Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Nancy Mora per la sua assistenza tecnica. Questo lavoro è stato finanziato da borse di ricerca 48573-M e 168.098 dal Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Messico, e da sovvenzioni IN212308 e IN205311-2 da Dirección General de Asuntos del Personale Academico, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Messico.

1. Isolamento dei neutrofili (PMN) dal sangue umano <ol><li> Usare circa 20 ml di sangue umano con eparina (10 U / ml) come anticoagulante. Il sangue è stato raccolto da volontari adulti sani venopuncture. Tutti gli esperimenti sono stati fatti in fase di approvazione del comitato di bioetica presso l&#39;Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - UNAM. </li><li> Mettere 2 ml di destrano al 6% T500 in PBS in una provetta da 15 ml conica per centrifuga e aggiungere 10 ml di sangue. Mescolare capovolgendo la provetta due o tre volte e lasciare riposare per 45 minuti per consentire la sedimentazione degli eritrociti. </li><li> In una nuova provetta 15 ml conica per centrifuga mettere 5 ml di Ficoll-Paque. </li><li> Prendere il plasma ricco di leucociti che formano sopra eritrociti sedimentati, e accuratamente pipettare sopra il Ficoll-Paque formare un secondo strato. Assicurarsi che non ci sono due fasi. </li><li> Centrifugare a 516 xg per 20 min a 4 ° C. Dopo centrifugazione, all&#39;interfase di plasma e Ficoll-Paque vi è uno strato di cellule mononucleate. Neutrophils sono al fondo della provetta. </li><li> Eliminare il supernatante, il pellet di cellule rompere toccando il tubo contro un rack, e risospendere le cellule aggiungendo 10 ml di freddo (4 ° C) PBS Nota:. Risospensione delle cellule pipettando su e giù non è consigliabile poiché questo è troppo danni alle cellule. </li><li> Trasferire la sospensione cellulare in una provetta da centrifuga da 50 ml conica e centrifugare a 290 xg per 5 minuti a 4 ° C. </li><li> Rompere il pellet cellulare come prima e aggiungere 10 ml di freddo (4 ° C) soluzione ipotonica (0,2% NaCl, 1% BSA, Hepes 20 mM, pH = 7,4) per lisare gli eritrociti. Mescolare agitando delicatamente il tubo a mano per un minuto esatto. </li><li> Aggiungere 10 ml di freddo (4 ° C) soluzione ipertonica (1,6% NaCl, 1% BSA, HEPES 20 mM, pH = 7,4), mix e contare le cellule utilizzando un emocitometro (generalmente&gt; 95% sono PMN). Nota: Tenere il tubo con la sospensione cellulare sul ghiaccio mentre il conteggio delle cellule. </li><li> Centrifugare come prima e risospendere PMN alle 107 cellule / ml a freddo (4 ° C) PBS. Tenere su ghiaccio. Nota: neutrofili rimangono vitali e funzionali a 4 ° C per circa 6-8 ore. </li></ol> 2. Attivazione di PMN <ol><li> Messo 100 pl di sospensione di PMN (1 x 10 7 cellule / ml) in una provetta Eppendorf da 1,5 ml. Nota: Vial per campione deve essere fatto almeno in doppio. Usuali controlli negativi dovrebbe includere primo anticorpo solo, e solo anticorpo secondario. </li><li> Aggiungere il corrispondente anticorpo anti-recettore di integrina o anti-Fc monoclonale (mAb) a 10 pg / ml ed incubare su ghiaccio per 15 min. </li><li> Lavare PMN aggiungendo 1 ml di freddo (4 ° C) PBS, centrifugazione a 1.743 xg (4.500 rpm) in una microcentrifuga, e l&#39;aspirazione del supernatante. </li><li> Rompere il pellet di cellule colpendo la parte inferiore del tubo contro un rack, aggiungere 1 ml di PBS freddo, e lavare due volte come nel passaggio precedente. Nota: Questi lava rimozione dell&#39;anticorpo non legato. </li><li> Risospendere in PMN stessa (initial) volume di caldo (37 ° C) PBS contenente 60 ug / ml di F (ab &#39;) 2 di capra anti-IgG di topo. Nota: Il secondario anti-topo IgG si legano al primo anticorpo anti-recettore e causerà reticolazione del recettore. </li><li> Incubare a 37 ° C per 1 a 20 minuti, a seconda del fattore nucleare di interesse. Per NF-kB in genere 15 min, e di solito Elk-1 5 min. Nota: incubando le cellule a 37 ° C reticolazione recettore induce, che non può avvenire a 4 ° C. </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di PBS freddo e centrifugare 3 minuti a 1743 xg in microcentrifuga. </li><li> Rimuovere il surnatante </li><li> Congelare PMN immediatamente in bagno dry-ice/ethanol e tenerli lì per 10 min. </li></ol> 