A. Propagare il virus nella linea C6/36 cellulare. <ol><li> Cellule crescono al 80% confluenza in 75 cm 2 fiasco; </li><li> Rimuovere il supporto con 3-4 ml resta nel pallone; </li><li> Prendere 0,5 ml di virus magazzino e aggiungere nella cella sopra con la molteplicità di infezione di 1,5 particelle virali per cella. Agitando lentamente per 15 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Incubare per 45 minuti al 5% di CO 2 e 37 ° C </li><li> Aggiungere 30 ml di mezzi di comunicazione, e incubare per 5 giorni. </li></ol> B. Preparare la miscela di virus e sangue <ol><li> Staccare la cella con il raschietto e trasferire la cellula e dei media per il 50 ml provette coniche; </li><li> Centrifugato a 800g per 10 minuti; raccogliere il surnatante, ma lascia 1 ml di surnatante con il pellet di cellule; </li><li> Fermo quanto sopra pellet a secco di CO 2 e poi scongelare in acqua a 37 ° C bagno, ripetere due o tre volte; </li><li> Centrifugato a 800g per 10 minuti, prendere il surnatante, e si combinano con il supernatante viene raccolto dal punto 3; </li><li> Raccogliere il sangue umano intero con la stessa procedura (fase 3) per la preparazione della cultura gametocyte di infettare zanzara Anopheles con Plasmodium falciparum; </li><li> Coniugare la quantità uguale di quanto sopra sangue intero umano con supernatante virus dal punto 4, e aggiungere siero umano (10% del volume totale). </li><li> Incubare la miscela di sopra del sangue umano e virus dengue per 30 minuti a 37 ° C acqua bagno </li></ol> C. Alimentazione zanzare Questa procedura è quasi identico a quello che sono stati descritti nella sezione per le infezioni Plasmodium falciparum in zanzare. Noi saggio l&#39;infezione midgut al giorno 7, e l&#39;infezione salivari al giorno 14, dopo il sangue al seno. Tutto il materiale che è venuto a contatto con il virus sono trattati prima con il 75% etanolo e poi con il 10% di candeggina. D. analisi il titolo del virus nel tessuto zanzara <ol><li> Due o tre giorni prima della dissezione dei tessuti zanzara, crescere C6/36 cella di un piatto ben 24 in modo tale che la cellula raggiungere l&#39;80% confluenza nel giorno in cui il saggio è condotto; </li><li> Le zanzare sono anestetizzati a 4 ° C, sacrificato e superficie sterile, mettetelo a bagno nel 75% di etanolo per 1 minuto. Poi le zanzare sono stati lavati con acqua sterile due volte prima di dissezione della ghiandola salivare midgut o sotto il microscopio da dissezione. Da questo passaggio, tutti la seguente procedura deve essere condotta in un ambiente sterile come una cappa di sicurezza biologica. Questi tessuti vengono trasferiti in una provetta contenente 150 microlitri dei media e omogeneizzato con un pestello pellet Kontes motore per 90 secondi; </li><li> Fai una diluizione 1:100 aggiungendo 10 l di dell&#39;omogeneizzato in 990 microlitri dei media; </li><li> Compiere ulteriori 1: 10, 1:100 e 1:1000 diluizione con il mezzo della piastra 96 ​​pozzetti; </li><li> Rimuovere il supporto nella piastra ben 24, e aggiungere 100 ml di ciascuno dei suddetti quattro diluizioni in ogni pozzetto corrispondente; </li><li> Agitare la piastra lentamente per 15 minuti a temperatura ambiente, poi incubare per 45 minuti al 5% di CO 2 e 37 ° C; </li><li> Aggiungere 1ml di methycellulose sovrapposizione (1%) in ogni pozzetto; </li><li> Incubare le piastre a 37 ° C con 5% di CO 2 per 5 giorni; </li><li> I passi da qui in poi non richiedono un ambiente sterile, ma come con qualsiasi altro patogeno cura dovrebbe essere presa in qualsiasi momento. Gettare sovrapposizione methycellulose da ogni piatto e asciugare per rimuovere i supporti in eccesso </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di metanolo / acetone fissativo (1:1) in ciascun pozzetto. Conservare a 4 ° C per 1 ora; </li><li> Eliminare il fissativo, e lavare una volta con PBS 1X; </li><li> Fai la diluizione 1:1000 per l&#39;anticorpo primario contro il virus con il 5% Blotto; </li><li> Aggiungere 200 ml di liquido diluito iperimmuni in ogni pozzetto, incubare a 37 ° C per 1 ora; </li><li> Rimuovere il liquido iperimmuni e piastra lavare con 1 X PBS </li><li> Preparare una diluizione 1:1000 di capra anti-topo coniugato (Cat KPL # 074-1806) nel 5% Blotto (latte scremato in polvere 5 g in 100 ml di 1 X PBS), quindi aggiungere 200 microlitri di ciascun pozzetto e incubare a 37 ° C per 1 ora; </li><li> Preparare substrato come segue: aggiungere 1 compressa di 3&#39;-diaminobenzidina terrahydrochloride (Cat Sigma # D5905) in 20 ml di PBS 1 X, dopo sciolto, e poi aggiungere 8 ml di perossidasi di idrogeno al 30% </li><li> Aggiungere 200 l di sopra del substrato in ogni pozzetto. Lasciate riposare a temperatura ambiente per 10 minuti </li><li> Rimuovere il substrato e fermare la reazione con l&#39;aggiunta di 1 ml di acqua distillata in ogni pozzetto </li><li> Eliminare l&#39;acqua e asciugare le piastre ad asciugare </li><li> Contare le particelle del virus </li></ol>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Incubator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>with 5% CO2, 37oC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>50 mL conical tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>plastic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>human serum and blood</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>O+</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pipette tip</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for tissue culture </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pipettman</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur pipetts</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>glass, sterile</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>water bath</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>37C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>centrifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>parafilm</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>circulating water bath</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>glass membrane feeders</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>with rubber tubing to fit feeders</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>mosquito cups</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>75% ethanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10% bleach</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue-culture plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>6-well, 24-well and 96-well plates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Petri dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>glass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Slides</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>fine-tip forceps</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1X, sterile</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dissecting microscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>C6/36 cells</td>
<td>cells</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>For virus propagation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>C6/36 medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MEM with 10% heat inactivated FBS, 1% L-glutamine and non-essential amino acid and 1% (v/v) Penicillin-Streptomycin.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3&#x2019;-Diaminobenzidine terrahydrochloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D5905</td>
<td>1 tablet in 20 ml of 1 X PBS, dissolve and then add 8 &#181;l of 30% hydrogen peroxidase</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>30% hydrogen peroxidase</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>A. aegypti</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>mosquito</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

