Gli autori ringraziano Andrea Axtell, Satoshi Itoh, MD, Jeff Velotta, MD, Grant Hoyt, Robert C. Robbins, MD, Jin Yu, MD, Tim Doyle, PhD, e lo Small Animal Imaging Stanford Nucleo per l&#39;assistenza tecnica. Gli autori hanno anche ringraziare AM Bickford, Inc. per il supporto di attrezzature veterinarie. Questa ricerca è stata sostenuta da borse di ricerca dal National Institutes of Health (R01 HL-75774, CA098303 R01, R21 HL085743, 1K12 HL087746), il tabacco California sul programma di ricerca sulle malattie della University of California (15IT-0257 e 1514RT-0169) , e l&#39;Istituto di Medicina Rigenerativa della California (RS1-00183). NH è sostenuto da una borsa di studio della American Heart Association. può Heart Association.

1. Differenziazione dei CES murino in cellule endoteliali <ol><li> Il protocollo per la differenziazione in cellule endoteliali CES è descritto altrove e non è il focus di questo protocollo 2,3. In breve, le cellule possono differenziarsi, e le cellule che sono positivi per i marcatori endoteliali come CD31 o caderina vascolare endoteliale (VE-caderina) sono poi purificata mediante fluorescenza separazione delle cellule attivate (FACS). </li></ol> 2. La costruzione del gene doppia Reporter fusione e trasduzione lentivirali <ol><li> Bioluminescenza può essere utilizzato per monitorare le cellule che vengono modificate per esprimere geni reporter come la lucciola luciferasi (fluttuazioni). Per questa applicazione, le nostre cellule contengono sia fluttuazioni e migliorato proteina verde fluorescente (eGFP) del gene di fusione sotto il controllo di un promotore interno ubiquitina. Al fine di modificare le cellule, il vettore transgene lentivirale contenente elementi chiave ottimizzate genetica per soddisfare i criteri di bio-sicurezza e una maggiore efficienza di trasduzione, PFU-FG vettore sviluppate nel nostro laboratorio portando la fluttua-eGFP gene reporter di fusione può essere utilizzata per stabilmente trasdurre le cellule dopo la differenziazione. Questo costrutto fusione permette sia bioluminescenza e il monitoraggio fluorescenza delle cellule trapiantate. La procedura per la generazione di particelle virali, la trasduzione e la produzione di cellule marcate che i geni reporter di esprimere è descritto altrove 4. </li></ol> 3. Il trapianto di ESC-derivato cellule endoteliali alle arti posteriori ischemico <ol><li> Avviare la procedura di preparazione di un topo che ha subito l&#39;ischemia degli arti posteriori per il trapianto di cellule. Per fare questo, posizionare il mouse nella camera di induzione dell&#39;anestesia contenente 1-3% isoflurano in ossigeno al 100% con un flusso di 1L/min. </li><li> Lascia il mouse nella camera di induzione fino a che non non risponde agli stimoli esterni. Quindi rimuovere l&#39;animale dalla camera di induzione. </li><li> Poi, posto l&#39;animale in posizione supina sul tavolo operatorio e collegarlo a un flusso continuo di 1-3% isoflurano in ossigeno al 100% con un flusso di 1L/min. </li><li> Pulire la pelle del arti posteriori con tre scrub alternati Betadine e alcol. </li><li> Una volta che la pelle è pulita, ottenere milione ESC-derivato cellule endoteliali in 30 ml di tampone fosfato (PBS). Carico di queste cellule in un ago calibro 28. </li><li> Quando le cellule sono pronte, sollevare delicatamente ed estendere le arti posteriori per visualizzare meglio la posizione del muscolo gastrocnemio. Mentre la gamba si apre, inserire l&#39;ago attraverso la pelle nel muscolo sottostante. Fare attenzione a non avvicinarsi alle ossa. Delicatamente e iniettare lentamente il composto 30 microlitri di cellule nel gastrocnemio. Per iniezione intramuscolare, 30 microlitri è vicino al limite di volume che può essere iniettato. Pertanto, 28-indicatore di siringhe da insulina sono preferiti perché, nella nostra esperienza, eliminano il volume di perdita di aghi di siringa. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;iniezione è completa, ritorno il mouse per la gabbia di recupero e monitorare continuamente fino a quando sveglio. Permettere agli animali di recuperare per diverse ore e poi procedere con l&#39;imaging bioluminescenza in vivo delle cellule trapiantate. </li></ol> 4. L&#39;imaging bioluminescenza CES derivate cellule endoteliali in vivo <ol><li> Il trapiantato ESC cellule derivate endothelials sono stati modificati per esprimere sia l&#39;fluttuazioni e il gene di fusione eGFP sotto il controllo di un promotore interno ubiquitina. Pertanto, la bioluminescenza può essere utilizzato per tenere traccia delle celle all&#39;interno degli arti posteriori ischemico. </li><li> Per iniziare questo passaggio, attivare il sistema di imaging bioluminescenza e Immagine Living software di acquisizione. Poi inizializzare il sistema di acquisizione e specificare le dimensioni del campo visivo. </li><li> Successivamente, la carta nera opaca posto sulla scatola di imaging per assorbire le emissioni di fondo. </li><li> Una volta che la casella di imaging è pronto, posizionare il mouse nella camera di induzione dell&#39;anestesia contenente 1-3% isoflurano in ossigeno in uscita di 1L/min. Lascia il mouse nella camera di induzione fino a che non non risponde agli stimoli esterni. Quindi rimuovere l&#39;animale dalla camera di induzione. </li><li> Rimuovere i capelli da entrambi zampe posteriori con un rasoio elettrico, se necessario. </li><li> Iniettare 10 ml di D-luciferina per grammo di peso corporeo nel peritoneo. Il D-luciferina è preparato in anticipo in soluzioni stock filtrato di 15 mg / ml in PBS. </li><li> Una volta che la luciferina viene iniettato, posto l&#39;animale nella casella di immagine sulla carta nera in posizione supina, collegato ad un flusso continuo di isoflurano. </li><li> Posizionamento animali nella casella di imaging e il collegamento a isoflurano. </li><li> Avvio di acquisire le immagini per 10-60 secondi al fine di determinare un momento ottimale di esposizione per cui l&#39;immagine non è saturo. Se l&#39;immagine si satura, ridurre il tempo di esposizione. Se il segnale di bioluminescenza è molto debole, aumentare il tempo di esposizione. </li><li> Using il tempo di esposizione ottimale, continuare l&#39;acquisizione di immagini ogni 1-3 minuti fino a quando il segnale raggiunge il massimo e poi svanisce. Quando l&#39;acquisizione è stata completata, salvare il file. </li><li> Per analizzare i dati, selezionare le regioni di interesse (ROI) che coprono il sito di iniezione. Come controllo negativo, un ROI simile può essere selezionato per il non-operato gamba. Utilizzando il software, misurare la luminosità totale, che è espressa in unità di fotoni / secondo / cm 2 / steradiante (p / s / cm 2 / sr), per il ROI per ogni timepoint. Il valore massimo deve essere utilizzato nei dati finali. I dati possono anche essere esportati in Excel per un uso futuro. </li><li> Una volta che tutti i dati sono acquisiti, rispedire l&#39;animale verso la gabbia di recupero e monitorare continuamente fino a quando il risveglio degli animali. </li><li> Ripetere questa procedura per monitorare le cellule nel tempo. </li><li> Ad un certo punto di tempo desiderato, l&#39;animale può essere eutanasia per la valutazione della funzione dei tessuti. </li></ol> 5. Rappresentante Risultati <img src="/files/ftp_upload/old/1034_2009_1_22_4/figure 1.png" alt="Figura 1" width="600" height="600" /> Un&#39;immagine bioluminescenza rappresentante delle cellule trapiantate nella sinistra ischemica degli arti posteriori è mostrata in Figura 1. Durante l&#39;acquisizione di bioluminescenza, l&#39;intensità aumenta con il tempo, e il valore massimo ottenuto durante il periodo di tempo devono essere segnalati come il valore finale.