3. L&#39;isolamento e la fissazione dei Nuclei <ol><li> Risospendere congelati PMN pellet in 100 ul a freddo (4 ° C) tampone ipotonico (10 mM HEPES, 10 mM KCl, 1,5 mM MgCl2, e 1 mM appena aggiunto DL-ditiotreitolo [DTT], PH = 7,9). Si consiglia di adottare le provette dal bagno dry-ice/ethanol uno per uno, e per pulire il fondo della provetta prima di aggiungere il tampone ipotonico. </li><li> Posto su ghiaccio, e verificare l&#39;integrità dei nuclei dalla colorazione un&#39;aliquota della sospensione nuclei con tripan blu. Nuclei guardarsi attorno e blu. PMN intatto non si macchiano, e detriti cellulari appare come particelle blu di forma irregolare. Nota: Se la sospensione nuclei contiene molte cellule intatte o detriti, è meglio scartare la preparazione e ripetere la procedura con un altro campione. </li><li> Centrifugare a 775 xg nuclei (3.000 rpm) in microcentrifuga per 10 minuti all&#39;interno di una cella frigorifera. A questo punto i nuclei sono molto fragili e la cura supplementare dovrebbe essere presa nel mantenere i campioni a freddo e non centrifugazione a una forza eccessiva. </li><li> Rimuovere il surnatante pipettando molto attenti. </li><li> Aggiungere 100 ml di freddo paraformaldeide 4% in PBS per fissare nuclei. Nota: Il pellet è molto perdere unad aggiungendo il buffer è sufficiente per risospendere il nuclei. Pipettando su e giù dovrebbe essere evitato. </li><li> Incubare su ghiaccio per 20 min. </li><li> Nuclei Immunolabel per citometria a flusso o tenerli per un massimo di 24 ore a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 4. Immunomarcatura Nuclei di Analisi Citometria a Flusso <ol><li> Centrifugare a 1743 xg nuclei (4.500 rpm) in microcentrifuga per 1 min, e rimuovere il surnatante pipettando molto delicato. </li><li> Aggiungere 100 pl di freddo (4 ° C) 0,1% Triton X-100, 4% paraformaldeide in PBS a permeabilize nuclei. Incubare in ghiaccio per 10 minuti. </li><li> Centrifugare permeabilizzate nuclei a 1743 xg in microcentrifuga e rimuovere con attenzione il surnatante. A questo punto pellets nuclei non collegare bene al fondo della provetta. Si consiglia di centrifugare di nuovo se il pellet viene sciolto. </li><li> Nuclei risospendere in 500 pl di freddo 4% di siero bovino fetale (FBS) in PBS per bloccare i siti di legame non specifici, e incubare in ghiaccio per 20 min. Centrifuganuclei a 1743 xg per 3 minuti in microcentrifuga e rimuovere con attenzione il surnatante. </li><li> Risospendere nuclei in 100 pl di PBS contenente 4% FBS e 2,5 ug / ml di anticorpo monoclonale contro il fattore nucleare di interesse. Incubare su ghiaccio per 20 min. Nota: usuali controlli negativi dovrebbe includere anticorpi anti-nucleo unico fattore, e FITC-anticorpo marcato secondaria. </li><li> Lavare due volte con 500 microlitri di PBS freddo con 4% FBS e centrifugazione a 1743 xg per 3 min. </li><li> Rimuovere il surnatante molto attentamente, nuclei risospendere in 100 pl di PBS contenente 4% FBS e 10 ug / ml del corrispondente FITC-anticorpo secondario marcato, e incubare in ghiaccio per 20 min. </li><li> Nuclei lavare due volte con 500 microlitri di PBS freddo con 4% FBS come nel passaggio precedente. </li><li> Risospendere nuclei in 400 pl di freddo paraformaldeide 4% in PBS. Nota: I nuclei sono collocati in paraformaldeide per permettere al campione di essere conservato per diversi giorni senza contaminazioneproblemi che possono verificarsi in presenza di siero. </li><li> Analizzare immediatamente mediante citometria di flusso o conservare al buio a 4 ° C per un massimo di tre giorni. </li></ol> 5. Citometria a Flusso di analisi <ol><li> Analizzare nuclei immunolabeled in un citofluorimetro un FACScan (Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) dell&#39;apparecchio o simili. </li><li> Regolare le impostazioni di acquisizione per: FSC a scala logaritmica a 10-1, SSC a log-scala a 196, e nuclei porta in un dot-plot. </li><li> Acquisire 10.000 nuclei per campione. </li><li> Analizzare fluorescenza del FITC-tinto nuclei attraverso la FL-1 canale (506 nm) fissato a scala logaritmica a 400. </li></ol>

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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere conflitto di interessi finanziari.

