxyuridinephosphoramidite</td><td>Chem Genes</td><td>ANP-7754</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;workup&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>vacuum concentrator</td><td>Christ</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;clicking procedure&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>346276</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S2889</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>(+)-Sodium L-ascorbate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A7631</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA disodium salt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E5134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TBTA-ligand</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>&amp;nbsp;-</td><td>synthesized according to a literature procedure&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;HPLC&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>HPLC-system</td><td>Shimadzu</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MALDI-Biflex-IV spectrometer</td><td>Bruker Daltonics</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LC-318 C18 column</td><td>Supelcosil via Sigma Aldrich</td><td>58368</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;determination of concentration&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ND 1000 Spectrophotometer</td><td>nanodrop</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;sample preparation and spectroscopy&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Cary 100 Bio</td><td>Varian</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluoromax-3 fluorimeter</td><td>Jobin-Yvon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; R. Chan Timothy, R. Hilgraf, K. B. Sharpless, V. Fokin Valery, &lt;em&gt;Org Lett&lt;/em&gt; 2004, &lt;strong&gt;6&lt;/strong&gt;, 2853-2855.</td></tr></tbody></table>

synthesis of wavelength-shifting dna hybridization probes by using photostable cyanine dyes

בפרוטוקול זה, אנחנו מדגימים שיטה לסינתזה של 2&#39;-אלקין שונה חומצת deoxyribonucleic (DNA) גדילים בסינתזת שלב מוצק אוטומטית באמצעות כימית phosphoramidite סטנדרטית. Oligonucleotides מסומנים שלאחר סינטטי על ידי שני צבעים cyanine photostable חדשים באמצעות זרז-נחושת-כימיה קליק. הסינתזה של שניהם צבע תורם acceptor מתוארת והיא מבוצעת בשלושה שלבים רצופים. עם DNA כמו הארכיטקטורה שמסביב, הצבעים שני אלה עוברים מעבר אנרגיה כשהם מובאים לתוך בסמיכות ידי כלאה. לכן, חישול של שני גדילי DNA גדילי יחיד הוא מדמיין על ידי שינוי של צבע פלואורסצנטי. שינוי צבע זה מאופיין ספקטרוסקופיה פלואורסצנטי אבל יכול להיות גם ציין ישירות באמצעות מנורת כף יד אולטרה סגול (UV). הקונספט של הודעת צבע פלואורסצנטי כפולה עושה בדיקות oligonucleotide אלה כלי מעולה עבור הדמיה מולקולרית במיוחד כאשר Pho תארצבעי tostable משמשים. ובכך, photobleaching של בדיקות ההדמיה נמנע, ותהליכים ביולוגיים ניתן לצפות בזמן אמת עבור תקופת זמן ארוכה יותר.

ספקטרום קליטת הקרינה של גדילי הדנ&quot;א היחיד וכפול נרשם כפי שמוצג באיור 4. ספקטרום הקליטה רשם (איור 4 מימין) מקסימום λ המקסימום קליט ​​להראות בבית 465 ננומטר עבור DNA1 חד גד?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes

Photostable cyanine dyes are attached to oligonucleotides to monitor hybridization by energy transfer.

סינתזה של בדיקות הכלאה DNA הסטה אורך גל על ​​ידי שימוש photostable Cyanine צבעים

In this protocol, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of 2&#39;-alkyne modified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands by automated solid phase ...

synthesis-wavelength-shifting-dna-hybridization-probes-using

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Alkynes

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11.1K Views.  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. Photostable cyanine dyes are attached to oligonucleotides to monitor hybridization by energy transfer.

Video: Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes

An Optimized Protocol for Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay Using Infrared Fluorescent Dye-labeled Oligonucleotides

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) are an instrumental tool to characterize the interactions between proteins and their target DNA sequences. Radioactivity has been the predominant method of DNA labeling in EMSAs. However, recent advances in fluorescent dyes and scanning methods have prompted the use of fluorescent tagging of DNA as an alternative to radioactivity for the advantages of easy handling, saving time, reducing cost, and improving safety. We have recently used fluorescent EMSA (fEMSA) to successfully address an important biological question. Our fEMSA analysis provides mechanistic insight into the effect of a missense mutation, G73E, in the highly conserved HMG transcription factor SOX-2 on olfactory neuron type diversification. We found that mutant SOX-2G73E protein alters specific DNA binding activity, thereby causing olfactory neuron identity transformation. Here, we present an optimized and cost-effective step-by-step protocol for fEMSA using infrared fluorescent dye-labeled oligonucleotides containing the LIM-4/SOX-2 adjacent target sites and purified SOX-2 proteins (WT and mutant SOX-2G73E proteins) as a biological example.