protocol for dengue infections in mosquitoes (a. aegypti) and infection phenotype determination

Lo scopo di questa procedura è per infettare la zanzara Aedes con il virus della dengue in una condizione di laboratorio ed esaminare il livello di infezione e dinamica del virus nei tessuti zanzara. Questo protocollo è utilizzato di routine per lo studio delle interazioni virus zanzare, in particolare per l&#39;identificazione dei fattori dell&#39;ospite romanzo che sono in grado di determinare la competenza vettoriale. L&#39;intero esperimento deve essere condotto in un laboratorio BSL2. Simile a infezioni Plasmodium falciparum, abbigliamento adeguato compresi i guanti e camice da laboratorio devono essere indossati in ogni momento. Dopo l&#39;esperimento, tutti i materiali che è venuto a contatto con il virus devono essere trattati con il 75% di etanolo e sbiancato prima di procedere con il normale lavaggio. Tutti gli altri materiali devono essere sterilizzati in autoclave prima di eliminarli.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination at JoVE.com

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination

Una volta che un gene è identificato come potenzialmente refrattaria per il virus della dengue, deve essere valutato per il suo ruolo nella prevenzione delle infezioni virali all&#39;interno della zanzara. Questo protocollo illustra come il grado di dengue di zanzare possono essere analizzati. Le tecniche per crescere il virus in coltura, l&#39;alimentazione a membrana zanzare sangue umano, e saggio titoli virale nel midgut zanzara sono dimostrati.