Il metodo di purificazione descritto permette l&#39;isolamento dei neutrofili non stimolati (PMN) con purezza superiore al 95% (valutata mediante osservazione al microscopio), in breve tempo. Talvolta neutrofili possono essere contaminati da eritrociti se questi non sono completamente lisati. Questo di solito non pregiudica la tecnica, gli eritrociti e PMN può essere facilmente distinto come distinte popolazioni cellulari mediante citometria a flusso. PMN isolato può essere stimolato da recettori reticolazione partico...

I neutrofili sono i leucociti più abbondanti nel sangue periferico 1. Durante neutrofili infiammazione e l&#39;infezione sono le prime cellule a comparire presso il sito interessato dove agiscono come prima linea di difesa 2. Neutrofili possiedono diversi meccanismi antimicrobici 3 tra cui la fagocitosi, la produzione di specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno, rilascio di enzimi litici di degranulazione, e la produzione di citochine proinfiammatorie 4,5. I neutrofili sono di breve durata cellule che vengono rapidamente attivati ​​tramite segnalazione da vari recettori della superficie cellulare. Sebbene neutrofili sono state considerate cellule terminali a causa della loro breve vita e perché subiscono apoptosi meno attiva durante il processo infiammatorio 6, è chiaro che possono anche modificare il loro fenotipo cambiando il livello di trascrizione di geni specifici. La produzione di citochine 5 e l&#39;inibizione dell&#39;apoptosi 7,8 sono due importante attivazione-dipendente funzioni cellulari regolati a livello di trascrizione dei neutrofili. Fattore nucleare kB (NF-kB) partecipa al controllo trascrizionale del 4 citochine produzione e nella regolazione della sopravvivenza cellulare e apoptosi 9-11 in vari tipi di cellule. Le vie di segnalazione che portano alla attivazione del fattore nucleare sono di solito studiati da saggi reporter gene o da saggi elettroforetici spostamento di mobilità (EMSA). Tuttavia, poiché i neutrofili sono cellule di breve durata, lo studio delle risposte trascrizionalmente regolati in queste cellule non possono essere eseguite con saggi reporter gene, poiché non ci sono tecniche efficienti per la transfezione neutrofili. Saggi EMSA sono stati utilizzati in neutrofili per esplorare l&#39;attivazione del fattore nucleare 12,13, tuttavia, questa metodologia è complicato e costoso in quanto prevede l&#39;utilizzo di materiale radioattivo. Nucleofection è un&#39;altra tecnica che è stata utilizzata successfully per trasfettare monociti 14. Così, almeno in teoria, attivazione del fattore nucleare potrebbe essere rilevato in neutrofili di trasfezione (nonostante bassa efficienza). Tuttavia, questa tecnica sarebbe più costoso, richiede tempo e probabilmente meno quantitativa. Analisi microscopica delle cellule immunocolorate potrebbe anche essere utilizzato per rilevare fattori nucleari nel nucleo. Abbiamo infatti rilevato NF-kB traslocazione nel nucleo in questo modo 15. Sfortunatamente, questa tecnica è anche tempo, meno quantitativi, e soggetti a bias dell&#39;osservatore. Qui, presentiamo un metodo semplice ed efficace che permette la rilevazione e la quantificazione dei fattori nucleari in nuclei isolati e immunolabeled mediante citometria a flusso. Si descrivono tecniche per isolare neutrofili dal sangue periferico umano, stimolare queste cellule via integrine o recettori Fc con anticorpi anti-recettore, isolare e nuclei immunolabel, e analizzare nuclei mediante citometria a flusso (Figura 1). Il metodo è stato utilizzato con successo per rilevare NF-KB 15 e Elk-1 16 fattori nucleari nei nuclei dei neutrofili. La sensibilità di questo metodo consente la rilevazione di piccole variazioni di livelli di fattori nucleari nel nucleo. Questo metodo può anche essere usato per analizzare il livello di fattori di trascrizione in nuclei da altri tipi di cellule.

