1. NiTi의 Graphene 코팅 <ol><li> 본 연구에 사용 된 graphene 샘플은 화학 기상 증착 기술을 사용하여 구리 (잘라 내기) 기판에 성장하고, 이후 4.5 mm 2 NiTi 기판으로 전달했다. </li><li> CU 포일 (1cm X 1cm)는 석영 관 용광로 인치 1에 놓이고 ° C H 2의 50 sccm과 아르곤 450 sccm의 면전에서 1000 가열되었다. </li><li> 다음, 메탄 (1과 4 sccm) 20-30 분에 대해 서로 다른 유량의 용광로에 소개되었습니다. 샘플은 결국 H 2, 아르곤 및 CH 4 흐르는에서 실내 온도로 냉각되었다. </li><li> 다음 잘라 내기의 포일은 150 ° C.에서 5 분의 열처리에 이어 4000 rpm으로 PMMA (4 % anisole로 희석)을 스핀 코팅했다 PMMA 층에 첨부 된 Graphene은 10 분 10 % HCL 및 드 - 이온화 물에 린스 Transene 주식회사, CE-100 에칭, 그리고 후속을 사용하여 잘라 내기 호일를 에칭하여 얻은 것입니다. </li><li> Samples은 NiTi 기판 (4.5 mm 2)로 옮겨와 아르곤의 ° C (300 sccm)와 H 2 시간 2 (700 sccm)은 PMMA를 제거하려면 450에서 annealed했다. 마지막으로, 기판은 GR-NiTi 샘플을 얻기 위해 잔류 PMMA를 해산하기 위해 아세톤으로 세척 하였다. Dilor XY 트리플 격자 단색화 장치는 아르곤 + 이온 레이저의 514.5 나노 미터 여기있는 모든 GR-NiTisamples의 마이크로 라만 특성 (100X 목표를 사용)에 사용되었다. </li></ol> GR-NiTi의 2.에서 체외 독성 쥐의 대동맥 내피 세포는 (셀 응용 주식회사) 젤라틴 코팅 8 챔버 슬라이드에 배양 하였다. 세포의 성장, 깨끗한을 테스트 및 GR-NiTisubstrates 어떤 젤라틴 코팅없이 우물에 배치되었다하십시오. 스캔 전자 현미경 이미지는 히타치 S-4800 SEM을 사용하여 수득 하였다. 또한, 쥐 대동맥 평활근 세포는 두에서 대조군 (코닝)와 같은 96 - 웰 플레이트는 CellBind에서 재배 된lbecco의 수정 된 이글 중간 (ATCC). <ol><li> 세포 생존 능력을 테스트하기 위해, 세포 (내피와 원활한 모두 근육 세포) / 잘 언급 sccm가에 사용 된 메탄 흐름에 해당하는 깨끗한 NiTi, 1 sccm 또는 4 sccm GR-NiTi 기판을 포함 우물 10 5 세포에 놓는되었습니다 graphene의 CVD 성장. 세포는 37 보육에서 원하는 기간에 성장 된 ° C 5 % CO 2, 매일 미디어를 교환. </li><li> 끝 시점에서, 미디어가 제거되었으며 0.5 MG / ML thiazolyl 블루 tetrazolium 브로마이드 (또는 시그마에서 얻은 MTT)을 포함하는 새로운 미디어는 각도에 추가되었습니다. 셀은 추가로 3 시간에 incubated되었습니다. MTS 분석의 경우, 미디어는 최종 시점에서 제거하고 MTS 작업 솔루션 (셀 등급 96 수성, Promega)와 3 시간에 incubated 120 μl로 대체. </li><li> 다음 미디어 부드럽게 제거하고 dimethylsulfoxide의 100 ML (시그마)는 각도에 추가되었습니다. 여 후용해 할 수있는 MTT 결정을위한 날개 10 분,이 솔루션은 다른 잘 플레이트로 전송되었습니다. MTS 분석를 들어, dimethylsulfoxide가 우물에 추가되지 않았습니다. 음 내용은 새 접시로 이동되었습니다. </li><li> 흡광도는 490 nm의에서 읽고되었고 %의 가능성은 깨끗한 NiTi 샘플의 평균 흡광도로 흡광도를 정규화에 의해 결정되었다. 적어도 다섯 반복은 각 샘플 유형에 완료되었습니다. </li></ol> 3. 세포 형태학의 공 촛점 현미경 연구 <ol><li> 쥐 대동맥 평활근 세포의 공 촛점 이미징를 들어, 기판은 8 챔버 슬라이드 (열 과학)에 배치되었다. 