1. Grafene rivestimento di NiTi <ol><li> I campioni di grafene utilizzati in questo studio sono stati coltivati ​​in rame (Cu) substrati usando la tecnica di deposizione chimica di vapore, e successivamente trasferiti a 4,5 mm 2 substrati NiTi. </li><li> Cu lamine (1 cm x 1 cm) sono stati posti in un forno tubolare 1 in quarzo e riscaldato a 1000 ° C in presenza di 50 sccm di H 2 e 450 sccm di Ar. </li><li> Successivo, metano (1 e 4 sccm) è stato introdotto nel forno a portate diverse per 20-30 min. I campioni sono stati infine raffreddato a temperatura ambiente sotto flusso H 2, Ar e CH 4. </li><li> Successivamente, le lamine Cu erano spin-rivestito con PMMA (diluito con 4% anisolo) a 4.000 giri seguita da un trattamento termico per 5 minuti a 150 ° C. Grafene attaccato al PMMA strato stata ottenuta incidendo il foglio Cu utilizzando Transene Inc., CE-100 mordenzante, e successivo risciacquo in HCl 10% e acqua deionizzata per 10 min. </li><li> La samples stati trasferiti NiTi substrati (4,5 mm 2) e ricotto a 450 ° C in Ar (300 sccm) e H 2 (700 sccm) per 2 h per rimuovere il PMMA. Infine, i substrati sono stati lavati con acetone per sciogliere il residuo PMMA per ottenere il Gr-NiTi campione. Un reticolo monocromatore XY Dilor tripla stato utilizzato per la caratterizzazione micro-Raman (con obiettivo 100X) di tutti i GR-NiTisamples con l&#39;eccitazione 514,5 nm da un laser a ioni Ar +. </li></ol> 2. Tossicità in vitro di Gr-NiTi Cellule endoteliali aortiche Rat (cellulare applicazione Inc.) sono state coltivate in un gelatina rivestito 8 Far scorrere camere. Per testare la crescita cellulare, incontaminata e Gr-NiTisubstrates sono stati posti in pozzetti senza rivestimento di gelatina. Scansione di immagini di microscopia elettronica sono stati ottenuti usando un S-4800 Hitachi SEM. Inoltre, ratto cellule muscolari lisce aortiche sono stati coltivati ​​in Cellbind piastre a 96 pozzetti come gruppo di controllo (Corning) in Dulbecco Eagle modificato Medio (ATCC). <ol><li> Per testare la vitalità cellulare, cellule (cellule muscolari lisce ed endoteliali sia) sono state seminate a 10 5 cellule / pozzetto in pozzetti contenenti incontaminata NiTi, 1 sccm o 4 sccm Gr-NiTi substrati, dove il sccm indicato corrisponde al flusso di metano utilizzato nella crescita CVD di grafene. Le cellule sono state coltivate per il periodo di tempo desiderato in un incubatore a 37 ° C e 5% di CO 2, scambiando supporti ogni altro giorno. </li><li> Al punto di fine, mezzo è stato rimosso e mezzi freschi contenenti 0,5 mg / ml tiazolil blu tetrazolio bromuro (MTT o ottenuti da Sigma) è stato aggiunto a ciascun pozzetto. Le cellule sono state poi incubate per ulteriori 3 ore. Per il saggio MTS, mezzo è stato rimosso al punto finale di tempo e sostituito con 120 microlitri di soluzione MTS lavoro (Cell 96 Tier acquosa, Promega) e incubate per 3 ore. </li><li> Successivo, supporti stato rimosso delicatamente e 100 ml di dimetilsolfossido (Sigma) è stato aggiunto a ciascun pozzetto. Dopo alloala 10 min per i cristalli MTT per sciogliere, la soluzione è stata trasferita ad un&#39;altra piastra bene. Per il saggio MTS, non dimetilsolfossido è stato aggiunto ai pozzetti. Contenuto dei pozzetti sono stati spostati in una nuova piastra. </li><li> Assorbanza è stata letta a 490 nm e la redditività percentuale è stata determinata normalizzando assorbanza alla assorbanza media del campione NiTi incontaminata. Almeno cinque ripetizioni erano fatte per ogni tipo di campione. </li></ol> 3. Studi microscopia confocale della morfologia cellulare <ol><li> Per confocale di ratto cellule muscolari lisce aortiche, substrati erano poste in una camera di scorrimento 8-(Thermo Scientific). Le cellule sono state seminate a 25.000 cellule / camera e incubate per 3 giorni a 37 ° C e 5% di CO 2. </li><li> Cellule sono state fissate sul substrato con 4% di formaldeide in PBS per 20 min. </li><li> Permeabilizzate con 0.1% Triton-X per 1 min. </li><li> Actina è stato colorato con Alexa Fluor 488 falloidina (LifTecnologie e). 