Un merito Sovvenzione del Department of Veteran Affairs e una borsa T32-HL098062 dal NHLBI dei National Institutes of Health sostenuto questo lavoro. Vogliamo riconoscere con gratitudine i consigli di Randolph H. Hasting, MD, Ph.D. e la consulenza e il sostegno del Veterinary Medical Unità del Sistema Sanitario di VA San Diego.

1. Preparazione degli animali <ol><li> Ottenere i topi che sono più vecchi di 8 settimane e più di 20 g (i topi più piccoli possono essere intubati da un esperto). </li><li> Anestesia <ol><li> Iniettare topi con 20 mg / kg, ciascuno, di chetamina e xilazina intraperitoneale come preanesthetic. (Questa dose è sufficiente per anestetizzare completamente il mouse, ma facilita il trasferimento, dopo l&#39;intubazione, alla ventilazione meccanica.) Tuttavia, la regolazione dei dosaggi può essere necessario in base alla risposta anestetico in consultazione con il veterinario istituzionale.) </li><li> Indurre l&#39;anestesia nei topi con il 3,5% isoflurano / ossigeno in una camera di induzione per 90-120 sec. </li><li> Osservare attentamente la frequenza respiratoria. Si dovrebbe rallentare progressivamente a non meno di 45 bpm. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparazione per l&#39;intubazione <ol><li> Rimuovere il mouse dalla camera di induzione e Scruff ermeticamente. </li><li> Utilizzare imbottiti pinza sottile a gently estendere la lingua dalla bocca. </li><li> Mantenere l&#39;estensione della lingua tenendo la lingua tra due dita e applicando la forza gentile. </li><li> Estrarre il mouse sulla speculum del otoscopio con un movimento verticale. </li><li> Guardare attraverso l&#39;oculare del otoscopio mentre scruffing strettamente e tirare il mouse verso l&#39;alto delicatamente la lingua e la collottola. </li><li> Guardate attentamente per le corde vocali. Essi dovrebbero essere facilmente visibile in questo momento. Il aditus laryngis (la struttura dell&#39;apertura laringeo) dovrebbe essere relativamente bianco. Dovrebbe esserci movimento delle cordicelle con ogni respiro. Se i cavi non si muovono o sono scarsamente visualizzate, ruotare leggermente l&#39;animale e iperestendersi delicatamente il collo. </li><li> Con la mano dominante, tenere il 20 G, 1 a catetere, con una lunghezza di 1 cm dalla tubazione PE10 estendentesi attraverso la punta del catetere, come una matita e inserirlo nel lato della speculum. Il tubo PE serve come uno stiletto o bougie. </li><li> Dirigere il tubi PE10ng (mandrino) attraverso le corde vocali e far avanzare il catetere G 20 (tubo endotracheale) sopra il tubo PE finché il mozzo è a livello dell&#39;incisivo inferiore. Rimuovi questo stiletto in fretta. </li><li> Estrarre delicatamente l&#39;animale fuori della speculum e verificare la posizione del tubo ponendo l&#39;animale in un ventilatore meccanico con continua 2% isoflurano per mantenere l&#39;anestesia generale tutto l&#39;esperimento. Visualizza aria espirata (bolle) passando attraverso una trappola PEEP per confermare l&#39;intubazione. Anche se l&#39;intubazione esofagea può causare alcune bolle, non sarà così pronunciati o coerente con intubazione endotracheale. Inoltre, osservare un tracciato pressione delle vie aeree per le deviazioni negative (Figura 1). Questi confermano il corretto posizionamento del tubo. In alternativa, mettere una piccola quantità di acqua nel tubo IV e collegarlo al tubo ET. Verifica circolazione con il mouse con respirazione 2. Nel caso di intubazione esofagea, il pressione tracciamento rivelerà pressioni significativamente più elevati e senza deviazioni negative. Sebbene end-tidal CO 2 sarebbe utile, tecnicamente questo sarebbe molto difficile visti i piccoli volumi correnti (~ 200 microlitri) e l&#39;attrezzatura per fare questo sarebbe molto costoso. Le semplici tecniche descritte sono pienamente sufficienti e molto meno costoso. Se l&#39;anestesia isoflurano non è disponibile, tutte le procedure possono essere effettuate utilizzando la ketamina 80-120 mg / kg in combinazione con xylazina 10-20 mg / kg per l&#39;anestesia generale. </li></ol> 3. Tecnica alternativa: laringoscopia diretta con la Tecnica otoscopio è facilmente utilizzate per altri scopi, principalmente per la diretta instillazione di sostanze di studio nei polmoni. <ol><li> Indurre anestesia negli animali con isoflurano solo per questa procedura al 3,5% per 90-120 secondi nella camera di induzione. </li><li> Scruff l&#39;animale saldamente alla base del cranio e prolungare la lingua delicatamentecon una pinza sottile. </li><li> Tenendo la lingua con delicatezza, tirare l&#39;animale verso l&#39;alto della speculum (non modificato) fino a quando l&#39;animale non può essere tirato ulteriormente. </li><li> Le corde vocali possono essere visualizzate più frequentemente questa tecnica da sola, ma ruotare l&#39;animale e iper-esteso il collo per portarli in piena vista. </li><li> Anticipo di una pipetta di caricamento del gel contenente il instillate alla glottide e infondere il liquido. Poiché la speculum fa un sigillo con nell&#39;ipofaringe il mouse aspirare qualsiasi liquido residuo che non passa attraverso le corde. Questo è facilmente verificabile dalla rhonchorous suoni il mouse ora fa quando il respiro fino a quando il liquido è distribuito pienamente nei polmoni. </li><li> In alternativa, collegare il tubo PE10 a una siringa da 0,5 ml contenente 50 ml di fluido con un bolo aria dietro il liquido. Far avanzare il tubo PE attentamente le corde vocali di 0,5 centimetri e scaricare il contenuto nelle vie aeree lentamente. Tuttavia, trauma occasionale alle vie aeree inferiori si verifica ucantare questa tecnica senza migliore consegna del campione. </li></ol>