<ol>
	<li>Niiyama, H., Huang, N. F., Rollins, M., Cooke, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+model+of+hindlimb+ischemia.">Murine model of hindlimb ischemia.</a> JoVE. , (2008).</li><li>Levenberg, S., Golub, J. S., Amit, M., Itsakovitz-Eldor, J., Langer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cells+derived+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 4391-4396 (2002).</li><li>Yamashita, J., Itoh, H., Hirashima, M., Ogawa, M., Nishikawa, S., Yurugi, T., Naito, M., Nakao, K., Nishikawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flk1-positive+cells+derived+from+embryonic+stem+cells+serve+as+vascular+progenitors.">Flk1-positive cells derived from embryonic stem cells serve as vascular progenitors.</a> Nature. 408, 926-926 (2000).</li><li>De, A., Yaghoubi, S. S., Gambhir, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+lentiviral+vectors+in+noninvasive+molecular+imaging.">Applications of lentiviral vectors in noninvasive molecular imaging.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 433, 177-202 (2008).</li><li>Niiyama, H., Kai, H., Yamamoto, T., Shimada, T., Sasaki, K., Murohara, T., Egashira, K., Imaizumi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+endogenous+monocyte+chemoattractant+protein-1+in+ischemia-induced+neovascularization.">Roles of endogenous monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in ischemia-induced neovascularization.</a> J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44, 661-666 (2004).</li><li>Cook, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anatomy+of+the+laboratory+mouse.">The anatomy of the laboratory mouse.</a> , (1976).</li><li>Contag, P. R., Olomu, I. N., Stevenson, D. K., Contag, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescent+indicators+in+living+mammals.">Bioluminescent indicators in living mammals.</a> Nature Med. 4, 245-247 (1998).</li><li>Ray, P., De, A., Min, J. J., Tsien, R. Y., Gambhir, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+tri-fusion+multimodality+reporter+gene+expression+in+living+subjects.">Imaging tri-fusion multimodality reporter gene expression in living subjects.</a> Cancer Res. 64, 1323-1330 (2004).</li><li>Huang, N. F., Lee, R. J., Li, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+and+physical+regulation+of+stem+cells+and+progenitor+cells:+potential+for+cardiovascular+tissue+engineering.">Chemical and physical regulation of stem cells and progenitor cells: potential for cardiovascular tissue engineering.</a> Tissue Eng. 13, 1809-1823 (2007).</li><li>Cao, F., Lin, S., Xie, X., Ray, P., Patel, M., Zhang, X., Drukker, M., Dylla, S. J., Connolly, A. J., Chen, X., Weissman, I. L., Gambhir, S. S., Wu, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+visualization+of+embryonic+stem+cell+survival,+proliferation,+and+migration+after+cardiac+delivery.">In vivo visualization of embryonic stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration after cardiac delivery.</a> Circulation. 113, 1005-1114 (2006).</li><li>Wilson, K., Yu, J., Lee, A., Wu, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+bioluminescence+reporter+gene+imaging+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">In vitro and in vivo bioluminescence reporter gene imaging of human embryonic stem cells.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li></ol>

CES sono una fonte di cellule promettente per il trattamento di ischemia del tessuto a causa della loro plasticità di differenziazione e la loro capacità di dare origine a linee cellulari che comprende tutti e tre i foglietti embrionali, comprese le cellule endoteliali. Per superare le questioni etiche associate con i CES, cellule staminali pluripotenti indotte (iPSCs) può essere un&#39;alternativa fonte di staminali pluripotenti cella che supera i problemi etici. Oltre a CES, le cellule staminali adulte, come le cellule progenitrici endoteliali (EPC) e le cellule staminali ematopoietiche (HSC) può anche essere usato, ma questi tipi di cellule possono avere limitato effetto terapeutico nei pazienti con PAD. Consegna intramuscolare di cellule è minimamente invasiva e facile da eseguire, e questo modo di consegna è anche riconducibile alla consegna di fattori solubili o plasmidi. Tuttavia, per facilitare l&#39;accesso delle cellule trapiantate per la vascolarizzazione, la consegna sistemica nell&#39;arteria femorale o vena coda può essere usato al posto di iniezioni intramuscolari. Di imaging bioluminescenza offre il vantaggio di effettuare il monitoraggio high-throughput e non invasivo della sopravvivenza cellulare. Se combinato con test funzionali quali la perfusione sanguigna laser Doppler o analisi istologica di neovascolarizzazione, queste tecniche insieme possono permettere ai ricercatori di valutare l&#39;effetto terapeutico del trapianto di cellule sul recupero di ischemia degli arti posteriori. In conclusione, abbiamo dimostrato un metodo semplice e riproducibile per la distribuzione e il monitoraggio di ESC-derivate cellule endoteliali per il trattamento di ischemia degli arti posteriori.

