Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dalla concessione Merit Review (NEUD-004-07F) dal Veterans Administration (SP).

1. Ampliamento della NPC umani (Figura 1) <ol><li> Revive lo stock congelati di NPC umani da cervello fetale (Lonza, Walkersville, MD, USA) e la cultura in sospensione in T-75 palloni come neurosfere (Figura 1A) in mezzo Neurobasal contenenti integratori proliferazione, EGF (10 ng / ml) e FGF (10 ng / ml). </li><li> Dopo 3 giorni di coltura, trasferire le neurosfere una provetta da 15 ml e centrifugare a 500 rpm per 5 min. </li><li> Eliminare il supernatante lasciando dietro ~ 100 microlitri di media sopra il pellet cellulare e trasferire in una provetta Eppendorf. Un pellet 100 microlitri di cellule è sufficiente per dividere in 2 T-75 palloni. Se meno, ridurre il numero di flaconi come cellule neuroprogenitor non riescono a proliferare se dividere sottile. </li><li> Triturare il pellet con un microlitri punta 50x 200 mantenendo la punta 200 microlitri contro il fondo della provetta. Dividere la sospensione cellulare equamente in due parti e aggiungerli a 2 T-75 palloni (1-2 split), uno per continuareespansione e un altro per la differenziazione. </li><li> Continuare la coltura delle cellule neuroprogenitor per l&#39;espansione (primo pallone) cambiando il mezzo ogni 4-5 giorni fino a quando le neurosfere raggiungono la loro dimensione originale di 300-500 micron. Cambiare mezzo mediante centrifugazione (500 rpm; 5 min), scartare il vecchio medio e aggiungere nuovo mezzo. </li></ol> 2. Differenziazione dei NPC umano in un Neuron ricco Cultura (Figura 2) <ol><li> Per differenziazione delle cellule neuroprogenitor in una ricca cultura neurone, posizionare un singolo coprioggetto in ciascun pozzetto di una piastra da 24 pozzetti e cappotto con 100 ug / ml di poli-L-lisina aggiungendo 500 microlitri in ciascun pozzetto. Incubare i piatti per 30 minuti a RT. </li><li> Aspirare la soluzione di poli-L-lisina e lavare la piastra con acqua sterile. </li><li> Successivamente, cappotto pozzetti della piastra con 500 ml di 5 mcg / ml del mouse la laminina e incubare per 30 min. Dopo l&#39;incubazione, lavare i pozzetti con PBS. </li><li> 4 giorni dopo splitting le cellule (fase 1.4), trasferire i piccoli neurosfere nel pallone dicitura «differenziazione &#39;nei piatti rivestiti con una densità di ~ 500 neurosfere per pozzetto di una piastra a 24 pozzetti. </li><li> Dopo 6 ore, quando le neurosfere attribuiscono al piatto, rimuovere il terreno proliferazione e differenziazione aggiungere mezzo costituito da mezzo Neurobasal, B27 supplemento, NGF (20 ng / ml), BDNF (10 ng / ml), DBC (100 mM), e acido retinoico (2 mM). </li></ol> 3. Immunofluorescenza di dissociati NPC (Figura 3) <ol><li> Seguendo coltura di cellule neuroprogenitor in terreno di differenziamento neuronale per due settimane, si ottiene una ricca cultura-neurone. Risciacquare i neuroni una volta in PBS e poi fissare in paraformaldeide al 4% per 30 min. Una volta fissato, lavare le cellule tre volte con PBS. </li><li> Incubare le cellule con tampone permeabilizzazione (5% BSA e 0,2% Triton X-100 in PBS) a temperatura ambiente per 60 min. </li><li> Incubare le stoviglie O / N a 4 ° C ina shaker con la seguente combinazione di anticorpi policlonali e monoclonali nel 3% BSA in PBS: NeuN (1:250) e synapsin (1:250); acetil colinesterasi (1:500) e synaptophysin (1:250); BDNF (1 : 500) e GAP43 (1:250); STAT3 (1:500) e GFAP (1:1.000). </li><li> Lavare i coprioggetti tre volte con PBS e poi incubare con anti-coniglio-Cy3 e anticorpi secondari anti-topo-FITC a RT al buio per 90 min. Dopo l&#39;incubazione, lavare i vetrini tre volte con PBS. </li><li> Mettere 10 ml di mezzo di montaggio su un vetrino, estrarre il vetrino dalla piastra di coltura con una pinza, e metterlo a testa in giù sul supporto di montaggio. Delicatamente, spazzare via qualsiasi mezzo di montaggio in eccesso e sigillare i bordi con smalto. </li><li> Esaminare i neuroni immunostained in un microscopio a fluorescenza. </li></ol> 4. Microdissezione laser di neuroni (Figura 4) <ol><li> Differenziare NPC in una cultura ricca di neuroni su PEN membrana diapositivas rivestite con poli-L-lisina e mouse laminina seguendo le procedure descritte per la Figura 2. </li><li> Eseguire tutti i passaggi successivi in ​​condizioni di RNasi-free. </li><li> Macchiare le culture usando HistoGene Stain (Arcturus) per visualizzare le cellule. </li><li> Trova le aree di popolazioni neuronali pure privi di astrociti utilizzando la mappa stradale immagine di tutto il vetrino con il sistema Veritas LCM. Marcare i neuroni utilizzando gli strumenti di disegno. </li><li> Eseguire cattura laser di queste zone con precisione controllato da computer e automazione in un processo a due fasi. In primo luogo, IR (a raggi infrarossi) è sparato in più punti con un livello di potenza del laser di 70 mW e un impulso di 2.500 psec per ottenere la membrana allegare al tappo. Successivamente, la zona evidenziata viene asportato con un utensile da taglio UV a un livello basso livello di 10 mV. </li><li> La combinazione di questi processi cattura selettivamente le aree contrassegnate dalla membrana PEN su CapSure LCM caps macro. Quando il tappo viene sollevato, la membrana con il neurons aderisce al cap. </li><li> Isolare RNA totale da campioni LCM utilizzando un kit di isolamento PicoPure RNA (Arturo) e trattare con DNasi. </li><li> Amplificare l&#39;RNA isolato usando il kit di amplificazione RiboAMP RNA seguendo le istruzioni del kit. </li><li> Eseguire in tempo reale RT-PCR usando sonde TaqMan per rilevare neurofilament umana catena pesante (hNFHc). </li></ol> Abbreviazioni: DC, il morbo di Alzheimer; BDNF, fattore neurotrofico cervello-derivato, CREB, ciclico elemento di risposta AMP proteina legante, DBC, dibutirril AMP ciclico, EGF, fattore di crescita epidermico, FGF, fattore di crescita dei fibroblasti, GFAP, proteina acidica fibrillare gliale, LCM, laser cattura microdissezione, NGF, fattore di crescita nervosa, NPC, neuroprogenitor cellulare, PEN, polietilennaftalato.