세포는 25,000 세포 / 회의소에서 놓는 37에서 3 일 동안 incubated되었습니다 ° C 5 % CO 2. </li><li> 세포는 20 분에 생리 버퍼 인산의 4 % 포름 알데히드로 기판에 고정되었다. </li><li> 1 분에 0.1 % 트리톤 - X와 Permeabilized. </li><li> 고를는 알렉사 형석 488 phalloidin (난생 물들되었습니다전자 기술). 생리 버퍼 메탄올 200 단위 / ML에서 alexafluor 488 phalloidin의 100 μl는 인산염의 1.9 ML에 추가되었습니다. 세포는 45 분에 alexafluor 488 phalloidin 250 μl 물들 후 인산염은 염분 버퍼로 두 번 세척 하였다. </li><li> 핵은 DAPI (벡터 연구소)를 포함 VectaShield 형광 장착 매체 장착했다. 공 촛점 이미지는 니콘 공 촛점 TI를 사용하여 수집되었습니다. 모든 기판이없는 세포를 놓는 챔버는 제어로 사용되었다. </li></ol> 4. 단백질 흡착 연구 <ol><li> 기판 크기가 단백질 흡착 실험을 시작하기 전에 캘리퍼스로 측정되었다. 세 측정은 약 평방 샘플의 각 측면에 대한 촬영 및 길이와 폭을 얻을 평균했습니다. </li><li> 각 샘플의 깨끗한 NiTi, 1sccm 및 4sccm GR-NiTiwere은 생리 (PBS) 또는 방 t에서 PBS 1 MG / ML의 피브리노겐을 버퍼링 한 MG / 인산염의 알부민 ML와 incubated3 시간에 emperature. </li><li> 모두 샘플은 샘플 버퍼를 줄일 수 200 μl와 microcentrifuge 튜브에 결합하여 5 분에 끓여했다. </li><li> 샘플은 다음 트리스 / 글리신 / SDS 버퍼 (바이오 RAD)에 희석하여 100 분 90 V에서 4~15% 트리스의 polyacrylamide 전기 영동 젤 (바이오 RAD)를 통해 실행되었습니다. </li><li> 젤 그런 다음 SYPRO 레드 물들했다. 7.5 V / V % 아세트산의 1:5,000에서 SYPRO 레드 (생명 기술) 주식 솔루션을 희석. 60 분에 젤을 얼룩. </li><li> Flourchem SP (알파 Innotech)를 사용하여 이미지 젤. 형광 강도는 ImageJ 소프트웨어를 사용하여 정량되었다. 각 샘플의 형광 강도는 기판의 총 면적별로 표준화되었으며, 피브리노겐 흡착는 알부민 흡착에 비해되었다. </li></ol> 5. 서양은 단백질 표현에 대한 Blotting <ol><li> 서양 얼룩은 쥐의 대동맥 평활근 세포에서 총 고를를 분석하기 위해 수행되었다. 셀은 96 w에서 10,000 세포 / 기판에 놓는되었습니다예쁜 접시. </li><li> 세포는 미디어를 제거하기 전에 사흘 동안 성장했다. 총 단백질은 RIPA 버퍼와 표준 BCA 분석 (Lamda)이 총 단백질을 수량화하기 위해 수행되었다를 사용하여 추출되었다. </li><li> 샘플은 RIPA에 같은 농도로 희석 한 후 5 분의 감소 샘플 버퍼에 삶은되었습니다. </li><li> 단백질은 100 분 90 V에서 전기 영동을 통해 4-15% 트리스의 polyacrylamide 젤로 구분했다. 만화경 단백질 표준 (바이오 RAD)은 단백질 분자량을 평가하기 위해 사용되었다. </li><li> 단백질은 PVDF 막에 전송하고 1 %가 아닌 지방 건조 우유 (바이오 RAD) 솔루션으로 차단되었습니다. </li><li> 총 고를는 토끼 반 쥐 고를 항체 (시그마)을 적었습니다. BM chemiluminescent 키트 (로슈)은 기본 항체를 감지하는 데 사용되었다. 멤브레인은 FlourChem SP 이미징 장비를 사용하고 형광 강도는 ImageJ 소프트웨어를 사용하여 측정 된 이미징했다. 형광 강도는 PRI에 비교하여 표준화 된스타 NiTisample. </li></ol>