We describe here an optimized protocol of fluorescent Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (fEMSA) using purified SOX-2 proteins together with infrared fluorescent dye-labeled DNA probes as a case study to tackle an important biological question.

פרוטוקול אופטימיזציה עבור Assay Shift ניידות Electrophoretic שימוש פלורסנט אינפרא אדום Oligonucleotides דיי שכותרתו

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) are an instrumental tool to characterize the interactions between proteins and their target DNA sequences. ...

Biochemistry

Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a method for detecting gains and losses of DNA segments or gene dosage in the genome 1. Recent advances in this technology have enabled high resolution comparison of whole genomes for the identification of genetic alterations in cancer and other genetic diseases 2. The Sub-Megabase Resolution Tiling-set array (or SMRT) array is comprised of a set of approximately thirty thousand overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that span the human genome in ~100 kilobase pair (kb) segments 2. These BAC targets are individually synthesized and spotted in duplicate on a single glass slide 2-4. Array CGH is based on the principle of competitive hybridization. Sample and reference DNA are differentially labeled with Cyanine-3 and Cyanine-5 fluorescent dyes, and co-hybridized to the array. After an incubation period the unbound samples are washed from the slide and the array is imaged. A freely available custom software package called SeeGH (www.flintbox.ca) is used to process the large volume of data collected - a single experiment generates 53,892 data points. SeeGH visualizes the log2 signal intensity ratio between the 2 samples at each BAC target which is vertically aligned with chromosomal position 5,6. The SMRT array can detect alterations as small as 50 kb in size 7. The SMRT array can detect a variety of DNA rearrangement events including DNA gains, losses, amplifications and homozygous deletions. A unique advantage of the SMRT array is that one can use DNA isolated from formalin fixed paraffin embedded samples. When combined with the low input requirements of unamplified DNA (25-100ng) this allows profiling of precious samples such as those produced by microdissection 7,8. This is attributed to the large size of each BAC hybridization target that allows the binding of sufficient labeled samples to produce signals for detection. Another advantage of this platform is the tolerance of tissue heterogeneity, decreasing the need for tedious tissue microdissection 8. This video protocol is a step-by-step tutorial from labeling the input DNA through to signal acquisition for the whole genome tiling path SMRT array.

This video is a technical demonstration of the hybridization protocol for whole genome tiling path array CGH, which scans the entire human genome using only 25-100 ng of DNA that can be isolated from a variety of sources, including archival formalin fixed material.

הפגנה טכנית של הכלאה שלמות מערך הגנום הגנום השוואתי

Array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) is a method for detecting gains and losses of DNA segments or gene dosage in the genome 1.  Recent ...

DNA Electrophoresis Using Thiazole Orange Instead of Ethidium Bromide or Alternative Dyes

DNA gel electrophoresis using agarose is a common tool in molecular biology laboratories, allowing separation of DNA fragments by size. After separation, DNA is visualized by staining. This article demonstrates how to use thiazole orange to stain DNA. Thiazole orange compares favorably to common staining methods, in that it is sensitive, inexpensive, excitable with UV or blue light (to prevent sample damage), and safer than ethidium bromide. Labs already equipped to run DNA electrophoresis experiments using ethidium bromide can generally switch dyes with no additional changes to existing protocols, using UV light for detection. Blue-light detection to avoid sample damage can additionally be achieved with a blue-light source and emission filter. Labs already equipped for blue-light detection can simply switch dyes with no additional changes to existing protocols.

Here, we present a protocol to use thiazole orange for the detection of DNA in gel electrophoresis experiments. The use of thiazole orange allows elimination of ethidium bromide, and fluorescence detection can be achieved with either UV or blue light.

אלקטרופורזה הדנ א באמצעות Thiazole תפוז במקום אתידיום ברומיד או צבע חלופי

DNA gel electrophoresis using agarose is a common tool in molecular biology laboratories, allowing separation of DNA fragments by size. After separation, ...