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+progenitor+cells+as+models+for+high-throughput+screens+of+developmental+neurotoxicity:+state+of+the+science.">Neural progenitor cells as models for high-throughput screens of developmental neurotoxicity: state of the science.</a> Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 32, 4-15 (2010).</li><li>Christie, V. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoid+supplementation+of+differentiating+human+neural+progenitors+and+embryonic+stem+cells+leads+to+enhanced+neurogenesis+in+vitro.">Retinoid supplementation of differentiating human neural progenitors and embryonic stem cells leads to enhanced neurogenesis in vitro.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 193, 239-245 (2010).</li><li>Bonner, R. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+capture+microdissection:+molecular+analysis+of+tissue.">Laser capture microdissection: molecular analysis of tissue.</a> Science. 278, 1481-1483 (1997).</li><li>Vincent, V. A., DeVoss, J. J., Ryan, H. S., Murphy, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+neuronal+gene+expression+with+laser+capture+microdissection.">Analysis of neuronal gene expression with laser capture microdissection.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 69, 578-586 (2002).</li><li>Robles, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+gene+expression+profiling+in+spatial+discrimination+learning.">Hippocampal gene expression profiling in spatial discrimination learning.</a> Neurobiol. Learn Mem. 80, 80-95 (2003).</li><li>Su, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+ethanol+versus+formalin+fixation+on+preservation+of+histology+and+RNA+in+laser+capture+microdissected+brain+tissues.">Comparison of ethanol versus formalin fixation on preservation of histology and RNA in laser capture microdissected brain tissues.</a> Brain Pathol. 14, 175-182 (2004).</li><li>Shimamura, M., Garcia, J. M., Prough, D. S., Hellmich, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+capture+microdissection+and+analysis+of+amplified+antisense+RNA+from+distinct+cell+populations+of+the+young+and+aged+rat+brain:+effect+of+traumatic+brain+injury+on+hippocampal+gene+expression.">Laser capture microdissection and analysis of amplified antisense RNA from distinct cell populations of the young and aged rat brain: effect of traumatic brain injury on hippocampal gene expression.</a> Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 122, 47-61 (2004).</li><li>Pugazhenthi, S., Wang, M., Pham, S., Sze, C. I., Eckman, C. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+perspectives+of+neural+stem+cell+differentiation:+from+neurotransmitters+to+therapeutics.">Novel perspectives of neural stem cell differentiation: from neurotransmitters to therapeutics.</a> Cytometry A. 75, 38-53 (2009).</li><li>Pugazhenthi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Varicella-zoster+virus+infection+of+differentiated+human+neural+stem+cells.">Varicella-zoster virus infection of differentiated human neural stem cells.</a> J. 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Descriviamo in questo studio un ricco di neurone modello di coltura cellulare per la differenziazione delle cellule autorinnovanti neuroprogenitor umani e un metodo per isolare una popolazione pura di neuroni cattura microdissezione laser. Abbiamo utilizzato una combinazione di NGF, BDNF, DBC e acido retinoico per la differenziazione neuronale di NPC. DBC viene utilizzato per attivare CREB, un fattore di trascrizione che migliora neurogenesi 12. L&#39;acido retinoico induce uscita dal ciclo cellulare e riduce...