<ol>
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C., Kim, N., Nuckolls, C., Brus, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+Reflectivity+and+Raman+Scattering+in+Few-Layer-Thick+Graphene+Highly+Doped+by+K+and+Rb.">Optical Reflectivity and Raman Scattering in Few-Layer-Thick Graphene Highly Doped by K and Rb.</a> ACS Nano. 5 (7), 5708-5716 (2011).</li><li>Rao, A. M., Eklund, P. C., Bandow, S., Thess, A., Smalley, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+charge+transfer+in+doped+carbon+nanotube+bundles+from+Raman+scattering.">Evidence for charge transfer in doped carbon nanotube bundles from Raman scattering.</a> Nature. 388 (6639), 257-259 (1997).</li><li>Bunch, J. S., Verbridge, S. S., Alden, J. S., vander Zande, A. M., Parpia, J. M., Craighead, H. G., McEuen, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impermeable+atomic+membranes+from+graphene+sheets.">Impermeable atomic membranes from graphene sheets.</a> Nano Letters. 8 (8), 2458-2462 (2008).</li><li>Chen, S., Brown, L., Levendorf, M., Cai, W., Ju, S. -. Y., Edgeworth, J., Li, X., Magnuson, C. W., Velamakanni, A., Piner, R. D., Kang, J., Park, J., Ruoff, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidation+Resistance+of+Graphene-Coated+Cu+and+Cu/Ni+Alloy.">Oxidation Resistance of Graphene-Coated Cu and Cu/Ni Alloy.</a> Acs Nano. 5 (2), 1321-1327 (2011).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