Combining QD-FRET and Microfluidics to Monitor DNA Nanocomplex Self-Assembly in Real-Time

Advances in genomics continue to fuel the development of therapeutics that can target pathogenesis at the cellular and molecular level. Typically functional inside the cell, nucleic acid-based therapeutics require an efficient intracellular delivery system. One widely adopted approach is to complex DNA with a gene carrier to form nanocomplexes via electrostatic self-assembly, facilitating cellular uptake of DNA while protecting it against degradation. The challenge lies in the rational design of efficient gene carriers, since premature dissociation or overly stable binding would be detrimental to the cellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy. Nanocomplexes synthesized by bulk mixing showed a diverse range of intracellular unpacking and trafficking behavior, which was attributed to the heterogeneity in size and stability of nanocomplexes. Such heterogeneity hinders the accurate assessment of the self-assembly kinetics and adds to the difficulty in correlating their physical properties to transfection efficiencies or bioactivities. We present a novel convergence of nanophotonics (i.e. QD-FRET) and microfluidics to characterize the real-time kinetics of the nanocomplex self-assembly under laminar flow. QD-FRET provides a highly sensitive indication of the onset of molecular interactions and quantitative measure throughout the synthesis process, whereas microfluidics offers a well-controlled microenvironment to spatially analyze the process with high temporal resolution (~milliseconds). For the model system of polymeric nanocomplexes, two distinct stages in the self-assembly process were captured by this analytic platform. The kinetic aspect of the self-assembly process obtained at the microscale would be particularly valuable for microreactor-based reactions which are relevant to many micro- and nano-scale applications. Further, nanocomplexes may be customized through proper design of microfludic devices, and the resulting QD-FRET polymeric DNA nanocomplexes could be readily applied for establishing structure-function relationships. 

We present a novel and powerful integration of nanophotonics (QD-FRET) and microfluidics to investigate the formation of polyelectrolyte polyplexes, which is expected to provide better control and synthesis of uniform and customizable polyplexes for future nucleic acid-based therapeutics.

שילוב QD-סריג ו מיקרופלואידיקה לפקח Nanocomplex DNA הרכבה עצמית בזמן אמת

Advances in genomics continue to fuel the development of therapeutics that can target pathogenesis at the cellular and molecular level. Typically ...

DNA Tension Probes to Map the Transient Piconewton Receptor Forces by Immune Cells

Mechanical forces transmitted at the junction between two neighboring cells and at the junction between cells and the extracellular matrix are critical for regulating many processes ranging from development to immunology. Therefore, developing the tools to study these forces at the molecular scale is critical. Our group developed a suite of molecular tension sensors to quantify and visualize the forces generated by cells and transmitted to specific ligands. The most sensitive class of molecular tension sensors are comprised of nucleic acid stem-loop hairpins. These sensors use fluorophore-quencher pairs to report on the mechanical extension and unfolding of DNA hairpins under force. One challenge with DNA hairpin tension sensors is that they are reversible with rapid hairpin refolding upon termination of the tension and thus transient forces are difficult to record. In this article, we describe the protocols for preparing DNA tension sensors that can be "locked" and prevented from refolding to enable "storing" of mechanical information. This allows for the recording of highly transient piconewton forces, which can be subsequently "erased" by the addition of complementary nucleic acids that remove the lock. This ability to toggle between real-time tension mapping and mechanical information storing reveals weak, short-lived, and less abundant forces, that are commonly employed by T cells as part of their immune functions.

This paper describes a detailed protocol for using DNA-based tension probes to image the receptor forces applied by immune cells. This approach can map receptor forces &gt;4.7pN in real-time and can integrate forces over time.

בדיקות מתח DNA כדי למפות את כוחות קולטן פיקוניוטון חולפים על ידי תאים חיסוניים

Mechanical forces transmitted at the junction between two neighboring cells and at the junction between cells and the extracellular matrix are critical ...

Bioengineering

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The specification of replication timing is thought to be a dynamic process regulated by tissue-specific and developmental cues that are responsive to epigenetic modifications. However, the mechanisms regulating where and when DNA replication initiates along chromosomes remains poorly understood. Homologous chromosomes usually replicate synchronously, however there are notable exceptions to this rule. For example, in female mammalian cells one of the two X chromosomes becomes late replicating through a process known as X inactivation1. Along with this delay in replication timing, estimated to be 2-3 hr, the majority of genes become transcriptionally silenced on one X chromosome. In addition, a discrete cis-acting locus, known as the X inactivation center, regulates this X inactivation process, including the induction of delayed replication timing on the entire inactive X chromosome. In addition, certain chromosome rearrangements found in cancer cells and in cells exposed to ionizing radiation display a significant delay in replication timing of &gt;3 hours that affects the entire chromosome2,3. Recent work from our lab indicates that disruption of discrete cis-acting autosomal loci result in an extremely late replicating phenotype that affects the entire chromosome4. Additional 'chromosome engineering' studies indicate that certain chromosome rearrangements affecting many different chromosomes result in this abnormal replication-timing phenotype, suggesting that all mammalian chromosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control proper replication timing of individual chromosomes5.
Here, we present a method for the quantitative analysis of chromosome replication timing combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization. This method allows for a direct comparison of replication timing between homologous chromosomes within the same cell, and was adapted from6. In addition, this method allows for the unambiguous identification of chromosomal rearrangements that correlate with changes in replication timing that affect the entire chromosome. This method has advantages over recently developed high throughput micro-array or sequencing protocols that cannot distinguish between homologous alleles present on rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes. In addition, because the method described here evaluates single cells, it can detect changes in chromosome replication timing on chromosomal rearrangements that are present in only a fraction of the cells in a population.