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<tr>
<td>Surgical tools</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Syringe needle</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>BD</td>
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<td>28G insulin syringe is preferred</td>
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<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
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<td>D-luciferin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Biosynth International, Inc</td>
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<td>IVIS 200 Bioluminescence imaging system and acquisition software </td>
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embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells for treatment of hindlimb ischemia

Malattia arteriosa periferica (PAD) è il risultato restringimento delle arterie periferiche che forniscono sangue ossigenato e sostanze nutritive alle gambe e ai piedi, questa patologia provoca sintomi come la claudicatio intermittente (dolore con piedi), dolorose ulcerazioni ischemiche o addirittura pericolose per la gangrena degli arti. Si ritiene generalmente che l&#39;endotelio vascolare, un monostrato di cellule endoteliali che investe la superficie luminale di tutti i vasi sanguigni e linfatici, gioca un ruolo dominante nell&#39;omeostasi vascolare e la rigenerazione vascolare. Di conseguenza, a base di cellule staminali rigenerazione dell&#39;endotelio può essere un approccio promettente per il trattamento PAD. In questo video, dimostriamo il trapianto di cellule staminali embrionali (ESC)-derivate cellule endoteliali per il trattamento di ischemia unilaterale hindimb come modello di PAD, seguita da monitoraggio non invasivo di homing delle cellule e della sopravvivenza attraverso l&#39;immagine bioluminescenza. I materiali e procedure specifiche per la consegna delle cellule e di imaging verranno descritte. Questo protocollo segue un&#39;altra pubblicazione che descrive l&#39;induzione di ischemia degli arti posteriori da Niiyama et al 1.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells for Treatment of Hindlimb Ischemia at JoVE.com

Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells for Treatment of Hindlimb Ischemia

La procedura chirurgica per la consegna delle cellule staminali embrionali derivate le cellule endoteliali alle arti posteriori ischemico è dimostrato, con il monitoraggio non invasivo per l&#39;imaging bioluminescenza.

Cellule embrionali staminali endoteliali derivati ​​dalle cellule per il trattamento di ischemia degli arti posteriori

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) results from narrowing of the peripheral arteries that supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the legs and feet, This ...

embryonic-stem-cell-derived-endothelial-cells-for-treatment-hindlimb

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.7K Views.  Stanford University. La procedura chirurgica per la consegna delle cellule staminali embrionali derivate le cellule endoteliali alle arti posteriori ischemico è dimostrato, con il monitoraggio non invasivo per l'imaging bioluminescenza.

Video: Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Endothelial Cells for Treatment of Hindlimb Ischemia