Biocompatibility 및 세포 독성 : 화학 기상 증착 (CVD) 메소드는 그림 1a에 도시 된 바와 같이 잘라 내기 크리스탈 입자를 했었 다결정 graphene 샘플을 굴복. 우리는 하나 sccm (4 sccm) 샘플 (그림 1b 참조) monolayer (몇 층) graphene의 존재를 확인하기 위해 라만 분광법을 고용. 분명, 1 sccm (4 sccm) 샘플 monolayer를 나타내는 강렬한 (비교적 약한) G &#39;밴드 (몇 층) graphene을 나타냅니다. ...

지난 30 년은 새로운 자료를 기반 테라피와 질병 치료 및 진단을위한 장치의 검색을 수 차례 보아왔다. 이러한 nitinol (NiTi) 및 스테인레스 스틸 등의 소설 합금 재료는 종종 우수한 기계적 특성으로 인해 바이오 메디컬 임플란트 제조에 사용됩니다. 1-3 단, 많은 도전이 외인성 물질 세포 독성으로 인해 유지, 바이오 및 hemo 호환성. 이러한 합금 결과의 금속 자연 가난한 바이오 및 금속 침출, 세포 접착의 부족, 확산, 그리고 혈전증가 흐르는 혈액 (예 : 카테터, 혈관 이식, 혈관 stents, 인공 심장 판막 등과 접촉으로 인해 hemocompatibility 등.) 1., 4, 5 단백질 또는 임플란트 표면과 살아있는 세포의 상호 작용에 부정적인 장치 기능에 영향을 미칠 수있는 강력한 면역 반응 및 생화학 반응의 장인이 폭포 될 수 있습니다. 따라서 pertin입니다생명 의학 이식과 그 주변의 생물 환경 사이의 상호 작용에 대한 제어를 달성하기위한 다닐. 표면 수정은 종종 임플란트 재료에서 발생하는 불리한 생리적 반응을 줄이거 나 방지하기 위해 사용된다. 이상적인 표면 코팅은 높은 접착 강도, 화학 자 동력이 없음, 높은 부드러움, 좋은​​ hemo과 biocompatibility가 예상된다. 이전, 다이아몬드와 같은 탄소 (DLC), SiC를, 주석, 티오 2 여러 고분자 재료 등 각종 자료는 바이오 호환 임플란트 표면 코팅으로 테스트되었습니다. 1, 6-23는 그러나 이러한 자료는 아직 모두 충족 할 수없는 경우입니다 적절한 임플란트 표면 코팅을위한 기능 기준. graphene로 알려진 SP 2 탄소의 원자 두꺼운 층의 발견은 새로운 다기능 재료의 개발을 위해 문을 열었습니다. Graphene은 그 이후 임플란트 표면 코팅을위한 이상적인 후보가 될 것으로 예상된다, 화학적으로 불활성 atomically 부드럽고 매우 내구성이 있습니다. 이 편지에서 우리는 생명 의학 임플란트의 표면 코팅로 graphene의 생존을 조사. 우리의 연구는 graphene 코팅 nitinol (GR-NiTi)는 기능 기준을 모두 충족하는지 보여주고 추가로 우수한 부드러운 근육과보다 나은 세포 증식으로 이어지는 내피 세포의 성장을 지원합니다. 우리는 또한 GR-NiTi에있는 혈청 알부민 흡착이 피브리노겐보다 더 높은 것을 발견했습니다. 중요한 것은,은 (i)의 자세한 spectroscopic 측정 (II) graphene 코팅이 확인 내피와 평활근 세포 라인에 대한 체외 독성에 의미있는 전시하지 이식에 의해 혈소판 활성화를 억제하는 그 graphene 코팅을 제안 graphene과 피브리노겐 사이에 무료 전송의 부족을 확인 자신의 biocompatibility는 그리고 (iii) graphene 코팅 화학, 불활성 내구성과 혈액 환경을 흐르는에 불 투과성 있습니다. 높은 성과 함께이 hemo 및 biocompatible 특성,rength, 화학 자 동력이 없음과 내구성은 이상적인 표면 코팅으로 graphene 코팅을 렌더링합니다.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 시약 </td></tr><tr><td> Dulbecco의 수정 된 이글 매체 </td><td> ATCC </td><td> 30-2002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Thiazolyl 푸른 tetrazolium 브롬화물 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> M2128 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CellTiter 96 수성 하나의 솔루션 세포 증식 분석 (MTS) </td><td> Promega </td><td> G3582 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 디메틸 sulfoxide </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> D8418 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 36.5 %의 포름 알데히드 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> F8775 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 트리톤 X-100 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> T8787 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Alexafluor 488 phalloidin </td><td> 생명 기술 </td><td> A12379 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> VECTASHIELD는 DAP와 미디어를 장착나는 </td><td> 벡터 연구소 </td><td> H-1200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 혈청 알부민 인간 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> A9511 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 인간 피브리노겐 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 트리스 / 글리신 / SDS </td><td> 바이오 RAD </td><td> 161-0732 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 준비 젤 트리스 - HCL 젤 </td><td> 바이오 RAD </td><td> 161-1158 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 아세트산 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> 45,726 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> SYPRO 레드 </td><td> 생명 기술 </td><td> S-6653 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 단백질 낮은 BCA 분석 </td><td> Lamda 생명 공학 </td><td> G1003 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 정밀 플러스 단백질 만화경 표준 </td><td> 바이오 RAD </td><td> 161-0375 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Immun - 얼룩 PVDF 막 </td><td> 바이오 RAD </td><td> 162-0177 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 성적 차단이 아닌 지방 건조 우유를 Blotting </td><td> 바이오 RAD </td><td> 170 6404XTU </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 토끼에서 생산 방지 고를 항체 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> A2066 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BM의 Chemiluminescence 서양 Blotting 키트 (마우스 / 토끼) </td><td> 로슈 응용 과학 </td><td> 11520709001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> RIPA 버퍼 </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> R0278 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NiTi (51 %의 니켈, 49% 티) </td><td> 알파 - Aesar </td><td> 44,953 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 장비 </td></tr><tr><td> Horiba JobinYvon </td><td> 라만 분광기 </td><td> Dilor XY 98 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 니콘 </td><td> 공 촛점 현미경 </td><td> 이클립스 TI 현미경 </td><td></td></tr&gt; <tr><td> Thermoscientific </td><td> 플레이트 리더 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 바이오 RAD </td><td> 전원 공급 장치 </td><td> 164-5050 </td><td> PowerPac 기본 전원 공급 장치 </td></tr><tr><td> 바이오 RAD </td><td> 전기 세포 </td><td> 165-8004 </td><td> 미니 프로테우스 테트라 셀 </td></tr><tr><td> 바이오 RAD </td><td> 젤 소유자 카세트 </td><td> 170-3931 </td><td> 미니 겔 홀더 카세트 </td></tr></tbody></table>