Vita lunga neurogenesi si verifica nella zona subventricular dei ventricoli laterali e nello strato subgranulare del giro dentato dell&#39;adulto cervello dei mammiferi 1. Cellule Neuroprogenitor (NPC) che provengono da queste regioni sono cellule multipotenti che possono differenziarsi in neuroni, astrociti e oligodendrociti 2. NPC hanno generato interesse a causa del loro potenziale per essere trapiantate nei pazienti affetti da varie patologie neurodegenerative tra cui il morbo di Parkinson, la sclerosi laterale amiotrofica, ictus e malattie (AD) 3 di Alzheimer. Studi con NPC sono generalmente concentrati su questo angolo trapianto ma il potenziale di neuroni NPC-derivati ​​come modello di coltura cellulare per determinare il meccanismo di neurodegenerazione non è stato sfruttato appieno. Studi precedenti hanno generalmente utilizzato neuroni post-mitotici isolate da tessuti cerebrali roditore che devono essere isolati per ogni esperimento in quanto non sonoauto-rigenerante. Anche se le linee di cellule di neuroblastoma umano SH-SY5Y compreso e le cellule SK-N-MC può essere ampliato, non hanno le caratteristiche di neuroni primari. NPC umani, invece, offrono vantaggi sia perché possono essere espansi per passaggi multipli e possono essere differenziate per generare una popolazione di cellule con le caratteristiche di neuroni primari 4,5. In questo studio, descriviamo un nuovo protocollo di differenziazione per ottenere una popolazione ricca di neuroni coerente da NPC disponibili in commercio isolati da cervello fetale umano. Poiché queste culture contengono una piccola percentuale di cellule gliali, dobbiamo metodi aggiuntivi per isolare una popolazione pura di neuroni per la caratterizzazione molecolare. Microdissezione laser (LCM) è un romanzo tecnica mediante la quale una popolazione omogenea di cellule da una sezione di tessuto può essere selettivamente catturato per analisi di espressione genica 6. Il cervello è un tessuto eterogeneo costituito da neuroni, glia e altri ty cellapes. LCM è stato usato per determinare l&#39;espressione genica specifica del neurone analisi 7-10. Abbiamo già effettuato LCM di neuroni dell&#39;ippocampo da AD (Tg2576) sezioni di cervello del mouse per visualizzare diminuita espressione di ciclico elemento di risposta AMP binding protein (CREB) e BDNF specificamente in neuroni dell&#39;ippocampo 11. Nel presente studio, si descrivono le procedure per l&#39;espansione della NPC umani, la differenziazione neuronale, immunofluorescenza per i marcatori neuronali e LCM per l&#39;isolamento dei neuroni coltivati ​​su PENNA diapositive membrana.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) </td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>PT-2599</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Neurocult NS-A human basal medium</td>
			<td>Stem cell technology</td>
			<td>5750</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Neurocult NS-A Proliferation supplement</td>
			<td>Stem cell technology</td>
			<td>5753</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Neurocult NS-A Differentiation supplement</td>
			<td>Stem cell technology</td>
			<td>5754</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50x) </td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Human epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td>Stem cell technology</td>
			<td>2633</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fibroblast growth factor </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F0291</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor </td>
			<td>Cell signaling </td>
			<td>3897S</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Nerve Growth Factor </td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>13257-019</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dibutyryl cyclic AMP</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D-0627</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>poly-L-lysine </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-5899</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mouse laminin </td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L-2020</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R-2625</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>STAT3 antibody</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>9132</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>GFAP antibody</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>3670</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>GAP43 antibody</td>
			<td>Transduction laboratories</td>
			<td>612262</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BDNF antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB1534SP</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetyl cholinesterase antibody </td>
			<td>Santz cruz</td>
			<td>Sc-11409</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Synaptophysin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab18008-50</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>NeuN antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Synapsin antibody</td>
			<td>Novus</td>
			<td>NB300-104</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Anti mouse FITC</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno </td>
			<td>115-095-146</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Research Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Anti Rabbit Cy3</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno </td>
			<td>711-165-152</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Research Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A1653</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>21568-2500</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehye </td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>4042</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Coverslip (Big circle cover slip)</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-102</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mounting medium (Prolong Gold)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pen membrane</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>LCM0521</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Histogene LCM frozen section staining kit</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>KIT0401</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>RiboAmp RNA Amplification kit</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>KIT0201</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Picopure RNA Isolation kit</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>KIT0202</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CapsureMacro LCM caps</td>
			<td>Applied biosystems</td>
			<td>LCM0211</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