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>REAGENTS</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Heparin </td>
 <td >PiSA (Mexico)</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Dextran T500</td>
 <td >Pharmacosmos A/S (Holbaek, Denmark) </td>
 <td>T1-Dextran T500</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Ficoll-Paque</td>
 <td >Pharmacia</td>
 <td>17-0320-01 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Sodium chloride </td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>S7653 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>S9638</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>S9390</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>A2153</td>
 <td>Cohn Fraction V</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >HEPES</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>H3375 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Potassium chloride</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>P9541 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Magnesium chloride anhydrous </td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>M8266 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) </td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>D9163</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Trypan Blue (0.4 % solution)</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>T8154</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Paraformaldehyde</td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>P6148 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Triton X-100 </td>
 <td >Sigma</td>
 <td>X100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
 <td >GIBCO</td>
 <td>10437-028</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Monoclonal antibody IV.3</td>
 <td >Medarex (Annandale, NJ) </td>
 <td>025-1 </td>
 <td>Human-specific anti-FcRII (CD32) </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Monoclonal antibody 3G8</td>
 <td >Medarex (Annandale, NJ) </td>
 <td>028-2 </td>
 <td>Human-specific anti-FcRIII (CD16) </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Monoclonal antibody TS2/16</td>
 <td >Dana Farber Cancer Research Institute (Boston, MA) </td>
 <td>Donated by Dr. Martin Hemler </td>
 <td>Human-specific anti-&beta;1 integrin (CD29)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >Monoclonal antibody IB4</td>
 <td >University of California, San Francisco </td>
 <td>Donated by Dr. Eric J. Brown </td>
 <td>Human-specific anti-&beta;2 integrin (CD18)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td >F(ab')2 goat anti-mouse IgG </td>
 <td >Cappel (Aurora, OH)</td>
 <td>55468</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FITC-conjugated F(ab')2 goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
 <td >Cappel (Aurora, OH)</td>
 <td>55522</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FITC-conjugated F(ab')2 goat anti-rabbit IgG</td>
 <td >Cappel (Aurora, OH)</td>
 <td>55665</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-NF-&kappa;B p50</td>
 <td >Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA)</td>
 <td>sc-114</td>
 <td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-NF-&kappa;B p65</td>
 <td >Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA)</td>
 <td>sc-109</td>
 <td>Rabbit polyclonal antibody</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>EQUIPMENT</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>15-ml centrifuge tube</td>
 <td >Corning</td>
 <td>430791</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50-ml centrifuge tube</td>
 <td >Corning</td>
 <td>430291</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Centrifuge, Sorvall Tabletop</td>
 <td >Dupont Instruments</td>
 <td>RT 6000D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>pH-meter</td>
 <td >Corning</td>
 <td>340</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pipetman pipette P-20</td>
 <td >Gilson </td>
 <td>F123600</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pipetman pipette P-200</td>
 <td >Gilson </td>
 <td>F123601</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pipetman pipette P-1000</td>
 <td >Gilson </td>
 <td>F123602</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hemocytometer</td>
 <td >Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>0267110</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microscope</td>
 <td >Nikon </td>
 <td>Eclipse E600</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Inverted microscope</td>
 <td >Nikon </td>
 <td>TMS</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Water Bath Incubator</td>
 <td >Fisher Scientific </td>
 <td>2IS-M</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microcentrifuge</td>
 <td >Eppendorf</td>
 <td>5414C</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microcentrifuge</td>
 <td >Eppendorf</td>
 <td>5418</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Flow Cytometer</td>
 <td >Becton Dickinson (Franklin Lakes, NJ) </td>
 <td>FACScalibur </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

a simple and efficient method to detect nuclear factor activation in human neutrophils by flow cytometry

I neutrofili sono i leucociti più abbondanti nel sangue periferico. Queste cellule sono i primi a comparire nei siti di infiammazione e infezione, diventando così la prima linea di difesa contro l&#39;invasione dei microrganismi. Neutrofili possiedono importanti funzioni antimicrobici come fagocitosi, il rilascio di enzimi litici, e la produzione di specie reattive dell&#39;ossigeno. Oltre a queste funzioni di difesa importanti, neutrofili svolgere altri compiti in risposta alle infezioni come la produzione di citochine proinfiammatorie e inibizione di apoptosi. Le citochine reclutare altri leucociti che aiutano a eliminare l&#39;infezione, e l&#39;inibizione di apoptosi dei neutrofili permette di vivere più a lungo nel sito di infezione. Queste funzioni sono regolate a livello di trascrizione. Tuttavia, poiché i neutrofili sono cellule di breve durata, lo studio delle risposte trascrizionalmente regolati in queste cellule non può essere eseguita con metodi convenzionali geni reporter in quanto non sono effitecniche cienti per la trasfezione dei neutrofili. Qui, presentiamo un metodo semplice ed efficace che permette la rilevazione e la quantificazione dei fattori nucleari in nuclei isolati e immunolabeled mediante citometria a flusso. Si descrivono tecniche per isolare neutrofili pure da sangue periferico umano, stimolare queste cellule con anticorpi anti-recettore, isolare e nuclei immunolabel, e analizzare nuclei mediante citometria a flusso. Il metodo è stato utilizzato con successo per rilevare NF-KB e Elk-1 fattori nucleari in nuclei di neutrofili e altri tipi di cellule. Pertanto, questo metodo rappresenta un&#39;opzione per analizzare l&#39;attivazione di fattori di trascrizione in nuclei isolati da una varietà di tipi cellulari.