graphene coatings for biomedical implants

표면 코팅 등의 Atomically 부드러운 graphene은 임플란트 속성을 개선 할 가능성이 있습니다. 이 스텐트 소재로 응용 프로그램에 대한 graphene의 나노 미터 두께의 레이어 코팅 nitinol 합금하는 방법을 보여줍니다. Graphene은 화학 기상 증착을 통해 구리 기판에 성장하고 nitinol 기판에 양도되었습니다. graphene 코팅 생물학적 응답을 변경할 수 있는지 이해하기 위해 쥐의 대동맥 내피 세포와 쥐의 대동맥 평활근 세포의 세포 생존 능력을 조사했다. 또한, 세포 부착과 형태에 graphene-코팅의 효과는 형광 공 촛점 현미경으로 조사되었다. 셀은 고를 및 핵에 물들, 그리고 graphene 코팅 샘플에 비해 깨끗한 nitinol 샘플 사이의 눈에 띄는 차이가 있었다. 쥐 대동맥 평활근 세포에서 총 고를 표현은 서부 얼룩를 사용하여 발견되었습니다. 단백질 흡착 특성, 잠재적 thrombogenicity에 대한 지표, w오히려이 겔 전기 영동과 혈청 알부민과 피브리노겐에 대한 결정. 또한, 피브리노겐의 기판에 전하의 전송이 라만 분광법을 사용하여 추론했다. 그것은 nitinol 기판에 graphene 코팅 스텐트 재료의 기능적 요구 사항을 충족하고 코팅 nitinol에 비해 생물학적 반응을 향상 것을 발견했다. 따라서, graphene 코팅 nitinol은 스텐트 물질에 대한 가능한 후보입니다.

<img src="/files/ftp_upload/50276/50276fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1"/> 10. μm) : 그림 1 잘라 내기 포일에) CVD 성장 다결정 graphene은 금속 크리스탈 입자 (크기 줄을 모방 한 것이 었지요. B) 1 sccm (4 sccm) graphene의 라만 스펙트럼은 강렬한 (비교적 약한) G &#39;밴드 나타내는 monolayer (몇 층)로 조리 된 graphene의 특성을 보여줍니다. C) NiTi에 전송 graphene의 AFM...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants at JoVE.com

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Graphene은 생물 의학 임플란트의 코팅 소재로 가능성을 제공합니다. 이 연구에서 우리는 graphene의 나노 미터 두께의 레이어 코팅 nitinol 합금하는 방법을 설명하고 graphene은 임플란트 응답에 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 결정합니다.

생명을 주입 Graphene 코팅

Atomically smooth graphene as a surface coating has potential to improve implant properties. This demonstrates a method for coating nitinol alloys with ...

graphene-coatings-for-biomedical-implants

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JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

21.2K 조회수.  Clemson University. Graphene은 생물 의학 임플란트의 코팅 소재로 가능성을 제공합니다. 이 연구에서 우리는 graphene의 나노 미터 두께의 레이어 코팅 nitinol 합금하는 방법을 설명하고 graphene은 임플란트 응답에 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 결정합니다.

비디오: Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Simultaneous Synthesis of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in a Magnetically-enhanced Arc Plasma