laser capture microdissection of neurons from differentiated human neuroprogenitor cells in culture

Cellule Neuroprogenitor (NPC) isolati dal cervello fetale umano sono stati espansi in condizioni proliferative in presenza del fattore di crescita epidermico (EGF) e fattore di crescita dei fibroblasti (FGF) per fornire un rifornimento abbondante di cellule. NPC sono state differenziate in presenza di una nuova combinazione di fattore di crescita nervosa (NGF), cervello-derivato fattore neurotrofico (BDNF), dibutirril cAMP (DBC) e acido retinoico su piatti rivestito con poli-L-lisina e mouse laminina per ottenere neurone -ricche culture. NPC sono stati differenziati anche in assenza di neurotrofine, DBC e acido retinoico e in presenza di fattore neurotrofico ciliare (CNTF) per produrre colture ricche di astrociti. NPC dissociati sono stati caratterizzati da immunofluorescenza per un pannello di marcatori neuronali tra cui NeuN, synapsin, acetilcolinesterasi, synaptophysin e GAP43. Proteina acidica fibrillare gliale (GFAP) e STAT3, marcatori astrociti, sono stati rilevati nel 10-15% dei NPC differenziati. Per facilitaretipo cellulare caratterizzazione molecolare specifico, cattura microdissezione laser è stata eseguita per isolare neuroni coltivati ​​su polietilennaftalato (PEN) scorre membrana. I metodi descritti in questo studio forniscono strumenti preziosi per far progredire la nostra comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari della neurodegenerazione.