Protocollo per la dengue in Zanzare (A. aegypti) e Fenotipo Determinazione infezione

The purpose of this procedure is to infect the Aedes mosquito with dengue virus in a laboratory condition and examine the infection level and dynamic of ...

protocol-for-dengue-infections-mosquitoes-aegypti-infection-phenotype

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes (A. aegypti) and Infection Phenotype Determination

17.4K Views.  Johns Hopkins University. Una volta che un gene è identificato come potenzialmente refrattaria per il virus della dengue, deve essere valutato per il suo ruolo nella prevenzione delle infezioni virali all'interno della zanzara. Questo protocollo illustra come il grado di dengue di zanzare possono essere analizzati. Le tecniche per crescere il virus in coltura, l'alimentazione a membrana zanzare sangue umano, e saggio titoli virale nel midgut zanzara sono dimostrati.

Video: Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes A. aegypti and Infection Phenotype Determination

Microinjection of A. aegypti Embryos to Obtain Transgenic Mosquitoes

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever.  The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever. The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

Microiniezione di A. aegypti embrioni per ottenere zanzare transgeniche

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Protocol for Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Mosquitoes and Infection Phenotype Determination

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the mosquito.    This protocol illustrates how the extent of plasmodium infections of mosquitoes can be assayed.  The techniques for preparing the gametocyte culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the mosquito. This protocol illustrates how the extent of plasmodium infections of mosquitoes can be assayed. The techniques for preparing the gametocyte culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.

Protocollo per Plasmodium falciparum infezioni in Fenotipo Determinazione Zanzare e infezione

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the ...

Dissection of Midgut and Salivary Glands from Ae. aegypti Mosquitoes

The mosquito midgut and salivary glands are key entry and exit points for pathogens such as Plasmodium parasites and Dengue viruses. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for removal of the midgut and salivary glands from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. 



The mosquito midgut and salivary glands are key entry and exit points for vector pathogens like Plasmodium falciparum and the dengue virus. This video demonstrates the dissection techniques for removing the midgut and salivary glands from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Dissezione delle ghiandole salivari e midgut da Ae. aegypti zanzare

The mosquito midgut and salivary glands are key entry and exit points for pathogens such as Plasmodium parasites and Dengue viruses. This video protocol ...

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes (A. gambiae)

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video protocol illustrates a method used by the Dimopoulos lab to inject dsRNA into Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which harbor the malaria parasite.  The technique manipulating the injection setup and injecting dsRNA into the thorax is illustrated.

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes. This video protocol illustrates a method used by the Dimopoulos lab to inject dsRNA into Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which harbor the malaria parasite. The technique manipulating the injection setup and injecting dsRNA into the thorax is illustrated.

Protocollo per saggi RNAi in zanzare adulte (A. gambiae)

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video ...

Preventing the Spread of Malaria and Dengue Fever Using Genetically Modified Mosquitoes

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission.   Population replacement strategy, the idea that transgenic mosquitoes can be released into the wild to control disease transmission, is introduced, as well as the concept of genetic drive and the design criterion for an effective genetic drive system. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically-modified organisms into the wild are also discussed.

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission. Population replacement strategy, the idea that transgenic mosquitoes can be released into the wild to control disease transmission, is introduced as well as the concept of genetic drive and the design criterion for an effective genetic drive system. The ethical considerations of releasing genetically-modified organisms into the wild are also discussed.

Prevenire la diffusione della malaria e la dengue utilizzo Zanzare geneticamente modificate

In this candid interview, Anthony A. James explains how mosquito genetics can be exploited to control malaria and dengue transmission.   Population ...

Building a Better Mosquito: Identifying the Genes Enabling Malaria and Dengue Fever Resistance in A. gambiae and A. aegypti Mosquitoes

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections.   Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infections. Explanation is given for how key refractory genes, those genes conferring resistance to vector pathogens, are identified in the mosquito and how this knowledge can be used to generate transgenic mosquitoes that are unable to carry the malaria parasite or dengue virus.

Costruire un Mosquito migliore: l&#39;identificazione dei geni Abilitazione malaria e febbre dengue Resistenza in A. gambiae e A. aegypti zanzare

In this interview, George Dimopoulos focuses on the physiological mechanisms used by mosquitoes to combat Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion rate. This method can be used to obtain a better understanding of the process of diuresis in insects and is especially useful in the study of diuresis in blood-feeding arthropods that are able to take up huge amounts of liquid in a single blood meal. 
This RNAi-mediated gene knockdown combined with an in vivo diuresis assay was developed by the Hansen lab to study the effects of RNAi-mediated knockdown of aquaporin genes on Aedes aegypti mosquito diuresis1. 
The protocol is setup in two parts: the first demonstration illustrates how to construct a simple mosquito injection device and how to prepare and inject dsRNA into the thorax of mosquitoes for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The second demonstration illustrates how to determine excretion rates in mosquitoes using an in vivo bioassay.