100 pl di alexafluor falloidina 488 a 200 unità / ml in metanolo è stata aggiunta a 1,9 ml di tampone fosfato. Le cellule sono state colorate con 250 microlitri di alexafluor 488 phalloidin per 45 min e poi lavate due volte con tampone fosfato. </li><li> I nuclei sono stati montati con il mezzo Vectashield fluorescente di montaggio contenente DAPI (Vector Laboratories). Immagini confocali sono stati raccolti usando un Nikon confocale TI. Una camera seminati con cellule senza substrato è stato utilizzato come controllo. </li></ol> 4. Adsorbimento di proteine ​​Studi <ol><li> Dimensioni del substrato sono state misurate con pinze prima di iniziare gli esperimenti di proteine ​​di adsorbimento. Tre misurazioni sono state effettuate per ciascun lato dei campioni approssimativamente quadrata e mediati per ottenere la lunghezza e larghezza. </li><li> Ogni campione, incontaminata NiTi, e 1sccm 4sccm Gr-NiTiwere incubate con 1 mg / ml di albumina in tampone fosfato salino (PBS) o 1 mg / ml in PBS fibrinogeno in camera temperatura per 3 ore. </li><li> Alike campioni sono stati combinati in una provetta per microcentrifuga con 200 microlitri di tampone campione riduzione e bollito per 5 min. </li><li> I campioni sono stati quindi diluiti in un tampone Tris / Glicina / SDS buffer (Bio-Rad) e passare per un 4-15% gel elettroforesi di poliacrilammide Tris (Bio-Rad) a 90 V per 100 min. </li><li> I gel sono stati colorati con SYPRO Rosso. Diluire SYPRO Rosso (Life Technologies) soluzione madre a 1:5.000 in 7.5 v / v% di acido acetico. Macchia gel per 60 min. </li><li> Immagine utilizzando un gel SP Flourchem (Alpha Innotech). Intensità fluorescente è stata quantificata utilizzando il software ImageJ. Intensità di fluorescenza per ciascun campione è stata normalizzata per la superficie totale di substrato e fibrinogeno adsorbimento è stato confrontato con albumina adsorbimento. </li></ol> 5. Western Blotting per l&#39;espressione proteica <ol><li> Western blot è stata eseguita per analizzare actina totale nel ratto cellule muscolari lisce aortiche. Le cellule sono state seminate a 10.000 cellule / substrato in un 96-well piastra. </li><li> Le cellule sono state coltivate per tre giorni prima di rimuovere i media. Proteina totale è stato estratto utilizzando tampone RIPA e uno standard saggio BCA (Lamda) è stata eseguita per quantificare proteine ​​totali. </li><li> Campioni sono stati diluiti alla stessa concentrazione in RIPA e poi bolliti in un tampone riducente per 5 min. </li><li> Proteine ​​sono state separate da un gel di poliacrilammide al 4-15% Tris tramite elettroforesi a 90 V per 100 min. Un caleidoscopio proteina standard (Bio-Rad) è stato utilizzato per valutare il peso molecolare della proteina. </li><li> Le proteine ​​sono state trasferite su una membrana PVDF e bloccato con un 1% secco non grasso del latte (Bio-Rad) soluzione. </li><li> Actina totale è stato etichettato con un anticorpo di coniglio anti-topo actina (Sigma). Un BM chemiluminescenza kit (Roche) è stato utilizzato per rilevare l&#39;anticorpo primario. Le membrane sono state ripreso utilizzando FlourChem SP immagini attrezzature e intensità di fluorescenza è stata misurata utilizzando il software ImageJ. L&#39;intensità della fluorescenza è stata normalizzata confrontando il pristine NiTisample. </li></ol>