Ampliamento della NPC (Figura 1) Quando neurosfere sono ripartiti per una singola sospensione cellulare da triturazione, la punta della pipetta deve toccare il fondo della provetta in modo che vi sia una certa resistenza quando la sospensione è pipettati su e giù. Il numero di volte di triturazione può variare tra individui e deve essere decisa per tentativi ed errori esaminando la sospensione cellulare risultante sotto un microscopio. È importante fornire sufficiente densi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Capture Microdissection of Neurons from Differentiated Human Neuroprogenitor Cells in Culture at JoVE.com

Laser Capture Microdissection of Neurons from Differentiated Human Neuroprogenitor Cells in Culture

Cellule neuroprogenitor umane (NPC) sono stati ampliati in condizioni proliferanti. NPC sono stati differenziati in colture ricche di neuroni in presenza di una combinazione di neurotrofine. Marcatori neuronali sono state rilevate mediante immunofluorescenza. Per isolare una popolazione pura di neuroni, NPC sono stati differenziati sulla penna scivoli di membrana e cattura microdissezione laser è stata eseguita.

Microdissezione laser di neuroni da cellule differenziate Neuroprogenitor umani in coltura

Neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from the human fetal brain were expanded under proliferative conditions in the presence of epidermal growth factor ...

laser-capture-microdissection-neurons-from-differentiated-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.1K Views.  Denver VA Medical Center.  Cellule neuroprogenitor umane (NPC) sono stati ampliati in condizioni proliferanti. NPC sono stati differenziati in colture ricche di neuroni in presenza di una combinazione di neurotrofine. Marcatori neuronali sono state rilevate mediante immunofluorescenza. Per isolare una popolazione pura di neuroni, NPC sono stati differenziati sulla penna scivoli di membrana e cattura microdissezione laser è stata eseguita.

Video: Laser Capture Microdissection of Neurons from Differentiated Human Neuroprogenitor Cells in Culture

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

Dissezione e la cultura di neuroni embrionali commissurali da midollo spinale

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying class-specific dendrite morphogenesis1,2. To facilitate molecular analyses of class-specific da neuron development, it is vital to obtain these cells in a pure population. Although a range of different cell, and tissue-specific RNA isolation techniques exist for Drosophila cells, including magnetic bead based cell purification3,4, Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)5-8, and RNA binding protein based strategies9, none of these methods can be readily utilized for isolating single or multiple class-specific Drosophila da neurons with a high degree of spatial precision. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool that can be used to isolate specific cell types from tissue sections with a high degree of spatial resolution and accuracy. RNA obtained from isolated cells can then be used for analyses including qRT-PCR and microarray expression profiling within a given cell type10-16. To date, LCM has not been widely applied in the analysis of Drosophila tissues and cells17,18, including da neurons at the third instar larval stage of development. 
Here we present our optimized protocol for isolation of Drosophila da neurons using the infrared (IR) class of LCM. This method allows for the capture of single, class-specific or multiple da neurons with high specificity and spatial resolution. Age-matched third instar larvae expressing a UAS-mCD8::GFP19 transgene under the control of either the class IV da neuron specific ppk-GAL420 driver or the pan-da neuron specific 21-7-GAL421 driver were used for these experiments. RNA obtained from the isolated da neurons is of very high quality and can be directly used for downstream applications, including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses. Furthermore, this LCM protocol can be readily adapted to capture other Drosophila cell types a various stages of development dependent upon the cell type specific, GAL4-driven expression pattern of GFP.

Laser Capture Microdissection of Drosophila Peripheral Neurons

In this video-article we present a method for isolating single or multiple Drosophila da neurons from third instar larvae using the infrared capture (IR) class of Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM). RNA obtained from the isolated neurons can be readily used for downstream applications including qRT-PCR or microarray analyses.