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

In this protocol we combine RNAi-mediated gene silencing with an in vivo diuresis assay to study the effects knockdown of genes of interest has on mosquito fluid excretion.

RNAi-mediato Knockdown Gene e<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Saggio La diuresi in femmina adulta<em&gt; Aedes aegypti</em&gt; Le zanzare

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

A Video Protocol of Retroviral Infection in Primary Intestinal Organoid Culture

Lgr5-positive stem cells can be supplemented with the essential growth factors Egf, Noggin, and R-Spondin, which allows us to culture ever-expanding primary 3D epithelial structures in vitro. Both the architecture and physiological properties of these &#39;mini-guts&#39;, also called organoids, closely resemble their in vivo counterparts. This makes them an attractive model system for the small intestinal epithelium. Using retroviral transduction, functional genetics can now be performed by conditional gene overexpression or knockdown. This video demonstrates the procedure of organoid culture, the generation of retroviruses, and the retroviral transduction of organoids to assist phenotypic analysis of the small intestinal epithelium in vitro. This novel organotypic model system in combination with retroviral mediated gene expression provides a valuable tool for rapid analysis of gene function in vitro without the need of costly and time-consuming generation for transgenic animals.

This protocol explains primary Lgr5-positve organoid culture and the subsequent performance of retroviral transduction. This enables Cre-inducible overexpression or knockdown of the delivered transgene and allows functional studies to be carried out in the novel in vitro organotypic model system.

Un protocollo video di infezione retrovirale in Primaria intestinale organoide Cultura

Lgr5-positive stem cells can be supplemented with the essential growth factors Egf, Noggin, and R-Spondin, which allows us to culture ever-expanding ...

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika. Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes can be released into the field to either reduce population sizes through incompatible matings or to transform populations with mosquitoes that are refractory to virus transmission. For these strategies to succeed, the mosquitoes released into the field from the laboratory must be competitive with native mosquitoes. However, maintaining mosquitoes in the laboratory can result in inbreeding, genetic drift and laboratory adaptation which can reduce their fitness in the field and may confound the results of experiments. To test the suitability of different Wolbachia infections for deployment in the field, it is necessary to maintain mosquitoes in a controlled laboratory environment across multiple generations. We describe a simple protocol for maintaining Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in the laboratory, which is suitable for both Wolbachia-infected and wild-type mosquitoes. The methods minimize laboratory adaptation and implement outcrossing to increase the relevance of experiments to field mosquitoes. Additionally, colonies are maintained under optimal conditions to maximize their fitness for open field releases.

Maintaining Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Infected with Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia are being released into natural populations to suppress the transmission of arboviruses. We describe methods to rear Ae. aegypti with Wolbachia infections in the laboratory for experiments and field release, taking precautions to minimize laboratory adaptation and selection.

Mantenimento di Aedes aegypti zanzare infettate con Wolbachia

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes experimentally infected with Wolbachia are being utilized in programs to control the spread of arboviruses such as dengue, ...

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as Zika, dengue and malaria. Assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. We describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the Aedes aegypti vector of Zika, dengue and yellow fever,&#160;the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae and the northern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, on contact and via ingestion. As an example, we evaluated the toxicity of amitriptyline, a small molecule antagonist of G protein-coupled receptors, via larval, adult topical and adult blood-feeding assay. The protocols provide a starting point to investigate insecticide potential. Results are discussed in the context of additional experiments to explore product applications and mechanisms for delivery.

Protocols are described for assessing the toxicity of chemistries to immature and adult mosquitoes for development as new classes of larvicides, adulticides and endectocides. The protocols enable high-throughput testing of multiple chemistries at single-point dose and subsequent evaluation via dose response assay to determine toxicity on contact or via ingestion.

Protocolli per testare la tossicità di romanzo chimiche insetticide per le zanzare

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such ...