Il metodo di purificazione qui descritta fornisce solito non stimolate neutrofili (PMN) con purezza superiore al 95% (Figura 1A). PMN isolato può essere stimolato da recettori reticolazione particolari con specifici anticorpi monoclonali. Abbiamo stimolato PMN attraverso recettori Fc e integrine (Figura 1B). Una volta stimolato, PMN vengono lisati e nuclei sono isolati con alte rese. Nuclei sono poi immunolabeled per un particolare fattore nucleare, come il fattore nucleare kB (NF-kB),...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Efficient Method to Detect Nuclear Factor Activation in Human Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry at JoVE.com

A Simple and Efficient Method to Detect Nuclear Factor Activation in Human Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry

I neutrofili sono i leucociti più abbondanti nel sangue. Neutrofili possiedono funzioni trascrizionalmente regolate, quali la produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie e l&#39;inibizione di apoptosi. Queste funzioni possono essere studiati con il metodo presentato qui, che consente il rilevamento e la quantificazione dei fattori nucleari mediante citometria a flusso in nuclei isolati

Un metodo semplice ed efficace per rilevare l&#39;attivazione del Fattore Nucleare in neutrofili umani mediante citometria a flusso

Neutrophils  are the most abundant leukocytes in peripheral blood. These cells are the first  to appear at sites of inflammation and infection, thus ...

a-simple-efficient-method-to-detect-nuclear-factor-activation-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

17.7K Views.  University of Alberta. I neutrofili sono i leucociti più abbondanti nel sangue. Neutrofili possiedono funzioni trascrizionalmente regolate, quali la produzione di citochine pro-infiammatorie e l'inibizione di apoptosi. Queste funzioni possono essere studiati con il metodo presentato qui, che consente il rilevamento e la quantificazione dei fattori nucleari mediante citometria a flusso in nuclei isolati

Video: A Simple and Efficient Method to Detect Nuclear Factor Activation in Human Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry

Quantitative Assessment of Immune Cells in the Injured Spinal Cord Tissue by Flow Cytometry:  a Novel Use for a Cell Purification Method

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation. Flow cytometry is a quick alternative method to quantify immune cells in the injured brain or spinal cord tissue. Historically, flow cytometry has been used to quantify immune cells collected from blood or dissociated spleen or thymus, and only a few studies have attempted to quantify immune cells in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry using fresh dissociated cord tissue. However, the dissociated spinal cord tissue is concentrated with myelin debris that can be mistaken for cells and reduce cell count reliability obtained by the flow cytometer. We have advanced a cell preparation method using the OptiPrep gradient system to effectively separate lipid/myelin debris from cells, providing sensitive and reliable quantifications of cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry. As described in our recent study (Beck &amp; Nguyen et al., Brain. 2010 Feb; 133 (Pt 2): 433-47), the OptiPrep cell preparation had increased sensitivity to detect cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord, with counts of specific cell types correlating with injury severity. Critically, novel usage of this method provided the first characterization of acute and chronic cellular inflammation after SCI to include a complete time course for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, neutrophils), macrophages/microglia, and T-cells over a period ranging from 2 hours to 180 days post-injury (dpi), identifying a surprising novel second phase of cellular inflammation. Thorough characterization of cellular inflammation using this method may provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation in the injured CNS, and reveal an important multiphasic component of neuroinflammation that may be critical for the design and implementation of rational therapeutic treatment strategies, including both cell-based and pharmacological interventions for SCI.

Quantification of cellular inflammation in the injured/pathological CNS by flow cytometry is complicated by lipid/myelin debris that can have similar size and granulation to cells, decreasing sensitivity/accuracy. We have advanced a cell preparation method to remove myelin debris and improve cell detection by flow cytometry in the injured spinal cord.

La valutazione quantitativa delle cellule immunitarie nel tessuto danneggiato del midollo spinale mediante citometria di flusso: un nuovo uso per un metodo di purificazione cellulare

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true ...

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Immunologia e infezioni

A Simple and Efficient Method to Isolate Macrophages from Mixed Primary Cultures of Adult Liver Cells

Kupffer cells are liver-specific resident macrophages and play an important role in the physiological and pathological functions of the liver1-3. Although the isolation methods of liver macrophages have been well-described4-6, most of these methods require sophisticated equipment, such as a centrifugal elutriator and technical skills. Here, we provide a novel method to obtain liver macrophages in sufficient number and purity from mixed primary cultures of adult rat liver cells, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1.
After dissociation of the liver cells by two-step perfusion method7,8,a fraction mostly composed of parenchymal hepatocytes is prepared and seeded into T75 tissue culture flasks with culture medium composed of DMEM and 10% FCS.Parenchymal hepatocytes lose the epithelial cell morphology within a few days in culture, degenerate or transform into fibroblast-like cells (Figure 2). As the culture proceeds, around day 6, phase contrast-bright, round macrophage-like cells start to proliferate on the fibroblastic cell sheet (Figure 2). The growth of the macrophage-like cells continue and reach to maximum levels around day 12, covering the cell sheet on the flask surface. By shaking of the culture flasks, macrophages are readily suspended into the culture medium. Subsequent transfer and short incubation in plastic dishes result in selective adhesion of macrophages(Figure 3), where as other contaminating cells remain suspended. After several rinses with PBS, attached macrophages are harvested. More than 106 cells can be harvested repeatedly from the same T75 tissue culture flask at two to three day intervals for more than two weeks(Figure 3).The purities of the isolated macrophages were 95 to 99%, as evaluated by flow cytometry or immunocytochemistry with rat macrophage-specific antibodies (Figure 4).The isolated cells show active phagocytosis of polystylene beads (Figure 5), proliferative response to recombinant GM-CSF, secretion of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with LPS, and formation of multinucleated giant cells9.
In conclusion, we provide a simple and efficient method to obtain liver macrophages in sufficient number and purity without complex equipment and skills.This method might be applicable to other mammalian species.

A novel method to obtain macrophages from primary culture of rat liver cells is described. This method utilizes the proliferation of macrophages in the culture, followed by shaking of culture flasks and purification by selective attachment to plastic dishes. This technique efficiently provides liver macrophages without complex equipment and skills.

Un metodo semplice ed efficace per isolare i macrofagi da Mixed colture primarie di cellule del fegato degli adulti

Kupffer cells are liver-specific resident macrophages and play an important role in the physiological and pathological functions of the liver1-3. Although ...

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response following an infection. Despite efforts to identify unique surface marker on Tregs, the only unique feature is their ability to suppress the proliferation and function of effector T cells. While it is clear that only in vitro assays can be used in assessing human Treg function, this becomes problematic when assessing the results from cross-sectional studies where healthy cells and cells isolated from subjects with autoimmune diseases (like Type 1 Diabetes-T1D) need to be compared. There is a great variability among laboratories in the number and type of responder T cells, nature and strength of stimulation, Treg:responder ratios and the number and type of antigen-presenting cells (APC) used in human in vitro suppression assays. This variability makes comparison between studies measuring Treg function difficult. The Treg field needs a standardized suppression assay that will work well with both healthy subjects and those with autoimmune diseases. We have developed an in vitro suppression assay that shows very little intra-assay variability in the stimulation of T cells isolated from healthy volunteers compared to subjects with underlying autoimmune destruction of pancreatic &beta;-cells. The main goal of this piece is to describe an in vitro human suppression assay that allows comparison between different subject groups. Additionally, this assay has the potential to delineate a small loss in nTreg function and anticipate further loss in the future, thus identifying subjects who could benefit from preventive immunomodulatory therapy1. Below, we provide thorough description of the steps involved in this procedure. We hope to contribute to the standardization of the in vitro suppression assay used to measure Treg function. In addition, we offer this assay as a tool to recognize an early state of immune imbalance and a potential functional biomarker for T1D.

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Tregs are potent suppressors of the immune system. There is a lack of unique surface markers to define them, hence, definitions of Tregs are primarily functional. Here we describe an optimized in vitro assay capable of identifying immune imbalance in subjects at risk to develop T1D.

Umano In Vitro</emSoppressione> come strumento di screening per il riconoscimento di uno Stato precoce di squilibrio immunitario

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of immune tolerance to self-antigens. In addition, they are crucial regulators of the immune response ...