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very promising application for molecular sensors, field effect transistor and super thin and flexible electronic devices1-4. Anodic arc discharge supported by the erosion of the anode material is one of the most practical and efficient methods, which can provide specific non-equilibrium processes and a high influx of carbon material to the developing structures at relatively higher temperature, and consequently the as-synthesized products have few structural defects and better crystallinity.
 To further improve the controllability and flexibility of the synthesis of carbon nanostructures in arc discharge, magnetic fields can be applied during the synthesis process according to the strong magnetic responses of arc plasmas. It was demonstrated that the magnetically-enhanced arc discharge can increase the average length of SWCNT 5, narrow the diameter distribution of metallic catalyst particles and carbon nanotubes 6, and change the ratio of metallic and semiconducting carbon nanotubes 7, as well as lead to graphene synthesis 8. 
 Furthermore, it is worthwhile to remark that when we introduce a non-uniform magnetic field with the component normal to the current in arc, the Lorentz force along the J&times;B direction can generate the plasmas jet and make effective delivery of carbon ion particles and heat flux to samples. As a result, large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes were simultaneously generated by such new magnetically-enhanced anodic arc method. Arc imaging, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the characterization of carbon nanostructures. These findings indicate a wide spectrum of opportunities to manipulate with the properties of nanostructures produced in plasmas by means of controlling the arc conditions.

Anodic arc discharge is one of the most practical and efficient methods to synthesize various carbon nanostructures. To increase the arc controllability and flexibility, a non-uniform magnetic field was introduced to process the one-step synthesis of large-scale graphene flakes and high-purity single-walled carbon nanotubes.

동시 단일 벽의 탄소 나노튜브의 합성과 자기 (磁 气) 향상된 아크 플라즈마에 Graphene

Carbon nanostructures such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene attract a deluge of interest of scholars nowadays due to their very ...

연구

생체공학

Designing Silk-silk Protein Alloy Materials for Biomedical Applications

Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, nanomedicine, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Designing materials based on the molecular-scale interactions between these proteins will help generate new multifunctional protein alloy biomaterials with tunable properties. Such alloy material systems also provide advantages in comparison to traditional synthetic polymers due to the materials biodegradability, biocompatibility, and tenability in the body. This article used the protein blends of wild tussah silk (Antheraea pernyi) and domestic mulberry silk (Bombyx mori) as an example to provide useful protocols regarding these topics, including how to predict protein-protein interactions by computational methods, how to produce protein alloy solutions, how to verify alloy systems by thermal analysis, and how to fabricate variable alloy materials including optical materials with diffraction gratings, electric materials with circuits coatings, and pharmaceutical materials for drug release and delivery. These methods can provide important information for designing the next generation multifunctional biomaterials based on different protein alloys.

Blending is an efficient approach to generate biomaterials with a broad range of properties and combined features. By predicting the molecular interactions between different natural silk proteins, new silk-silk protein alloy platforms with tunable mechanical resiliency, electrical response, optical transparency, chemical processability, biodegradability, or thermal stability can be designed.

바이오 메디컬 응용 프로그램에 대한 실크 실크 단백질 합금 재료 설계

Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, ...

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial applications. Here we describe how electrospinning or electrospraying a polymer mixture containing a biodegradable, biocompatible aliphatic polyester (e.g., polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), as the major component, doped with a hydrophobic copolymer composed of the polyester and a stearate-modified poly(glycerol carbonate) affords a superhydrophobic biomaterial. The fabrication techniques of electrospinning or electrospraying provide the enhanced surface roughness and porosity on and within the fibers or the particles, respectively. The use of a low surface energy copolymer dopant that blends with the polyester and can be stably electrospun or electrosprayed affords these superhydrophobic materials. Important parameters such as fiber size, copolymer dopant composition and/or concentration, and their effects on wettability are discussed. This combination of polymer chemistry and process engineering affords a versatile approach to develop application-specific materials using scalable techniques, which are likely generalizable to a wider class of polymers for a variety of applications.

Two- and three-dimensional superhydrophobic polymeric materials are prepared by electrospinning or electrospraying biodegradable polymers blended with a lower surface energy polymer of similar composition.

바이오 메디컬 응용 프로그램에 대한 초 소수성 고분자 재료를 제조

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial ...

Fabrication of Mechanically Tunable and Bioactive Metal Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

Biometal systems have been widely used for biomedical applications, in particular, as load-bearing materials. However, major challenges are high stiffness and low bioactivity of metals. In this study, we have developed a new method towards fabricating a new type of bioactive and mechanically reliable porous metal scaffolds-densified porous Ti scaffolds. The method consists of two fabrication processes, 1) the fabrication of porous Ti scaffolds by dynamic freeze casting, and 2) coating and densification of the porous scaffolds. The dynamic freeze casting method to fabricate porous Ti scaffolds allowed the densification of porous scaffolds by minimizing the chemical contamination and structural defects. The densification process is distinctive for three reasons. First, the densification process is simple, because it requires a control of only one parameter (degree of densification). Second, it is effective, as it achieves mechanical enhancement and sustainable release of biomolecules from porous scaffolds. Third, it has broad applications, as it is also applicable to the fabrication of functionally graded porous scaffolds by spatially varied strain during densification.