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S., Mitzner, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+of+endotracheal+intubation+and+pulmonary+functional+assessment+for+repeated+studies+in+mice.">A method of endotracheal intubation and pulmonary functional assessment for repeated studies in mice.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 87, 2362-2365 (1999).</li><li>Vergari, A., Polito, A., Musumeci, M., Palazzesi, S., Marano, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-assisted+orotracheal+intubation+in+mice.">Video-assisted orotracheal intubation in mice.</a> Lab. 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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

In questo rapporto descriviamo una tecnica semplice e affidabile per intubare i topi che è traumatica e può essere utilizzato più volte nello stesso animale. Questa tecnica può essere realizzato con semplice laboratorio o dispositivo medico che può essere acquistato per una somma modesta. La tecnica di laringoscopia diretta, originalmente riportata da Hastings e colleghi 4, può anche essere utilizzato per una varietà di scopi, ma principalmente per fornire precisione sostanze in esame per il tratto res...

Il topo di laboratorio ha soppiantato quasi tutte le specie di mammiferi come il modello principale della biologia e patobiologia. Il topo di laboratorio è la più piccola specie di mammiferi che è stato chiaramente e ampiamente dimostrato di essere di valore come modello di malattia umana e si è dimostrato prezioso anticipi della nostra comprensione della biologia umana e della malattia. Il tempo di gestazione breve e un costo sostanzialmente inferiore ha permesso lo sviluppo e lo studio di topi nulli e transgenici come strumento comune nella ricerca biomedica. Tuttavia, la dimensione del topo di laboratorio media (20-25 g) ha limitato il loro studio in studi basati fisiologicamente o chirurgicamente e, di conseguenza, alcuni ricercatori studiano grandi mammiferi. Un ostacolo all&#39;utilizzo di topi in questi studi è la difficoltà incontrata con tecniche di intubazione che consentano misurazioni fisiologiche o estesi interventi chirurgici in anestesia profonda. Tracheostomia 1 è stato utilizzato come standard di TEchnique invece di intubazione per la maggiore facilità di esecuzione di questa tecnica e modesta abilità richiesto. Tuttavia, tracheostomia non è favorevole agli studi cronici o di recupero di chirurgia; quindi, è limitato agli esperimenti acuti. Tracheostomia può anche essere una variabile di confusione nella ricerca in cui l&#39;infiammazione o riflessi fisiologici sensibili sono importanti. Il nostro laboratorio ha provato più delle tecniche descritte da altri ricercatori e trovato inadeguate per una serie di motivi. Tracheostomia è troppo traumatico e induce sanguinamento e infiammazione delle vie aeree. Molto più problematico è che non possono in pratica essere ripetuto. Molte tecniche relativamente invasive che richiedono un modesto investimento in attrezzature non sono sufficientemente affidabili. Altre tecniche richiedono costose attrezzature che è difficile giustificare senza sapere se l&#39;apparecchiatura funziona in una specifica applicazione. Così, abbiamo cercato di sviluppare una tecnica non traumatica che ha richiesto non più than un modesto investimento in attrezzature specializzate, potrebbe essere realizzato in modo rapido e affidabile, potrebbe essere ripetuta in modelli cronici, e potrebbe essere utilizzata in un gran numero di animali. Qui riportiamo tale tecnica.