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells

Propagation of Human Embryonic Stem ES Cells

Yeah, so I'm Lauren Deon. I'm in charge of the Human Amgen stem cell co facility at MGH. Yeah, so I'm Lauren, I'm in charge of the Human AM stem cell co facility at MGH.So I've been working with human Amgen stem cells for years now since I was a postdoc in George De Lab before, from four, four years. And so right now we have two cell lines, H one and H nine, which are both from Y cell. And so the way we are expanding or maintaining these cells in culture is by, at least the way we are splitting these cells is by using collagenous.So what I usually do is for the first few passage after throwing the cells, I use a technical, the picking colonies. So in this case, I can check under the microscope which colonies are good and differentiate and nice shape, and I will collect only these colonies and I will cut them in few pieces and put them back in, in a fresh flat. And the, the colonies that look kind of differentiate it are just left them alone.The other way to pass the cells is by using trypsin. So I don't use this technique here. I think collagenase is a little bit safer because human being stem cells don't like to be individualized or they don't like to be alone.So if you do trypsin, if you use trypsin for a little bit too long, if you use it for like three to four minutes, which is the way we use strips in for other type of cells, human stem cells will be individualized and most of them will die or just differentiate or will not attach to the myth. So the idea is you have to keep the cells as clumps. You don't want them to be alone in the in, in the flask.So using collagenase, the advantage is to keep cells as plants. Using chipsy, you just select for cells that will survive this very, very harsh process of g opsonization. So these cells are usually very highly proliferative.So you get, you can adapt your cells to this tripsin process. The problem is that you have cells that they behave differently, they go much faster. And one risk is that you can get some commercial abnormality to, to this, to this very high division process.So you say that ization can cause selection of cells in culture for most proliferative cells.Right. More ative and probably also higher survival rates than other cells. So after proliferation, basically culture after proliferation in tripsin, after several passages become a different culture, these different properties.So it's, it's hard to figure out if they are exactly identical. If you do the test, the usual test, let's say you check markers, regular markers of end differentiated cells like OC four, nano one 60 SC four C, C3, all this molecule might still be expressed. If you do TER formation, this cells might still differentiate and be formed like al like normal cells.If you look at the karyotype, you might have some abnormality, but you might still have a normal karyotype. The, the, the selective advantage might be due to just a mutation that you cannot see by doing a karyotype. So the fact that they grow much faster is by itself I think a little bit worser.And if we want to use these cells for transplantation at some point, I would definitely not use this type of cells.Okay. So would you like to tell me what are the main technical problems with using this technique for, for passages of cells? So using S, yes.It's just a little bit longer and also it's, since the cells are not going as fast, it's just much longer to get a high number of cells to do some experiment. So it's just less convenient I would say. Would you like to tell me about few words about the goals of your experiment?How do you use CS cells? Okay, so my main project here is to get endothelial cells from human AB stem cells. And the idea is to be able to make blood.And we are working a lot with tissue bioengineering labs and one of their goal is to make tissue in vitro. But one of the limitation to this is the lack of blood vessels going through this tissues. So if we can bring endothelial cells or put endothelial cells in this tissue, we would have better growth of this tissue.So the idea few sources of cells are known for endothelial cells like cold blood or pressure blood, but it would be interesting to have another source of cells like human years. And the advantage is since human years can be expanded and most infinitely, you could modify these cells, make some inducible system and be able to use it. Then in your final product, your material cells, in this case.

Propagazione di staminali embrionali umane (ES) Cellule

Ricerca

Biologia

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

Derivazione di cellule staminali ematopoietiche da cellule staminali embrionali murini

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

Derivazione di cellule staminali embrionali umane da Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria produce ATP, regulate the cytoplasmic redox state and Ca2+ balance, catabolize fatty acids, synthesize heme, nucleotides, steroid hormones, amino acids, and help assemble iron-sulfur clusters in proteins. Mitochondria also have an essential role in heat production. Mutations of the mitochondrial genome cause several types of human disorder. The accumulation of mtDNA mutations correlates with aging and is suspected to have an important role in the development of cancer. Due to their vitally important role in all cell types, the function of mitochondria must also be critical for stem cells. Key advances have been made in our understanding of stem cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation capacity. But the functional activity of stem cells, in particular their energy status, was not yet been studied in detail. Almost nothing is known about the mitochondrial properties of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and their differentiated precursor progeny. One way to understand and evaluate the role of mitochondria in hESC function and developmental potential is to directly measure the activity of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Here, we describe high resolution clear native gel electrophoresis and subsequent in gel activity visualization as a method for analyzing the five respiratory chain complexes of hESCs.

In this video, we will show you how the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes of human embryonic stem cells can be analyzed using in gel activity assays.

Sondaggio per mitocondriale complessa attività di cellule staminali embrionali umane

Mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles that have a primary role in cellular metabolism and homeostasis, regulation of the cell signaling network, and ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

Immunoprecipitazione della cromatina di cellule staminali embrionali umane

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia 

In the United States, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects about 10 million individuals, and is also prevalent worldwide. Medical therapies for symptomatic relief are limited. Surgical or endovascular interventions are useful for some individuals, but long-term results are often disappointing. As a result, there is a need for developing new therapies to treat PAD. The murine hindlimb ischemia preparation is a model of PAD, and is useful for testing new therapies. When compared to other models of tissue ischemia such as coronary or cerebral artery ligation, femoral artery ligation provides for a simpler model of ischemic tissue. Other advantages of this model are the ease of access to the femoral artery and low mortality rate. 
In this video, we demonstrate the methodology for the murine model of unilateral hindimb ischemia. The specific materials and procedures for creating and evaluating the model will be described, including the assessment of limb perfusion by laser Doppler imaging. This protocol can also be utilized for the transplantation and non-invasive tracking of cells, which is demonstrated by Huang et al.1.

Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

The surgical procedure for induction of unilateral hindlimb ischemia is demonstrated, with confirmation of ischemia by laser Doppler perfusion imaging.

Modello murino di ischemia degli arti posteriori

In the United States, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects about 10 million individuals, and is also prevalent worldwide.  Medical therapies for ...

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Preparazione Stendere cromosomiche di cellule staminali embrionali umane per cariotipo

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Differenziazione delle cellule staminali embrionali in precursori degli oligodendrociti

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation 

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three embryonic germ layers (1). Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cell types has generated much interest in the field of regenerative medicine (e.g., (2-5)), and methods for determining the in vivo fate of selected or manipulated hESCs are essential to this endeavor. We have adapted a highly efficient teratoma formation assay for this purpose. A small number of specifically selected hESCs is mixed with undifferentiated wild type hESCs and Phaseolus vulgaris lectin to form a cell pellet. This is grafted beneath the kidney capsule in an immunodeficient mouse. As few as 2.5 x 105 hESCs are needed to form a 16 cm3 teratoma within 8-12 weeks. The fate of the originally selected hESCs can then be determined by immunohistochemistry. This method provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Fate Mapping of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Teratoma Formation

Directed differentiation of hESCs into specific cells has generated much interest in regenerative medicine. We provide a concise, step-by-step protocol for determining the in vivo fate of selected hESCs that provides a valuable tool for characterizing tissue-specific reagents for cell-based therapy.

Mappatura destino di cellule staminali embrionali umane per la formazione teratoma

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have an unlimited capacity for self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into cells derived from all three ...

Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

Direct differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into functional motor neurons represents a promising resource to study disease mechanisms, to screen new drug compounds, and to develop new therapies for motor neuron diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Many current protocols use a combination of retinoic acid (RA) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) to differentiate mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells into motor neurons1-4. However, the differentiation efficiency of mES cells into motor neurons has only met with moderate success. We have developed a two-step differentiation protocol5 that significantly improves the differentiation efficiency compared with currently established protocols. The first step is to enhance the neuralization process by adding Noggin and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Noggin is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist and is implicated in neural induction according to the default model of neurogenesis and results in the formation of anterior neural patterning6. FGF signaling acts synergistically with Noggin in inducing neural tissue formation by promoting a posterior neural identity7-9. In this step, mES cells were primed with Noggin, bFGF, and FGF-8 for two days to promote differentiation towards neural lineages. The second step is to induce motor neuron specification. Noggin/FGFs exposed mES cells were incubated with RA and a Shh agonist, Smoothened agonist (SAG), for another 5 days to facilitate motor neuron generation. To monitor the differentiation of mESs into motor neurons, we used an ES cell line derived from a transgenic mouse expressing eGFP under the control of the motor neuron specific promoter Hb91. Using this robust protocol, we achieved 51&plusmn;0.8% of differentiation efficiency (n = 3; p &lt; 0.01, Student's t-test)5. Results from immunofluorescent staining showed that GFP+ cells express the motor neuron specific markers, Islet-1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Our two-step differentiation protocol provides an efficient way to differentiate mES cells into spinal motor neurons.

We developed a new protocol to improve efficiency of in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into motor neurons. The differentiated ES cells acquired motor neurons features as evidenced by expression of neuronal and motor neuron markers using immunohistochemical techniques.

Differenziazione efficiente di cellule staminali embrionali di topo in neuroni motori

Direct differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into functional  motor neurons represents a promising resource to study disease mechanisms, to  screen ...

Cellule embrionali staminali endoteliali derivati ​​dalle cellule per il trattamento di ischemia degli arti posteriori

Cellule embrionali staminali endoteliali derivati dalle cellule per il trattamento di ischemia degli arti posteriori