Bioactive and mechanically reliable metal scaffolds have been fabricated through a method which consists of two processes, dynamic freeze casting for the fabrication of porous Ti, and coating and densification of the Ti scaffolds. The densification process is simple, effective and applicable to the fabrication of functionally graded scaffolds.

Biometal systems have been widely used for biomedical applications, in particular, as load-bearing materials. However, major challenges are high stiffness ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

의 생명 공학에 대한 각질 기반의 나노 섬유의 합성

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest regarding the use of bioinspired nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nHA). However, biological apatite is known to be calcium-deficient and carbonate-substituted with a nanoscale platelet-like morphology. Bioinspired nHA has the potential to stimulate optimal bone tissue regeneration due to its similarity to bone and tooth enamel mineral. Many of the methods currently used to fabricate nHA both in the laboratory and commercially, involve lengthy processes and complex equipment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable method to prepare high quality bioinspired nHA. The rapid mixing method developed was based upon an acid-base reaction involving calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. Briefly, a phosphoric acid solution was poured into a calcium hydroxide solution followed by stirring, washing and drying stages. Part of the batch was sintered at 1,000 &#176;C for 2 h in order to investigate the products&#39; high temperature stability. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the successful formation of HA, which showed thermal decomposition to &#946;-tricalcium phosphate after high temperature processing, which is typical for calcium-deficient HA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of carbonate groups in the precipitated product. The nHA particles had a low aspect ratio with approximate dimensions of 50 x 30 nm, close to the dimensions of biological apatite. The material was also calcium deficient with a Ca:P molar ratio of 1.63, which like biological apatite is lower than the stoichiometric HA ratio of 1.67. This new method is therefore a reliable and far more convenient process for the manufacture of bioinspired nHA, overcoming the need for lengthy titrations and complex equipment. The resulting bioinspired HA product is suitable for use in a wide variety of medical and consumer health applications.

This paper describes a novel method for the rapid manufacture of high quality bioinspired nanoscale hydroxyapatite. This biomaterial is of great significance in the manufacture of a wide range of innovative medical devices for clinical applications in orthopedics, craniofacial surgery and dentistry.

바이오 메디컬 응용 프로그램에 대한 Bioinspired 나노 수산화 인회석의 빠른 혼합 준비

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been widely used as a medical ceramic due to its good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Recently there has been interest ...

Microhoneycomb Monoliths Prepared by the Unidirectional Freeze-drying of Cellulose Nanofiber Based Sols: Method and Extensions

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs) with micrometer-scale channels are expected as efficient platforms for reactions and separations because of their large surface areas. Up to now, MHMs have been prepared by a unidirectional freeze-drying (UDF) method only from very limited precursors. Herein, we report a protocol from which a series of MHMs consisting of different components can be obtained. Recently, we found that cellulose nanofibers function as a distinct structure-directing agent towards the formation of MHMs through the UDF process. By mixing the cellulose nanofibers with water soluble substances which do not yield MHMs, a variety of composite MHMs can be prepared. This significantly enriches the chemical constitution of MHMs towards versatile applications.

Here, we present a general protocol to prepare a variety of microhoneycomb monoliths (MHMs) in which fluid can pass through with an extremely low pressure drop. MHMs obtained are expected to be used as filters, catalyst supports, flow-type electrodes, sensors and scaffolds for biomaterials.

셀 루 로스 Nanofiber 단방향 동결에 의해 준비 Microhoneycomb Monoliths 기반 Sols: 메서드 및 확장

Monolithic honeycomb structures have been attractive to multidisciplinary fields due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. Particularly, microhoneycomb ...