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

A quantitative method for the analysis of chromosome replication timing is described. The method utilizes BrdU incorporation in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess replication timing of mammalian chromosomes. This technique allows for the direct comparison of rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes within the same cell.

עיתוי מעתיק כרומוזום בשילוב עם פלורסנט<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The ...

Robust 3D DNA FISH Using Directly Labeled Probes

3D DNA FISH has become a major tool for analyzing three-dimensional organization of the nucleus, and several variations of the technique have been published. In this article we describe a protocol which has been optimized for robustness, reproducibility, and ease of use. Brightly fluorescent directly labeled probes are generated by nick-translation with amino-allyldUTP followed by chemical coupling of the dye. 3D DNA FISH is performed using a freeze-thaw step for cell permeabilization and a heating step for simultaneous denaturation of probe and nuclear DNA. The protocol is applicable to a range of cell types and a variety of probes (BACs, plasmids, fosmids, or Whole Chromosome Paints) and allows for high-throughput automated imaging. With this method we routinely investigate nuclear localization of up to three chromosomal regions.

We describe a robust and versatile protocol for analyzing nuclear architecture by 3D DNA FISH using directly labeled fluorescent probes.

דגי ה-DNA 3D חזקים באמצעות בדיקות שכותרתו ישירות

3D DNA FISH has become a major tool for  analyzing three-dimensional organization of the nucleus, and several variations  of the technique have been ...

Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks

DNA nanotechnology requires large amounts of highly pure DNA as an engineering material. Plasmid DNA could meet this need since it is replicated with high fidelity, is readily amplified through bacterial culture and can be stored indefinitely in the form of bacterial glycerol stocks. However, the double-stranded nature of plasmid DNA has so far hindered its efficient use for construction of DNA nanostructures or devices that typically contain single-stranded or branched domains. In recent work, it was found that nicked double stranded DNA (ndsDNA) strand displacement gates could be sourced from plasmid DNA. The following is a protocol that details how these ndsDNA gates can be efficiently encoded in plasmids and can be derived from the plasmids through a small number of enzymatic processing steps. Also given is a protocol for testing ndsDNA gates using fluorescence kinetics measurements. NdsDNA gates can be used to implement arbitrary chemical reaction networks (CRNs) and thus provide a pathway towards the use of the CRN formalism as a prescriptive molecular programming language. To demonstrate this technology, a multi-step reaction cascade with catalytic kinetics is constructed. Further it is shown that plasmid-derived components perform better than identical components assembled from synthetic DNA.

This protocol describes a method for deriving DNA strand displacement gates from plasmids and testing them using fluorescence kinetics measurements. Gates can be modularly composed into multi-component systems to approximate the behavior of formal chemical reaction networks (CRN), demonstrating a new use for CRNs as a molecular programming language.

גדיל DNA עקירת עיר רשתות תגובת השרשת כימית המופק מפלסמיד

DNA nanotechnology requires large amounts of highly pure DNA as an engineering material. Plasmid DNA could meet this need since it is replicated with high ...

Probing mRNA Kinetics in Space and Time in Escherichia coli using Two-Color Single-Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) allows for counting the absolute number of mRNAs in individual cells. Here, we describe an application of smFISH to measure the rates of transcription and mRNA degradation in Escherichia coli. As smFISH is based on fixed cells, we perform smFISH at multiple time points during a time-course experiment, i.e., when cells are undergoing synchronized changes upon induction or repression of gene expression. At each time point, sub-regions of an mRNA are spectrally distinguished to probe transcription elongation and premature termination. The outcome of this protocol also allows for analyzing intracellular localization of mRNAs and heterogeneity in mRNA copy numbers among cells. Using this protocol many samples (~50) can be processed within 8 h, like the amount of time needed for just a few samples. We discuss how to apply this protocol to study the transcription and degradation kinetics of different mRNAs in bacterial cells.

Probing mRNA Kinetics in Space and Time in Escherichia coli using Two-Color Single-Molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

This protocol describes an application of single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to measure the in vivo kinetics of mRNA synthesis and degradation.