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the T cell receptor (TCR) &alpha; and &beta; loci generates a T cell repertoire with vast diversity in antigen specificity, both to self and foreign. Selection of the repertoire during development in the thymus is critical for generating safe and useful T cells. Defects in thymic selection contribute to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders1-4. 
T cell progenitors enter the thymus as double negative (DN) thymocytes that do not express CD4 or CD8 co-receptors. Expression of the &alpha;&beta;TCR and both co-receptors occurs at the double positive (DP) stage. Interaction of the &alpha;&beta;TCR with self-peptide-MHC (pMHC) presented by thymic cells determines the fate of the DP thymocyte. High affinity interactions lead to negative selection and elimination of self-reactive thymocytes. Low affinity interactions result in positive selection and development of CD4 or CD8 single positive (SP) T cells capable of recognizing foreign antigens presented by self-MHC5.
Positive selection can be studied in mice with a polyclonal (wildtype) TCR repertoire by observing the generation of mature T cells. However, they are not ideal for the study of negative selection, which involves deletion of small antigen-specific populations. Many model systems have been used to study negative selection but vary in their ability to recapitulate physiological events6. For example, in vitro stimulation of thymocytes lacks the thymic environment that is intimately involved in selection, while administration of exogenous antigen can lead to non-specific deletion of thymocytes7-9. Currently, the best tools for studying in vivo negative selection are mice that express a transgenic TCR specific for endogenous self-antigen. However, many classical TCR transgenic models are characterized by premature expression of the transgenic TCR&alpha; chain at the DN stage, resulting in premature negative selection. Our lab has developed the HYcd4 model, in which the transgenic HY TCR&alpha; is conditionally expressed at the DP stage, allowing negative selection to occur during the DP to SP transition as occurs in wildtype mice10.
Here, we describe a flow cytometry-based protocol to examine thymic positive and negative selection in the HYcd4 mouse model. While negative selection in HYcd4 mice is highly physiological, these methods can also be applied to other TCR transgenic models. We will also present general strategies for analyzing positive selection in a polyclonal repertoire applicable to any genetically manipulated mice.

We present a flow cytometry-based method to examine T cell development in vivo using genetically manipulated mice on a wildtype or T cell receptor transgenic background.

Esame di Selezione timica positivi e negativi per Citometria a Flusso

A healthy immune system requires that T cells respond to foreign  antigens while remaining tolerant to self-antigens. Random rearrangement of the  T cell ...

Studying Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus with Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry and Time Lapse Microscopy

We present methods to study the effect of phenol soluble modulins (PSMs) and other toxins produced and secreted by Staphylococcus aureus on neutrophils. To study the effects of the PSMs on neutrophils we isolate fresh neutrophils using density gradient centrifugation. These neutrophils are loaded with a dye that fluoresces upon calcium mobilization. The activation of neutrophils by PSMs initiates a rapid and transient increase in the free intracellular calcium concentration. In a flow cytometry experiment this rapid mobilization can be measured by monitoring the fluorescence of a pre-loaded dye that reacts to the increased concentration of free Ca2+. Using this method we can determine the PSM concentration necessary to activate the neutrophil, and measure the effects of specific and general inhibitors of the neutrophil activation.	
	To investigate the expression of the PSMs in the intracellular space, we have constructed reporter fusions of the promoter of the PSM&alpha; operon to GFP. When these reporter strains of S. aureus are phagocytosed by neutrophils, the induction of expression can be observed using fluorescence microscopy.

Studying Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus with Neutrophils by Flow Cytometry and Time Lapse Microscopy

We present methods to study the effect of PSMs and other toxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus on neutrophils using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

Lo studio delle interazioni di<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em&gt; Con neutrofili mediante citometria a flusso e Time Lapse Microscopy

We present methods to study the effect of phenol soluble modulins (PSMs)  and other toxins produced and secreted by Staphylococcus  aureus on neutrophils. ...

A Simple and Rapid Protocol to Non-enzymatically Dissociate Fresh Human Tissues for the Analysis of Infiltrating Lymphocytes

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted as an important hallmark of cancer. Our research on breast cancer focuses on the active role that tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play in tumor progression and patient outcome. Toward this goal, we developed a methodology for the rapid isolation of intact lymphoid cells from normal and abnormal tissues in an effort to evaluate them proximate to their native state. Homogenates prepared using a mechanical dissociator show both increased viability and cell recovery while preserving surface receptor expression compared to enzyme-digested tissues. Furthermore, enzymatic digestion of the remaining insoluble material did not recover additional CD45+ cells indicating that quantitative and qualitative measurements in the primary homogenate likely genuinely reflect infiltrating subpopulations in the tissue fragment. The lymphoid cells in these homogenates can be easily characterized using immunological (phenotype, proliferation, etc.) or molecular (DNA, RNA and/or protein) approaches. CD45+ cells can also be used for subpopulation purification, in vitro expansion or cryopreservation. An additional benefit of this approach is that the primary tissue supernatant from the homogenates can be used to characterize and compare cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins and antigens present in normal and malignant tissues. This protocol functions extremely well for human breast tissues and should be applicable to a wide variety of normal and abnormal tissues.