Environmental Dynamic Mechanical Analysis to Predict the Softening Behavior of Neural Implants

When using dynamically softening substrates for neural implants, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method to characterize the softening behavior of these materials. In the past, it has not been possible to satisfactorily measure the softening of thin films under conditions mimicking body environment without substantial effort. This publication presents a new and simple method that allows dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of polymers in solutions, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS), at relevant temperatures. The use of environmental DMA allows measurement of the softening effects of polymers due to plasticization in various media and temperatures, which therefore allows a prediction of the materials behavior under in vivo conditions.

To allow reliable predictions of the softening of polymeric substrates for neural implants in an in vivo environment, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method. Here, the use of dynamic mechanical analysis in phosphate buffered saline at body temperature is presented.

신경 임 플 란 트의 연 화 행동을 예측 하기 위해 환경 동적 기계적인 분석

When using dynamically softening substrates for neural implants, it is important to have a reliable in vitro method to characterize the softening behavior ...

Mitigation of Blood Borne Cell Attachment to Metal Implants through CD47-Derived Peptide Immobilization

The key complications associated with bare metal stents and drug eluting stents are in-stent restenosis and late stent thrombosis, respectively. Thus, improving the biocompatibility of metal stents remains a significant challenge. The goal of this protocol is to describe a robust technique of metal surface modification by biologically active peptides to increase biocompatibility of blood contacting medical implants, including endovascular stents. CD47 is an immunological species-specific marker of self and has anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown that a 22 amino acid peptide corresponding to the Ig domain of CD47 in the extracellular region (pepCD47), has anti-inflammatory properties like the full-length protein. In vivo studies in rats, and ex vivo studies in rabbit and human blood experimental systems from our lab have demonstrated that pepCD47 immobilization on metals improves their biocompatibility by preventing inflammatory cell attachment and activation. This paper describes the step-by step protocol for the functionalization of metal surfaces and peptide attachment. The metal surfaces are modified using polyallylamine bisphosphate with latent thiol groups (PABT) followed by deprotection of thiols and amplification of thiol-reactive sites via reaction with polyethyleneimine installed with pyridyldithio groups (PEI-PDT). Finally, pepCD47, incorporating terminal cysteine residues connected to the core peptide sequence through a dual 8-amino-3,6-dioxa-octanoyl spacer, are attached to the metal surface via disulfide bonds. This methodology of peptide attachment to metal surface is efficient and relatively inexpensive and thus can be applied to improve biocompatibility of several metallic biomaterials.

Presented here is a protocol for appending peptide CD47 (pepCD47) to metal stents using polybisphosphonate chemistry. Functionalization of metal stents using pepCD47 prevents the attachment and activation of inflammatory cells thus improving their biocompatibility.

CD47 유래 펩타이드 고정화를 통해 금속 임플란트에 대한 혈액 매개 세포 부착 완화

The key complications associated with bare metal stents and drug eluting stents are in-stent restenosis and late stent thrombosis, respectively. Thus, ...

Establishing an Octopus Ecosystem for Biomedical and Bioengineering Research

Many developments in biomedical research have been inspired by discovering anatomical and cellular mechanisms that support specific functions in different species. The octopus is one of these exceptional animals that has given scientists new insights into the fields of neuroscience, robotics, regenerative medicine, and prosthetics. Research with this species of cephalopods requires the set-up of complex facilities and intensive care for both the octopus and its ecosystem that is critical for the project&#39;s success. This system requires multiple mechanical and biological filtering systems to provide a safe and clean environment for the animal. Along with the control system, specialized routine maintenance and cleaning are required to effectively keep the facility operating long term. It is advised to provide an enriched environment to these intelligent animals by changing the tank&#39;s landscape, incorporating a variety of prey, and introducing challenging tasks for them to work through. Our results include MRI and a whole-body autofluorescence imaging as well as behavioral studies to better understand their nervous system. Octopuses possess unique physiology that can impact many areas of biomedical research. Providing them with a sustainable ecosystem is the first crucial step in uncovering their distinct capabilities.

Understanding the unique physiological and anatomical structures of octopuses can greatly impact biomedical research. This guide demonstrates how to set-up and maintain a marine environment to accommodate this species and includes state-of-the-art imaging and analytical approaches to visualize octopus' nervous system anatomy and function.

생물 의학 및 생물 공학 연구를 위한 문어 생태계 구축

Many developments in biomedical research have been inspired by discovering anatomical and cellular mechanisms that support specific functions in different ...