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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:411px;">Operating Otoscope Head</td>
			<td style="width:144px;">Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:83px;">21700</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">&#160;$188.98</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Otoscope Handle</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right">71000</td>
			<td>&#160;$112.20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Reuseable Speculum</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn</td>
			<td align="right">22002</td>
			<td>&#160;$ 3.98</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Fine Forceps</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>18-779</td>
			<td>&#160;$107.18</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Small clamp stand to hold otoscope</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Optional Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Isoflurane Vaporizer (multiple circuit with vacuum waste gas handling)</td>
			<td>Summit Medical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">$3,000</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Flexivent (Animal Ventilator)</td>
			<td>SCIREQ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td align="right">$35,000</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Intravenous catheter (20 ga x 1 inch)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td align="right">381233</td>
			<td>&#160;$&#160; 9.62</td>
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		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Polyethylene tubing (PE10) (0.011 inch I.D., 0.024 inch O.D.) 100 ft</td>
			<td>Intramedic, Clay-Adams</td>
			<td align="right">427401</td>
			<td>&#160;$115.70</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ketamine 100 mg/ml (10 ml bottle)</td>
			<td>Butler</td>
			<td align="right">23061</td>
			<td>&#160;$10.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Xylazine (100 ml bottle)</td>
			<td>Vedco</td>
			<td align="right">24105</td>
			<td>&#160;$20.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Isoflurane (250 ml bottle)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;$15.00</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">vecuronium bromide 10 mg/10 ml</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>NDC 0069-0094-01</td>
			<td align="right">$15.00</td>
		</tr>
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endotracheal intubation in mice via direct laryngoscopy using an otoscope

Mice, sia di tipo selvatico e transgenici, sono il modello mammiferi principale nella ricerca biomedica attualmente. Intubazione e ventilazione meccanica sono necessari per gli esperimenti sugli animali integrali che richiedono un intervento chirurgico in anestesia profonde o misure della funzione polmonare. Tracheostomia è stato lo standard per intubazione delle vie aeree in questi topi per consentire la ventilazione meccanica. Intubazione orotracheale è stata riportata, ma non è stato usato con successo in molti studi per la difficoltà tecnica sostanziale o un requisito di apparecchiature altamente specializzate e costose. Qui riportiamo una tecnica di laringoscopia diretta utilizzando un otoscopio dotato di uno speculum 2,0 mm utilizzando un catetere venoso 20 G come un tubo endotracheale. Abbiamo utilizzato questa tecnica ampiamente e affidabile per intubare e condurre accurate valutazioni della funzione polmonare nei topi. Questa tecnica si è dimostrato sicuro, con essenzialmente senza perdita degli animali in mani esperte. Inoltre, questa tecnicapuò essere utilizzato per studi ripetuti di topi in modelli cronici.

Intubazione con la tecnica di cui sopra è affidabile e veloce. Il posizionamento appropriato del tubo endotracheale è più facilmente verificato osservando gorgogliare gas espirato dal espiratorio sommersa del del circuito di ventilazione (di solito in una trappola PEEP) e deviazioni negative su una pressione delle vie aeree tracciamento (Figura 1). Le deviazioni negative sulla pressione delle vie aeree tracciato sono i più affidabili. Altri hanno usato circolazione di una piccola goccia di fluido ne...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope at JoVE.com

Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Abbiamo sviluppato un metodo semplice, affidabile e relativamente poco costoso per l&#39;intubazione endotracheale nei topi mediante laringoscopia diretta con un otoscopio con un speculum 2,0 millimetri. Questa tecnica è atraumatica e può essere utilizzato per misurazioni ripetute in esperimenti cronici. Troviamo superiore a tracheostomia o riportato in precedenza tecniche non chirurgiche.