Laser Microdissezione Cattura di Drosophila Neuroni periferici

The dendritic arborization (da) neurons of the Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) provide an excellent model system in which to investigate the ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system (CNS) structure and circuitry in today's healthcare industry. Cell-based therapies hold great promise to restore the lost nerve tissue and function for CNS disorders. However, cell therapies based on CNS-derived neural stem cells have encountered supply restriction and difficulty to use in the clinical setting due to their limited expansion ability in culture and failing plasticity after extensive passaging1-3. Despite some beneficial outcomes, the CNS-derived human neural stem cells (hNSCs) appear to exert their therapeutic effects primarily by their non-neuronal progenies through producing trophic and neuroprotective molecules to rescue the endogenous cells1-3. Alternatively, pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) proffer cures for a wide range of neurological disorders by supplying the diversity of human neuronal cell types in the developing CNS for regeneration1,4-7. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity7-10. In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic11-13. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules14 (please see a schematic in Fig. 1). Retinoic acid (RA) does not induce neuronal differentiation of undifferentiated hESCs maintained on feeders1, 14. And unlike mouse ESCs, treating hESC-differentiated embryoid bodies (EBs) only slightly increases the low yield of neurons1, 14, 15. However, after screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered retinoic acid (RA) sufficient to induce the specification of neuroectoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to neuroblasts that generated human neuronal progenitors and neurons in the developing CNS with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of neuroblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human neuronal cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of neuroblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human neuronal progenitors and neuronal cell types in the developing CNS for neural repair.

Derivazione efficiente di progenitori neuronali umane e Neuroni pluripotenti da cellule staminali embrionali umane con induzione piccole molecole

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system ...

Laser Capture Microdissection of Enriched Populations of Neurons or Single Neurons for Gene Expression Analysis After Traumatic Brain Injury

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that is critical for learning, memory and executive function.1,2 Hence our studies focus on gene expression analysis of specific neuronal populations in distinct subregions of the hippocampus. The technique of laser capture microdissection (LCM), introduced in 1996 by Emmert-Buck, et al.,3 has allowed for significant advances in gene expression analysis of single cells and enriched populations of cells from heterogeneous tissues such as the mammalian brain that contains thousands of functional cell types.4 We use LCM and a well established rat model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of TBI. Following fluid-percussion TBI, brains are removed at pre-determined times post-injury, immediately frozen on dry ice, and prepared for sectioning in a cryostat. The rat brains can be embedded in OCT and sectioned immediately, or stored several months at -80 &deg;C before sectioning for laser capture microdissection. Additionally, we use LCM to study the effects of TBI on circadian rhythms. For this, we capture neurons from the suprachiasmatic nuclei that contain the master clock of the mammalian brain. Here, we demonstrate the use of LCM to obtain single identified neurons (injured and degenerating, Fluoro-Jade-positive, or uninjured, Fluoro-Jade-negative) and enriched populations of hippocampal neurons for subsequent gene expression analysis by real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays. These LCM-enabled studies have revealed that the selective vulnerability of anatomically distinct regions of the rat hippocampus are reflected in the different gene expression profiles of different populations of neurons obtained by LCM from these distinct regions. The results from our single-cell studies, where we compare the transcriptional profiles of dying and adjacent surviving hippocampal neurons, suggest the existence of a cell survival rheostat that regulates cell death and survival after TBI.

We describe how to use laser capture microdissection (LCM) to obtain enriched populations of hippocampal neurons or single neurons from frozen sections of the injured rat brain for subsequent gene expression analysis using quantitative real time PCR and/or whole-genome microarrays.

Laser Microdissezione Cattura di popolazioni Arricchito di neuroni singoli neuroni o per analisi di espressione genica dopo trauma cranico

Long-term cognitive disability after TBI is associated with injury-induced neurodegeneration in the hippocampus-a region in the medial temporal lobe that ...

Production of RNA for Transcriptomic Analysis from Mouse Spinal Cord Motor Neuron Cell Bodies by Laser Capture Microdissection

Preparation of high-quality RNA from cells of interest is critical to precise and meaningful analysis of transcriptional differences among cell types or between the same cell type in health and disease or following pharmacologic treatments.&#160;In the spinal cord, such preparation from motor neurons, the target of interest in many neurologic and neurodegenerative diseases, is complicated by the fact that motor neurons represent &#60;10% of the total cell population.&#160;Laser capture microdissection (LMD) has been developed to address this problem.&#160;Here, we describe a protocol to quickly recover, freeze, and section mouse spinal cord to avoid RNA damage by endogenous and exogenous RNases, followed by staining with Azure B in 70% ethanol to identify the motor neurons while keeping endogenous RNase inhibited.&#160;LMD is then used to capture the stained neurons directly into guanidine thiocyanate lysis buffer, maintaining RNA integrity.&#160;Standard techniques are used to recover the total RNA and measure its integrity.&#160;This material can then be used for downstream analysis of the transcripts by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.