<ol>
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Biocompatibilità e citotossicità: La deposizione chimica da fase vapore (CVD) metodo ha prodotto campioni policristallini grafene riproducenti grani di cristallo Cu, come illustrato in Figura 1A. Abbiamo utilizzato la spettroscopia Raman per confermare la presenza di monostrato (strato di pochi) di grafene su 1 sccm (4 sccm) campioni (cfr. figura 1b). Chiaramente, 1 sccm (4 sccm) campioni mostrano fascia indicativa di monostrato intenso (relativamente più debole) G &#39;(str...

Negli ultimi tre decenni hanno visto la scoperta di nuovi materiali a base di terapie e dispositivi per trattamenti di malattia e la diagnostica. Nuovi materiali in lega come nitinol (NiTi) e acciaio inox sono spesso utilizzati nella produzione di impianti biomedico per le loro superiori proprietà meccaniche. 1-3, tuttavia, numerose sfide ancora a causa della citotossicità materiale esogeno, bio-e emo-compatibilità. La natura metallica di questi risultati leghe in scarsa bio-e emocompatibilità causa di lisciviazione metallo, mancanza di adesione cellulare, proliferazione, e trombosi quando entra in contatto con il sangue che scorre (ad esempio cateteri, innesti vascolari, stent vascolari, valvole cardiache artificiali ecc.). 1, 4, 5 L&#39;interazione di proteine ​​o cellule viventi con superficie dell&#39;impianto può portare a una forte risposta immunologica e la conseguente cascata di reazioni biochimiche possono compromettere la funzionalità del dispositivo. Pertanto, è pertinENT per ottenere il controllo delle interazioni tra impianti biomedici e il suo ambiente circostante biologico. Modificazione superficiale è spesso impiegato per ridurre o prevenire la risposta fisiologica avversa proveniente dal materiale di impianto. Un rivestimento di superficie ideale dovrebbe avere alta resistenza di adesione, inerzia chimica, elevata scorrevolezza e buona emo-e biocompatibilità. Precedentemente, numerosi materiali compresi carbonio tipo diamante (DLC), SiC, TiN, TiO 2 e molti materiali polimerici sono stati testati come rivestimenti impianti biocompatibili superficie. 1, 6-23 Tuttavia, questi materiali sono ancora in grado di soddisfare tutte i criteri funzionali per un rivestimento adatto superficie dell&#39;impianto. La scoperta di strato atomo di spessore di carbonio sp 2, noto come grafene, ha aperto le porte per lo sviluppo di nuovi materiali multifunzionali. Il grafene è dovrebbe essere un candidato ideale per il rivestimento di superficie implantare in quantoè chimicamente inerte, atomicamente liscia e molto resistente. In questa lettera, si indaga la fattibilità di grafene come un rivestimento di superficie per gli impianti biomedici. I nostri studi dimostrano che il grafene nitinol rivestito (Gr-NiTi) soddisfa tutti i criteri funzionali, e supporta inoltre eccellente muscolatura liscia e la crescita delle cellule endoteliali che porta alla proliferazione cellulare meglio. Troviamo anche che il siero albumina adsorbimento su Gr-NiTi è superiore fibrinogeno. È importante sottolineare che, (i) le nostre misurazioni dettagliate spettroscopiche confermato la mancanza di trasferimento di carica tra il grafene e fibrinogeno suggerendo che il rivestimento di grafene inibisce l&#39;attivazione piastrinica da parte di impianti, (ii) i rivestimenti di grafene non mostrano alcuna significativa tossicità in vitro per le linee endoteliali e muscolari lisce delle cellule che confermano loro biocompatibilità, e (iii) rivestimenti grafene sono chimicamente inerti, resistenti ed impermeabili in ambiente sangue scorre. Questi emo-e proprietà biocompatibili, con st altarength, inerzia chimica e resistenza, rendono rivestimenti grafene come rivestimento superficie ideale.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Reagente </td></tr><tr><td> Eagle modificato da Dulbecco Medio </td><td> ATCC </td><td> 30-2002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tiazolil blu tetrazolio bromuro </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> M2128 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CellTiter 96 Una soluzione acquosa la proliferazione delle cellule del dosaggio (MTS) </td><td> Promega </td><td> G3582 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dimetilsolfossido </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> D8418 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 36,5% di formaldeide </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> F8775 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Triton X-100 </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> T8787 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Alexafluor 488 falloidina </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> A12379 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vectashield mezzo di montaggio con DAPIo </td><td> Vector Laboratories </td><td> H-1200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Albumina di siero umano </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A9511 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fibrinogeno umano </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tris / Glycine / SDS </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 161-0732 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Gel pronta Tris-HCl Gel </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 161-1158 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Acido acetico </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> 45726 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SYPRO Red </td><td> Life Technologies </td><td> S-6653 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Proteine ​​BCA basso </td><td> Lamda Biotech </td><td> G1003 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Precision Plus Kaleidoscope standard Protein </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 161-0375 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Immun-Blot PVDF membrane </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 162-0177 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Blotting grado bloccanti non-grassi del latte secco </td><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> 170-6404XTU </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Anti-actina anticorpo prodotto in coniglio </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A2066 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BM kit chemiluminescenza Western Blotting (topo / coniglio) </td><td> Roche Applied Science </td><td> 11520709001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tampone RIPA </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> R0278 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NiTi (Ni 51%, 49% Ti) </td><td> Alfa-Aesar </td><td> 44953 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> Attrezzatura </td></tr><tr><td> Horiba JobinYvon </td><td> Spettrometro Raman </td><td> Dilor XY 98 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Nikon </td><td> Microscopio confocale </td><td> Eclipse TI microscopio </td><td></td></tr&gt; <tr><td> Thermoscientific </td><td> Lettore di piastre </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> Alimentazione </td><td> 164-5050 </td><td> PowerPac alimentazione di base </td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> Elettroforesi cella </td><td> 165-8004 </td><td> Mini-PROTEAN tetra cella </td></tr><tr><td> Bio-Rad </td><td> Gel portacassette </td><td> 170-3931 </td><td> Mini gel cassetta porta </td></tr></tbody></table>