Intubazione endotracheale in Mouse<em&gt; Via</em&gt; Laringoscopia diretta usando un otoscopio

Mice, both wildtype and transgenic, are the principal mammalian model in biomedical research currently. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are ...

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Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

30.8K Views.  VA San Diego Healthcare System.  Abbiamo sviluppato un metodo semplice, affidabile e relativamente poco costoso per l'intubazione endotracheale nei topi mediante laringoscopia diretta con un otoscopio con un speculum 2,0 millimetri. Questa tecnica è atraumatica e può essere utilizzato per misurazioni ripetute in esperimenti cronici. Troviamo superiore a tracheostomia o riportato in precedenza tecniche non chirurgiche. 

Video: Endotracheal Intubation in Mice via Direct Laryngoscopy Using an Otoscope

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

Utilizzando quantitativa real-time PCR per la determinazione cellulare attecchimento dei donatori in un modello murino competitivo trapianto di midollo osseo

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

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Medicina

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

Un metodo semplice di intubazione mouse polmone

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high molecular weight compounds from the bloodstream and into brain tissue. Some direct delivery success in humans has been achieved via implantation of transcranial catheters; however this method is highly invasive and associated with numerous complications. A less invasive alternative would be to dose the brain through a surgically implanted, semipermeable membrane such as the nasal mucosa that is used to repair skull base defects following endoscopic transnasal tumor removal surgery in humans. Drug transfer though this membrane would effectively bypass the BBB and diffuse directly into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Inspired by this approach, a surgical approach in mice was developed that uses a donor septal mucosal membrane engrafted over an extracranial surgical BBB defect. This model has been shown to effectively allow the passage of high molecular weight compounds into the brain. Since numerous drug candidates are incapable of crossing the BBB, this model is valuable for performing preclinical testing of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric diseases.

A mouse model of human endoscopic skull base reconstruction has been developed that creates a semipermeable interface between the brain and nose using nasal mucosal grafts. This method allows researchers to study delivery to the central nervous system of high molecular weight therapeutics which are otherwise excluded by the blood-brain barrier when administered systemically.

Eterotopico mucosa engrafting Procedura di Drug Delivery diretto al cervello nei topi

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

Un metodo migliore per Rapid intubazione della trachea nei topi

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

Indurre lesioni polmonari acute nei topi mediante instillazione diretta del lipopolioaccaride intracheale

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...

Repeated Orotracheal Intubation in Mice

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ventral neck for direct confirmation of cannula placement in the trachea. The relative difficulty or the tissue trauma induced to the subject by such procedures can be an impediment to an investigator&#8217;s ability to perform longitudinal studies. This article illustrates a technique in which physical manipulation of the mouse following the use of a depilatory to remove hair from the ventral neck permits transcutaneous visualization of the trachea for orotracheal intubation regardless of degree of skin pigmentation. This method is innocuous to the subject and easily achieved with a limited understanding of murine anatomy. This refined approach facilitates repeated intubation, which may be necessary for monitoring progression of disease or instillation of treatments. Using this method may result in a reduction of the number of animals and technical skill required to measure lung function in mouse models of respiratory disease.

The goal of this article is to describe a refined method of intubation of the laboratory mouse. The method is noninvasive and, therefore, ideal for studies that require serial monitoring of respiratory function and/or instillation of treatments into the lung.

Intubazione orotrachea ripetuta nei topi

The literature describes several methods for mouse intubation that either require visualization of the glottis through the oral cavity or incision in the ...

Blind Endotracheal Intubation in Neonatal Rabbits

The newborn rabbit is a useful animal model for various pathologies and procedures. Airway management of the rabbit is complex due to its anatomical characteristics, which is further complicated in the case of the newborn. Of the different methods of advanced airway management, endotracheal intubation is less aggressive than tracheostomy, and is more feasible than supraglottic management given the lack of supraglottic devices of such a small size. As direct glottis visualization is very difficult in animals this size, this blind intubation model is presented as an effective alternative, especially for experiments requiring prolonged anesthesia. Using this method, we performed blind intubations with a 90% success rate.

We describe a technique of endotracheal intubation in newborn rabbits after esophageal catheterization with a gastric tube.

Intubazione endotracheale cieca nei conigli neonatale

The newborn rabbit is a useful animal model for various pathologies and procedures. Airway management of the rabbit is complex due to its anatomical ...

Direct Drug Delivery to Kidney via the Renal Artery

There is a need for directed injections to enable increased and specific renal exposure for efficient evaluation of drug targets in the renal research field. Accumulation of drugs in certain organs may give rise to adverse and unwanted effects, depending on the nature of injectate. To minimize spillover and/or accumulation in other tissues, the herein described method directs the formulation into the renal artery bloodstream by inserting a catheter in the infra renal aorta, just below where it branches into the renal artery, resulting in the kidney as first reached organ and distributing of formulation throughout the kidney.
This manuscript provides a detailed description of the method, as well as its challenges and difficulties. It guides the experimenter to become skillful with this type of microsurgery that requires accuracy under sterile conditions. Speed is crucial for minimizing the ischemia and practicing the procedure will increase the chance of successful injections without adverse effects. By modulating the time between injection and reperfusion as well as the injected volume, the risk of spillover to other organs is mitigated. 
Note that this technique is suitable for single dosing strategies.

This manuscript describes a method for targeted delivery to a single kidney via a catheter placed in the infrarenal abdominal aorta in the mouse.

Consegna diretta di farmaci ai reni attraverso l'arteria renale

There is a need for directed injections to enable increased and specific renal exposure for efficient evaluation of drug targets in the renal research ...

Endotracheal Intubation Using a Flexible Intubation Endoscope as a Standardized Model for Safe Airway Management in Swine

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway or high ventilation pressures. Endotracheal intubation is a challenging skill,&#160;requiring a minimum number of successful endotracheal intubations to achieve a high success rate under optimal conditions, which is often unachievable for non-anaesthesiology researchers. Due to the specific porcine airway anatomy, a difficult airway can usually be assumed. The impossibility of establishing a secure airway can result in injury, adverse events, or death of the laboratory animal. Using a prospective, randomized, controlled evaluation approach, it has been shown that fiberoptic-assisted endotracheal intubation takes longer but has a higher first-pass success rate than conventional intubation without causing clinically relevant drops in oxygen saturation. This model presents a standardized regimen for endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, providing a secured airway, especially for researchers who are inexperienced in the technique of endotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

The use of pigs in research has increased in recent years. Nevertheless, pigs are characterized by difficult airway anatomy. By demonstrating how to perform endoscopically guided endotracheal intubation, the present protocol aims to further increase laboratory animals' safety to avoid animal suffering and unnecessary death.

Intubazione endotracheale utilizzando un endoscopio per intubazione flessibile come modello standardizzato per la gestione sicura delle vie aeree nei suini

Endotracheal intubation is often a basic requirement for translational research in porcine models for various interventions that require a secured airway ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Protocollo di intubazione endotracheale basato sulla tracheotomia per modelli di ratto non sopravviventi

Endotracheal Intubation via Tracheotomy and Subsequent Thoracotomy in Rats for Non-Survival Applications

Endotracheal intubation and subsequent ventilation are often basic requirements for translational research in rat models for various interventions that require controlled or high ventilation pressures or access to the thoracic cavity and organs. Conventional endoorotracheal intubation using the anatomically existing route through the mouth is well suited for survival experiments. However, this procedure poses some challenges, including generally higher levels of the required experience and technical skill, more advanced equipment, and greater time effort with relevant intubation failure rates and complications such as tracheal perforation, temporary systemic hypooxygenation, and relevant aerial leakage.
This manuscript, therefore, presents a detailed step-by-step protocol for endotracheal intubation through tracheotomy in non-survival rat models when guaranteed intubation success, constant oxygenation levels, high ventilation pressures, or open thoracotomy are required.
The protocol emphasizes the importance of meticulous surgical technique to ensure consistent and reliable outcomes, especially for researchers who are inexperienced or lack routine in the technique of endoorotracheal intubation via direct laryngoscopy. This procedure is, therefore, expected to minimize animal suffering and unnecessary animal losses.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Intubazione endotracheale tramite tracheotomia e successiva toracotomia nei ratti per applicazioni non di sopravvivenza

Here we introduce a standardized procedure for endotracheal intubation via tracheotomy followed by thoracotomy in rats, aimed at enhancing the precision and reproducibility of non-survival applications requiring invasive ventilation and exposure of thoracic organs in in vivo rat models.

Intubazione endotracheale tramite tracheotomia e successiva toracotomia nei ratti per applicazioni non di sopravvivenza

Endotracheal intubation and subsequent ventilation are often basic requirements for translational research in rat models for various interventions that ...