חיטוט mRNA קינטיקה בחלל וזמן ב Escherichia קולי באמצעות שני צבעים פלואורסצנטיות מולקולה אחת ב סיטו הכלאה

Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) allows for counting the absolute number of mRNAs in individual cells. Here, we describe an ...

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

The ability of proteins&#160;involved in eukaryotic DNA replication to&#160;overcome obstacles &#8212; such as protein and DNA &#39;roadblocks&#39;&#160;&#8212; is critical for ensuring faithful&#160;genome duplication.&#160;G-quadruplexes are higher-order nucleic acid structures that form in guanine-rich regions of DNA and have been shown to act as obstacles, interfering with genomic maintenance pathways. This study introduces a real-time, fluorescence microscopy-based method to observe DNA polymerase interactions with G-quadruplex structures. Short, primed DNA oligonucleotides containing a G-quadruplex were immobilized on functionalized glass coverslips within a microfluidic flow cell. Fluorescently labeled DNA polymerases were introduced, allowing their behavior and stoichiometry to be monitored over time. This approach enabled the observation of polymerase behavior as it was stalled by a G-quadruplex. Specifically, using fluorescently labeled yeast polymerase &#948;, it was found that upon encountering a G-quadruplex, the polymerase undergoes a continuous cycle of binding and unbinding. This single-molecule assay can be adapted to study interactions between various DNA-maintenance proteins and obstacles on the DNA substrate.

This protocol outlines a fluorescence microscopy-based single-molecule DNA replication assay, enabling real-time visualization of interactions between DNA polymerases and obstacles such as G-quadruplex structures.

סינתזה של בדיקות הכלאה DNA הסטה אורך גל על ידי שימוש photostable Cyanine צבעים

Summary

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פרוטוקול אופטימיזציה עבור Assay Shift ניידות Electrophoretic שימוש פלורסנט אינפרא אדום Oligonucleotides דיי שכותרתו

הפגנה טכנית של הכלאה שלמות מערך הגנום הגנום השוואתי

אלקטרופורזה הדנ א באמצעות Thiazole תפוז במקום אתידיום ברומיד או צבע חלופי

שילוב QD-סריג ו מיקרופלואידיקה לפקח Nanocomplex DNA הרכבה עצמית בזמן אמת

בדיקות מתח DNA כדי למפות את כוחות קולטן פיקוניוטון חולפים על ידי תאים חיסוניים

עיתוי מעתיק כרומוזום בשילוב עם פלורסנט

דגי ה-DNA 3D חזקים באמצעות בדיקות שכותרתו ישירות

גדיל DNA עקירת עיר רשתות תגובת השרשת כימית המופק מפלסמיד

חיטוט mRNA קינטיקה בחלל וזמן ב Escherichia קולי באמצעות שני צבעים פלואורסצנטיות מולקולה אחת ב סיטו הכלאה

הדמיה פלואורסצנטית של מולקולה אחת של דינמיקת DNA פולימראז ב-G-quadruplexes

סינתזה של בדיקות הכלאה DNA הסטה אורך גל על ​​ידי שימוש photostable Cyanine צבעים

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Chapters in this video

פרוטוקול אופטימיזציה עבור Assay Shift ניידות Electrophoretic שימוש פלורסנט אינפרא אדום Oligonucleotides דיי שכותרתו

הפגנה טכנית של הכלאה שלמות מערך הגנום הגנום השוואתי

אלקטרופורזה הדנ א באמצעות Thiazole תפוז במקום אתידיום ברומיד או צבע חלופי

שילוב QD-סריג ו מיקרופלואידיקה לפקח Nanocomplex DNA הרכבה עצמית בזמן אמת

בדיקות מתח DNA כדי למפות את כוחות קולטן פיקוניוטון חולפים על ידי תאים חיסוניים

עיתוי מעתיק כרומוזום בשילוב עם פלורסנט

דגי ה-DNA 3D חזקים באמצעות בדיקות שכותרתו ישירות

גדיל DNA עקירת עיר רשתות תגובת השרשת כימית המופק מפלסמיד

חיטוט mRNA קינטיקה בחלל וזמן ב Escherichia קולי באמצעות שני צבעים פלואורסצנטיות מולקולה אחת ב סיטו הכלאה

הדמיה פלואורסצנטית של מולקולה אחת של דינמיקת DNA פולימראז ב-G-quadruplexes

סינתזה של בדיקות הכלאה DNA הסטה אורך גל על ידי שימוש photostable Cyanine צבעים