graphene coatings for biomedical implants

Grafene atomico liscio come un rivestimento di superficie ha il potenziale per migliorare le proprietà degli impianti. Questo viene illustrato un metodo per il rivestimento di leghe di nitinol con strati spessi nanometri di grafene per applicazioni come materiale stent. Grafene è stato coltivato su substrati di rame attraverso la deposizione di vapore chimico e quindi trasferita su substrati nitinol. Per comprendere come il rivestimento grafene potrebbe cambiare risposta biologica, vitalità cellulare delle cellule endoteliali aortiche ratto e topo cellule muscolari lisce aortiche stato studiato. Inoltre, l&#39;effetto di grafene rivestimenti su adesione cellulare e la morfologia è stato esaminato con microscopia confocale a fluorescenza. Le cellule sono state colorate per actina e nuclei, e c&#39;erano differenze notevoli tra incontaminate campioni nitinol rispetto al grafene rivestite campioni. Espressione di actina totale da ratto cellule muscolari lisce dell&#39;aorta è stato trovato con Western Blot. Proteine ​​caratteristiche di adsorbimento, un indicatore per trombogenicità potenziale, were determinata per il fibrinogeno albumina sierica e con elettroforesi su gel. Inoltre, il trasferimento di carica dal fibrinogeno al substrato è stata dedotta mediante spettroscopia Raman. Si è constatato che il rivestimento grafene nitinol substrati soddisfatto i requisiti funzionali per un materiale stent e migliorato la risposta biologica rispetto a non patinata nitinol. Così, il grafene nitinol rivestito è un valido candidato per un materiale stent.

<img src="/files/ftp_upload/50276/50276fig1.jpg" alt="Figura 1"/> . Figura 1 a) grafene policristallino CVD coltivate su Cu lamine imita i grani di metallo di cristallo (barra di scala: 10 micron). b) spettro Raman di 1 sccm (4 sccm) mostra grafene monostrato banda che indica intensa (relativamente più debole) G &#39;(strato pochi) la natura di come preparati grafene. c) immagine AFM di grafene trasferite sulle NiTi presenta una rugosità ~ 5 nm. Barra di scal...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants at JoVE.com

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Grafene offre potenziale come materiale di rivestimento per protesi biomedicali. In questo studio si dimostra un metodo per il rivestimento di leghe in nitinol con strati di grafene nanometri di spessore e di determinare il modo in grafene possono influenzare la risposta dell&#39;impianto.