This protocol describes the rapid non-enzymatic dissociation of fresh human tissue fragments for qualitative and quantitative assessment of CD45+ cells (lymphocytes/leukocytes) present in various normal and malignant human tissues. Additionally, the supernatant obtained from the primary tissue homogenate can be collected and stored for further analysis or experimentation.

Un semplice e rapido protocollo non-enzimaticamente dissociare freschi tessuti umani per l&#39;analisi di linfociti infiltranti

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been successfully employed for editing genomes of various organisms. Here we describe a protocol for editing the vaccinia virus (VV) genome in the cytoplasm of VV-infected CV-1 cells using the RNA-guided Cas9. RNA-guided Cas9 induces double-stranded DNA breaks facilitating homologous recombination efficiently and specifically in the targeted site of VV and a transgene can be incorporated into these sites by homologous recombination. By using a site-specific homologous vector with transgene(s), a N1L gene-deleted VV with the red fluorescence protein (RFP) gene incorporated in this region was generated with a successful recombination efficiency 10 times greater than that obtained from the conventional homologous recombination method. This protocol demonstrates successful use of RNA-guided Cas9 system to generate mutant VVs with enhanced efficiency.

Vaccinia virus (VV) has been widely used in biomedical research and the improvement of human health. This article describes a simple, highly efficient method to edit the VV genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 system.

Un approccio semplice ed efficiente per costruire Mutant vaccinia vettori di virus

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research investigating immunological responses against A. fumigatus has been limited by the lack of consistent and reliable assays for measuring the antifungal activity of specific immune cells in vitro. A new method is described to assess the antifungal activity of primary monocytes and neutrophils from human donors against A. fumigatus using FLuorescent Aspergillus REporter (FLARE) conidia. These conidia contain a genetically encoded dsRed reporter, which is constitutively expressed by live FLARE conidia, and are externally labeled with Alexa Fluor 633, which is resistant to degradation within the phagolysosome, thus allowing a distinction between live and dead A. fumigatus conidia. Video microscopy and flow cytometry are subsequently used to visualize the interaction between conidia and innate immune cells, assessing fungicidal activity whilst also providing a wealth of information on phagocyte migration, phagocytosis and the inhibition of fungal growth. This novel technique has already provided exciting new insights into the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus. It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.
It is important to note the laboratory setup required to perform this assay, including the necessary microscopy and flow cytometry facilities, and the capacity to work with human donor blood and genetically manipulated fungi. However, this assay is capable of generating large amounts of data and can reveal detailed insights into the antifungal response. This protocol has successfully been used to study the host-pathogen interaction of primary immune cells against A. fumigatus.

Live Imaging of Antifungal Activity by Human Primary Neutrophils and Monocytes in Response to A. fumigatus

Here, we describe a protocol to assess antifungal activity of primary human immune cells in real-time using fluorescent Aspergillus reporter conidia in conjunction with live-cell video microscopy and flow cytometry. Generated data provide insight into host cell-Aspergillus interactions such as fungicidal activity, phagocytosis, cell migration and inhibition of fungal growth.

Immagini dal vivo di antifungini attività da Human neutrofili e monociti primaria in risposta a<em&gt; A. fumigatus</em

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts with a high case-fatality rate. Research ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

Isolamento e coltura In Vitro dei macrofagi alveolari murini ed umani

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Characterization of Human Monocyte Subsets by Whole Blood Flow Cytometry Analysis

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can have pathological significance. An ideal method for examining alterations to monocytes is whole blood flow cytometry as the minimal handling of samples by this method limits artifactual cell activation. However, many different approaches are taken to gate the monocyte subsets leading to inconsistent identification of the subsets between studies. Here we demonstrate a method using whole blood flow cytometry to identify and characterize human monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical). We outline how to prepare the blood samples for flow cytometry, gate the subsets (ensure contaminating cells have been removed), and determine monocyte subset expression of surface markers &#8212; in this example M1 and M2 markers. This protocol can be extended to other studies that require a standard gating method for assessing monocyte subset proportions and monocyte subset expression of other functional markers.

Here we present a protocol for characterizing monocyte subsets by whole blood flow cytometry. This includes outlining how to gate the subsets and assess their expression of surface markers and giving an example of the assessment of the expression of M1 (inflammatory) and M2 markers (anti-inflammatory).

Caratterizzazione dei sottoinsiemi di monociti umani da sangue intero flusso Cytometry analisi

Monocytes are key contributors in various inflammatory disorders and alterations to these cells, including their subset proportions and functions, can ...