High-quality total RNA has been prepared from cell bodies of mouse spinal cord motor neurons by laser capture microdissection after staining spinal cord sections with Azure B in 70% ethanol.&#160;Sufficient RNA (~40-60 ng) is recovered from 3,000-4,000 motor neurons to allow downstream RNA analysis by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.

Produzione di RNA per l'analisi trascritomica dai corpi cellulari dei motoneuroni del midollo spinale del topo mediante microdisezione di cattura laser

Preparation of high-quality RNA from cells of interest is critical to precise and meaningful analysis of transcriptional differences among cell types or ...

Olfactory Neurons Obtained through Nasal Biopsy Combined with Laser-Capture Microdissection: A Potential Approach to Study Treatment Response in Mental Disorders

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology and typically treated with the mood stabilizer, lithium carbonate. Animal studies as well as human genetic studies indicate that lithium affects molecular targets that are involved in neuronal growth, survival and maturation, and notably molecules involved in Wnt signaling. Given the ethical challenge to obtaining brain biopsies for investigating dynamic molecular changes associated with lithium-response in the central nervous system (CNS), one may consider the use of neurons obtained from olfactory tissues to achieve this goal.The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor neurons at different stages of development and glial-like supporting cells. This provides a unique opportunity to study dynamic changes in the CNS of patients with neuropsychiatric diseases, using olfactory tissue safely obtained from nasal biopsies. To overcome the drawback posed by substantial contamination of biopsied olfactory tissue with non-neuronal cells, a novel approach to obtain enriched neuronal cell populations was developed by combining nasal biopsies with laser-capture microdissection. In this study, a system for investigating treatment-associated dynamic molecular changes in neuronal tissue was developed and validated, using a small pilot sample of BD patients recruited for the study of the molecular mechanisms of lithium treatment response.

In this study, a novel platform to investigate intraneuronal molecular signatures of treatment response in bipolar disorder (BD) was developed and validated. Olfactory epithelium from BD patients was obtained through nasal biopsies. Then laser-capture microdissection was combined with Real Time RT PCR to investigate the molecular signature of lithium response in BD.

I neuroni olfattivi ottenuti attraverso nasale biopsia combinato con laser-Capture Microdissection: un approccio potenziale per studiare risposta al trattamento in Disturbi Mentali

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology and typically treated with the mood stabilizer, lithium ...

Laser Capture Microdissection - A Demonstration of the Isolation of Individual Dopamine Neurons and the Entire Ventral Tegmental Area

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue sections on a microscope slide. When combined with immunohistochemistry, LCM can be used to isolate individual cells types based on a specific protein marker. Here, the LCM technique is described for collecting a specific population of dopamine neurons directly labeled with&#160;tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and for isolation of the dopamine neuron containing region of the ventral tegmental area using indirect tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry on a section adjacent to those used for LCM. An infrared (IR) capture laser is used to both dissect individual neurons as well as the ventral tegmental area off glass slides and onto an LCM cap for analysis. Complete dehydration of the tissue with 100% ethanol and xylene is critical. The combination of the IR capture laser and the ultraviolet (UV) cutting laser is used to isolate individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area when using PEN membrane slides. A PEN membrane slide has significant advantages over a glass slide as it offers better consistency in capturing and collecting cells, is faster collecting large pieces of tissue, is less reliant on dehydration and results in complete removal of the tissue from the slide. Although removal of large areas of tissue from a glass slide is feasible, it is considerably more time consuming and frequently leaves some residual tissue behind. Data shown here demonstrate that RNA of sufficient quantity and quality can be obtained using these procedures for quantitative PCR measurements. Although RNA and DNA are the most commonly isolated molecules from tissue and cells collected with LCM, isolation and measurement of microRNA, protein and epigenetic changes in DNA can also benefit from the enhanced anatomical and cellular resolution obtained using LCM.