Rivestimenti grafene per impianti biomedici

Atomically smooth graphene as a surface coating has potential to improve implant properties. This demonstrates a method for coating nitinol alloys with ...

graphene-coatings-for-biomedical-implants

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

21.2K Views.  Clemson University. Grafene offre potenziale come materiale di rivestimento per protesi biomedicali. In questo studio si dimostra un metodo per il rivestimento di leghe in nitinol con strati di grafene nanometri di spessore e di determinare il modo in grafene possono influenzare la risposta dell'impianto.

Video: Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Simultaneous Synthesis of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in a Magnetically-enhanced Arc Plasma

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very promising application for molecular sensors, field effect transistor and super thin and flexible electronic devices1-4. Anodic arc discharge supported by the erosion of the anode material is one of the most practical and efficient methods, which can provide specific non-equilibrium processes and a high influx of carbon material to the developing structures at relatively higher temperature, and consequently the as-synthesized products have few structural defects and better crystallinity.
 To further improve the controllability and flexibility of the synthesis of carbon nanostructures in arc discharge, magnetic fields can be applied during the synthesis process according to the strong magnetic responses of arc plasmas. It was demonstrated that the magnetically-enhanced arc discharge can increase the average length of SWCNT 5, narrow the diameter distribution of metallic catalyst particles and carbon nanotubes 6, and change the ratio of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes 7, as well as lead to graphene synthesis 8. 
 Furthermore, it is worthwhile to remark that when we introduce a non-uniform magnetic field with the component normal to the current in arc, the Lorentz force along the J&times;B direction can generate the plasmas jet and make effective delivery of carbon ion particles and heat flux to samples. As a result, large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes were simultaneously generated by such new magnetically-enhanced anodic arc method. Arc imaging, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the characterization of carbon nanostructures. These findings indicate a wide spectrum of opportunities to manipulate with the properties of nanostructures produced in plasmas by means of controlling the arc conditions.

Anodic arc discharge is one of the most practical and efficient methods to synthesize various carbon nanostructures. To increase the arc controllability and flexibility, a non-uniform magnetic field was introduced to process the one-step synthesis of large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Sintesi simultanea di nanotubi a parete singola carbonio e del grafene in un Plasma Arc magneticamente avanzata

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Designing Silk-silk Protein Alloy Materials for Biomedical Applications

Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, nanomedicine, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Designing materials based on the molecular-scale interactions between these proteins will help generate new multifunctional protein alloy biomaterials with tunable properties. Such alloy material systems also provide advantages in comparison to traditional synthetic polymers due to the materials biodegradability, biocompatibility, and tenability in the body. This article used the protein blends of wild tussah silk (Antheraea pernyi) and domestic mulberry silk (Bombyx mori) as an example to provide useful protocols regarding these topics, including how to predict protein-protein interactions by computational methods, how to produce protein alloy solutions, how to verify alloy systems by thermal analysis, and how to fabricate variable alloy materials including optical materials with diffraction gratings, electric materials with circuits coatings, and pharmaceutical materials for drug release and delivery. These methods can provide important information for designing the next generation multifunctional biomaterials based on different protein alloys.

Blending is an efficient approach to generate biomaterials with a broad range of properties and combined features. By predicting the molecular interactions between different natural silk proteins, new silk-silk protein alloy platforms with tunable mechanical resiliency, electrical response, optical transparency, chemical processability, biodegradability, or thermal stability can be designed.

Progettazione di materiali in lega di proteine ​​della seta-seta per le applicazioni biomediche

Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, ...

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial applications. Here we describe how electrospinning or electrospraying a polymer mixture containing a biodegradable, biocompatible aliphatic polyester (e.g., polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), as the major component, doped with a hydrophobic copolymer composed of the polyester and a stearate-modified poly(glycerol carbonate) affords a superhydrophobic biomaterial. The fabrication techniques of electrospinning or electrospraying provide the enhanced surface roughness and porosity on and within the fibers or the particles, respectively. The use of a low surface energy copolymer dopant that blends with the polyester and can be stably electrospun or electrosprayed affords these superhydrophobic materials. Important parameters such as fiber size, copolymer dopant composition and/or concentration, and their effects on wettability are discussed. This combination of polymer chemistry and process engineering affords a versatile approach to develop application-specific materials using scalable techniques, which are likely generalizable to a wider class of polymers for a variety of applications.

Two- and three-dimensional superhydrophobic polymeric materials are prepared by electrospinning or electrospraying biodegradable polymers blended with a lower surface energy polymer of similar composition.

Realizzazione superidrofobiche Materiali Polimerici per applicazioni biomediche

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial ...

Fabrication of Mechanically Tunable and Bioactive Metal Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Biometal systems have been widely used for biomedical applications, in particular, as load-bearing materials. However, major challenges are high stiffness and low bioactivity of metals. In this study, we have developed a new method towards fabricating a new type of bioactive and mechanically reliable porous metal scaffolds-densified porous Ti scaffolds. The method consists of two fabrication processes, 1) the fabrication of porous Ti scaffolds by dynamic freeze casting, and 2) coating and densification of the porous scaffolds. The dynamic freeze casting method to fabricate porous Ti scaffolds allowed the densification of porous scaffolds by minimizing the chemical contamination and structural defects. The densification process is distinctive for three reasons. First, the densification process is simple, because it requires a control of only one parameter (degree of densification). Second, it is effective, as it achieves mechanical enhancement and sustainable release of biomolecules from porous scaffolds. Third, it has broad applications, as it is also applicable to the fabrication of functionally graded porous scaffolds by spatially varied strain during densification.

Bioactive and mechanically reliable metal scaffolds have been fabricated through a method which consists of two processes, dynamic freeze casting for the fabrication of porous Ti, and coating and densification of the Ti scaffolds. The densification process is simple, effective and applicable to the fabrication of functionally graded scaffolds.

Fabbricazione di meccanicamente Tunable e Bioactive metallo Ponteggi per applicazioni biomediche

Biometal systems have been widely used for biomedical applications, in particular, as load-bearing materials. However, major challenges are high stiffness ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

Sintesi di nanofibre cheratina-based per Ingegneria Biomedica

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest regarding the use of bioinspired nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA). However, biological apatite is known to be calcium-deficient and carbonate-substituted with a nanoscale platelet-like morphology. Bioinspired nHA has the potential to stimulate optimal bone tissue regeneration due to its similarity to bone and tooth enamel mineral. Many of the methods currently used to fabricate nHA both in the laboratory and commercially, involve lengthy processes and complex equipment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable method to prepare high quality bioinspired nHA. The rapid mixing method developed was based upon an acid-base reaction involving calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. Briefly, a phosphoric acid solution was poured into a calcium hydroxide solution followed by stirring, washing and drying stages. Part of the batch was sintered at 1,000 &#176;C for 2 h in order to investigate the products&#39; high temperature stability. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the successful formation of HA, which showed thermal decomposition to &#946;-tricalcium phosphate after high temperature processing, which is typical for calcium-deficient HA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of carbonate groups in the precipitated product. The nHA particles had a low aspect ratio with approximate dimensions of 50 x 30 nm, close to the dimensions of biological apatite. The material was also calcium deficient with a Ca:P molar ratio of 1.63, which like biological apatite is lower than the stoichiometric HA ratio of 1.67. This new method is therefore a reliable and far more convenient process for the manufacture of bioinspired nHA, overcoming the need for lengthy titrations and complex equipment. The resulting bioinspired HA product is suitable for use in a wide variety of medical and consumer health applications.

This paper describes a novel method for the rapid manufacture of high quality bioinspired nanoscale hydroxyapatite. This biomaterial is of great significance in the manufacture of a wide range of innovative medical devices for clinical applications in orthopedics, craniofacial surgery and dentistry.

Rapid Mix Preparazione di bioispirati Nanoscale idrossiapatite per applicazioni biomediche

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest ...

Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs) with micrometer-scale channels are expected as efficient platforms for reactions and separations because of their large surface areas. Up to now, MHMs have been prepared by a unidirectional freeze-drying (UDF) method only from very limited precursors. Herein, we report a protocol from which a series of MHMs consisting of different components can be obtained. Recently, we found that cellulose nanofibers function as a distinct structure-directing agent towards the formation of MHMs through the UDF process. By mixing the cellulose nanofibers with water soluble substances which do not yield MHMs, a variety of composite MHMs can be prepared. This significantly enriches the chemical constitution of MHMs towards versatile applications.

Here, we present a general protocol to prepare a variety of microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs) in which fluid can pass through with an extremely low pressure drop. MHMs obtained are expected to be used as filters, catalyst supports, flow-type electrodes, sensors and scaffolds for biomaterials.

Monoliti Microhoneycomb preparati dalla liofilizzazione unidirezionale di cellulosa nanofibra basato Sols: metodo ed estensioni

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb ...

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide acts as the conducting layer and polyaniline acts as a pH-sensitive layer. The pH-dependent conductivity of polyaniline occurs by doping of holes during protonation and by the dedoping of holes during deprotonation. We found that an ERGO-PA solid-state electrode was not functional as such in fermentation processes. The electrochemically active species that the bacteria produce during the fermentation process interfere with the electrode response. We successfully applied Nafion as a proton-conducting layer over ERGO-PA. The Nafion-coated electrodes (ERGO-PA-NA) show a good sensitivity of 1.71 &#937;/pH (pH 4 - 9) for chemiresistive sensor measurements. We tested the ERGO-PA-NA electrode in real-time in the fermentation of Lactococcus lactis. During the growth of L. lactis, the pH of the medium changed from pH 7.2 to pH 4.8 and the resistance of the ERGO-PA-NA solid-state electrode changed from 294.5 &#937; to 288.6 &#937; (5.9 &#937; per 2.4 pH unit). The pH response of the ERGO-PA-NA electrode compared with the response of a conventional glass-based pH electrode shows that reference-less solid-state microsensor arrays operate successfully in a microbiological fermentation.

Here, we report the protocol for the fabrication of a Nafion-coated, polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide chemiresistive micro pH sensor. This chemiresistor-based, solid-state micro pH sensor can detect pH changes in real-time during a Lactococcus lactis fermentation process.

Produzione di Nafion rivestite, ridotto grafene ossido/Polyaniline Chemiresistive sensore al pH Monitor in Real-Time durante la fermentazione microbica

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). ...

Environmental Dynamic Mechanical Analysis to Predict the Softening Behavior of Neural Implants

When using dynamically softening substrates for neural implants, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method to characterize the softening behavior of these materials. In the past, it has not been possible to satisfactorily measure the softening of thin films under conditions mimicking body environment without substantial effort. This publication presents a new and simple method that allows dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of polymers in solutions, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), at relevant temperatures. The use of environmental DMA allows measurement of the softening effects of polymers due to plasticization in various media and temperatures, which therefore allows a prediction of the materials behavior under in vivo conditions.

To allow reliable predictions of the softening of polymeric substrates for neural implants in an in vivo environment, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method. Here, the use of dynamic mechanical analysis in phosphate buffered saline at body temperature is presented.

Analisi meccanica dinamica ambientale per predire il comportamento di rammollimento di impianti neurali

When using dynamically softening substrates for neural implants, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method to characterize the softening behavior ...

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Many developments in biomedical research have been inspired by discovering anatomical and cellular mechanisms that support specific functions in different species. The octopus is one of these exceptional animals that has given scientists new insights into the fields of neuroscience, robotics, regenerative medicine, and prosthetics. Research with this species of cephalopods requires the set-up of complex facilities and intensive care for both the octopus and its ecosystem that is critical for the project&#39;s success. This system requires multiple mechanical and biological filtering systems to provide a safe and clean environment for the animal. Along with the control system, specialized routine maintenance and cleaning are required to effectively keep the facility operating long term. It is advised to provide an enriched environment to these intelligent animals by changing the tank&#39;s landscape, incorporating a variety of prey, and introducing challenging tasks for them to work through. Our results include MRI and a whole-body autofluorescence imaging as well as behavioral studies to better understand their nervous system. Octopuses possess unique physiology that can impact many areas of biomedical research. Providing them with a sustainable ecosystem is the first crucial step in uncovering their distinct capabilities.

Understanding the unique physiological and anatomical structures of octopuses can greatly impact biomedical research. This guide demonstrates how to set-up and maintain a marine environment to accommodate this species and includes state-of-the-art imaging and analytical approaches to visualize octopus' nervous system anatomy and function.

Creazione di un ecosistema di polpi per la ricerca biomedica e bioingegneria

Many developments in biomedical research have been inspired by discovering anatomical and cellular mechanisms that support specific functions in different ...