The isolation of individual dopamine neurons or the ventral tegmental area with direct or indirect immunohistochemistry is demonstrated using laser capture microdissection. Parameters for isolation of tissue from a glass slide using an infrared laser and from membrane slides using the combination of an infrared and ultraviolet laser are discussed.

Laser Capture Microdissezione - Una dimostrazione dell&#39;isolamento individuale dopamina neuroni e l&#39;intera area ventrale tegmentale

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue ...

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the study of nerve regeneration and myelination. The glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells (SC), are key facilitators of these processes; it is therefore crucial that the interactions of these cellular components are studied together. Direct contact between DRG neurons and glial cells provides additional stimuli sensed by specific membrane receptors, further improving the neuronal response. SC release growth factors and proteins in the culture medium, which enhance neuron survival and stimulate neurite sprouting and extension. However, SC require long proliferation time to be used for tissue engineering applications and the sacrifice of an healthy nerve for their sourcing. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) differentiated into SC phenotype are a valid alternative to SC for the set-up of a co-culture model with DRG neurons to study nerve regeneration. The present work presents a detailed and reproducible step-by-step protocol to harvest both DRG neurons and ASC from adult rats; to differentiate ASC towards a SC phenotype; and combines the two cell types in a direct co-culture system to investigate the interplay between neurons and SC in the peripheral nervous system. This tool has great potential in the optimization of tissue-engineered constructs for peripheral nerve repair.

Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons and Differentiated Adipose-derived Stem Cells: An In Vitro Co-culture Model to Study Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are structures containing the sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. When dissociated, they can be co-cultured with SC-like adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), providing a valuable model to study in vitro nerve regeneration and myelination, mimicking the in vivo environment at the injury site.

Gangli neuroni e cellule staminali derivate da tessuto adiposo differenziata: An<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Co-coltura modello per studiare Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, located in the intervertebral foramina of the spinal column, can be used to create an in vitro system facilitating the ...

Stereotactic Atlas-Guided Laser Capture Microdissection of Brain Regions Affected by Traumatic Injury

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial distribution. Such techniques also potentially skew gene expression analysis because the process itself can alter expression patterns in individual cells. Here we describe a laser capture microdissection (LCM) method to selectively collect specific brain regions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using a modified Nissl (cresyl violet) staining protocol and the guidance of a rat brain atlas. LCM provides access to brain regions in their native positions and the ability to use anatomical landmarks for identification of each specific region. To this end, LCM has been used previously to examine brain region specific gene expression in TBI. This protocol allows examination of TBI-induced alterations in gene and microRNA expression in distinct brain areas within the same animal. The principles of this protocol can be amended and applied to a wide range of studies examining genomic expression in other disease and/or animal models.

We describe the use of laser capture microdissection to obtain samples of distinct cell populations from different brain regions for gene and microRNA analysis. This technique allows the study of differential effects of traumatic brain injury in specific regions of the rat brain.

Atlas-guida stereotassica del Laser Capture Microdissection di regioni del cervello colpite da lesione traumatica

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial ...

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily accessible. Through this route, mature neurons can be obtained in a matter of a few weeks. Here, we describe a straightforward and rapid one-step protocol to obtain iNs from dermal fibroblasts obtained through biopsy samples from adult human donors. We explain each step of the process, including the maintenance of the dermal fibroblasts, the freezing procedure to build a stock of the cell line, seeding of the cells for reprogramming, as well as the culture conditions during the conversion process. In addition, we describe the preparation of glass coverslips for electrophysiological recordings, long-term coating conditions, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We also illustrate examples of the results to be expected. The protocol described here is easy to perform and can be applied to human fibroblasts derived from human skin biopsies from patients with various different diagnoses and ages. This protocol generates a sufficient amount of iNs which can be used for a wide array of biomedical applications, including disease modeling, drug screening, and target validation.

Direct neuronal reprogramming generates neurons that maintain the age of the starting somatic cell. Here, we describe a single vector-based method to generate induced neurons from dermal fibroblasts obtained from adult human donors.

Semplice generazione di una cultura ad alto rendimento dei neuroni indotti da fibroblasti umani della pelle adulta

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily ...