Siamo grati al laboratorio del Dr. Robert S. Kerbel (Università di Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada) per l&#39;assistenza tecnica e la competenza nello sviluppo di questa procedura. Vorremmo anche ringraziare il Dott. Sandra Sexton e il Roswell Park Cancer Institute Dipartimento di Laboratorio risorse animali. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da un premio da Roswell Park Alliance Foundation (a JMLE).

1. Ortotopico Rene Tumore impianto <ol><li> Cell Culture <ol><li> Prima di impianto ortotopico, crescere le cellule del mouse Renca LUC come un monostrato al 75% di confluenza. </li><li> Seguendo tripsinizzazione e risospensione in 5% FBS contenente supporti, centrifugare le cellule a 1.000 rpm, 4 ° C per 5 minuti, ripetendo 3 volte per lavare in PBS. Poi sospendere nuovamente le cellule in mezzi privi di siero ad una concentrazione di 5 x 10 4 Renca LUC / 5 dei media privo di siero microlitri. Nota: A seconda della variante o linea cellulare utilizzata, le cellule possono essere risospese in un rapporto 1:1 di matrigel e mezzi di comunicazione liberi siero di rallentare la crescita delle cellule del mouse altamente aggressivo e la diffusione dopo l&#39;impianto. </li></ol></li><li> Chirurgia e cellule impianto Nota: Tutti gli studi su animali ivi descritte, compresa la manutenzione e la determinazione degli endpoint sperimentali, sono state eseguite secondo un Institutional Animal Care ed uso commissione (IACUC) protocol approvato dal Roswell Park Cancer Institute. <ol><li> Anestetizzare un topo Balb / C con isoflurano (2-3%). Pinch piede e controllare la reflex per garantire anestesia sufficiente. Applicare vet unguento per gli occhi per evitare l&#39;essiccazione. Posizionare il mouse in decubito laterale destro e la barba sinistra tra anteriori e posteriori degli arti. Applicare alcol e iodio lungo dorsale zona lombare per preparare asetticamente zona di incisione. </li><li> Utilizzare forbici chirurgiche di avviare una incisione cutanea 1 cm di una direzione longitudinale fra l&#39;ultima costola e l&#39;anca. Allentare tessuto connettivo sotto la pelle con una dissezione forbice smussa. Utilizzare forbici chirurgiche per fare una incisione 0,5 centimetri in una direzione longitudinale nella parete addominale. Utilizzare pinze curve per spingere delicatamente intorno ferita aperta - questo esteriorizzare il rene e consentire delicata immobilizzazione di organo prima dell&#39;iniezione. </li><li> Caricare la siringa Hamilton con 5 microlitri della miscela di cellule preparato. Per impiantazione sub-capsularitazione, due metodi di impianto possono essere impiegati: <ol><li> Superficiale: Parallelamente al rene, inserto ago orientato longitudinalmente sotto la capsula renale (ma soprattutto il parenchima) con il bordo smussato up. Una volta che l&#39;ago è a posto, iniettare tutte le cellule fino a piccole forme bolle bianche. Rimuovere lentamente l&#39;ago dalla capsula e asciugare subito sopra iniezione con una punta di cotone applicatore sterile per assorbire eventuali perdite e prevenire la diffusione delle cellule. </li><li> Interno: Con bordo smussato e partendo dal lato opposto rene al sito dell&#39;impianto definitivo, inserire l&#39;ago attraverso l&#39;interno del rene fino dell&#39;ago è visibile (ma non pungere) lo spazio sub-capsulare. Iniettare tutte le celle fino a forme bolla bianca e sito di iniezione tampone per evitare eventuali perdite. </li></ol></li><li> Dolcemente tornare rene alla cavità corporea. Chiudere la parete del corpo addominale utilizzando assorbibile 5-0 Vicryl sutura. Una volta completata, tirare lo strato di pelle insieme e mettere 2-3 wound clip. Assicurarsi clip sono fermi e distribuiti uniformemente per garantire l&#39;assenza di esposizione ferita. Prima del recupero somministrare 500 ml di NaCl allo 0,9% e 100 ml di buprenorfina (0,01 mg / ml) per via sottocutanea utilizzando un ago G 25. Ordinariamente monitorare clip di posizionamento e stabilità, e togliere dopo 10 giorni. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Nefrectomia / Primary rimozione del tumore <ol><li> Seguire il protocollo identico per anestesia del mouse, immobilizzazione, incisione, e l&#39;esposizione del rene come descritto nelle sezioni 1.2.1 e 1.2.2 (di cui sopra). </li><li> Utilizzare una seconda coppia di pinze per isolare il rene rimuovendo delicatamente il tessuto grasso collegamento dall&#39;estremità caudale e la ghiandola surrenale dall&#39;estremità craniale del rene. Mentre afferrare delicatamente il rene, utilizzare assorbibile 5-0 Vicryl sutura per fare un doppio nodo intorno al uretere, dell&#39;arteria renale, e la vena. Lentamente sicuro e poi tagliare sopra il nodo per rimuovere il rene. Se uno qualsiasi segno di subito perdita di sangue, o vi è il rischio di hold insufficientedi sutura sul dell&#39;uretere, arteria e vena, quindi utilizzare cauterizer invece di forbici per tagliare sopra nodo. </li><li> Una volta rene è stato rimosso, controllate attentamente per qualsiasi sanguinamento dal arteria legato e utilizzare cauterizer se necessario. Chiudere la parete del corpo addominale utilizzando 5-0 Vicryl. Estrarre lo strato di pelle insieme e mettere 2-3 clip ferita seguenti precauzioni come descritto in 1.2.4. Seguire da vicino animali al giorno dopo un intervento chirurgico per segni di sofferenza, sanguinamento o mobilità limitata. Seguire le linee guida istituzionali per animali in tutta sicurezza. </li></ol> 3. Monitoraggio metastatico progressione e localizzazione a Endpoint <ol><li> Metastatica quantificazione malattia: monitoraggio Bioluminescent <ol><li> Vedere la metodologia precedentemente descritta in JOVE per il monitoraggio metastasi utilizzando cellule transfettate con luciferasi e quantificati con il sistema di imaging Xenogen IVIS 11,12. </li></ol></li><li> Guida visiva necroscopia di valutazione comparativa di distribuzione metastaticozione <ol><li> Sacrificare gli animali secondo le linee guida istituzionali che utilizzano punti finali compresi segni di sofferenza, respiro affannoso, perdita di peso, ecc Nota: attento monitoraggio degli animali è fondamentale in quanto spontanea progressione metastatica può essere molto variabile e rapido. </li><li> Utilizzare forbici chirurgiche di avviare un&#39;incisione sopra l&#39;uretra che continua la cavità toracica per mandibola inferiore. Usare le forbici blunt-ended per separare la pelle dal muscolo della parete addominale. </li><li> Avviare incisioni lungo braccia e gambe. Pelle a buccia di distanza. Esaminare attentamente la fascia di pelle e la parete addominale per i noduli, quindi i linfonodi superficiali: inguinali, brachiale, ascellari e cervicali superficiali. </li><li> Fare un&#39;incisione nella parete addominale e tagliare lungo i lati laterali sinistro e destro fino al diaframma. Con un taglio orizzontale rimuovere la porzione anteriore della parete addominale a nudo le viscere. </li><li> Esaminare l&#39;aspetto indisturbata dei visceri fo grossolanamente tumori notevoli. Da notare anche il contenuto dello stomaco e dell&#39;intestino; se sono vuote, il mouse potrebbe non essere stato in grado di mangiare. Se il contenuto è scuro, puo indicare prove gambale emorragia / gastrointestinale inferiore. </li><li> Visivamente punteggio per ciascun organo presenza o assenza del tumore, assegnando un punteggio totale per ogni gruppo topo (4 animali per gruppo viene utilizzato come esempio in Figura 1D-i). Note: 1) l&#39;allargamento dei linfonodi non vuol necessariamente dire che si tratta di una crescita tumorale; se è notevolmente di dimensioni, molto costante e un colore biancastro, è probabile un nodulo metastatico. 2) lattiginoso eccessiva o liquido torbido nell&#39;addome indica ascite. Ascite possono includere accumuli solidi sugli organi addominali, in particolare tra i lobi del fegato e lo stomaco. 3) per organi come i polmoni, noduli multipli possono essere presenti e contati per il confronto tra i singoli animali (cfr. 13, per esempio). </li><li> Identificare i tumori lordi o anomalie dei singoli organi addominali: fegato, milza, reni e pancreas, rimuovendo con cura e lavaggio con PBS da uno spruzzatore. </li><li> Dopo aver rimosso gli organi addominali, ispezionare linfonodi addominali, compreso il lombare, sacrale, renale e linfonodi mesenterici. </li><li> Valutare diaframma per l&#39;evidenza di diffusione metastatica. Nota: spread estesa sul diaframma può causare a perdere la sua contrattilità, portando a affannoso o la perdita della respirazione. </li><li> Rimuovere il diaframma e fare due incisioni laterali nella cavità toracica, rimozione della porzione frontale per esporre i polmoni e il cuore. </li><li> Rimuovere polmoni e cuore delicatamente sollevando l&#39;esofago e tagliando la trachea sopra il cuore. Valutare i tessuti per noduli. Spremere il cuore. La mancanza di consistenza elastica può indicare tumore presente. </li><li> Usare le forbici chirurgiche per tagliare linearmente attraverso il cranio. Rimuovere delicatamente piccoli pezzi di cranio fino al tegli intero cervello è esposto. Cercare in tutto il cervello per i noduli visibili o anomalie macchie. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

Lo scopo di questo protocollo è quello di valutare metastasi spontanea clinicamente rilevante utilizzando un modello di topo tumore singenici per descrivere le tecniche di impianto / resezione. Attualmente, la maggior parte degli studi preclinici che valutano nuove terapie sperimentali non comprendono lo studio della malattia metastatica e solo pochi ricapitola le fasi di crescita del tumore primario, la resezione chirurgica, e l&#39;eventuale spontanea diffusione metastatica. Ad oggi, modelli murini geneticamente (GEM...

La principale causa di mortalità nei pazienti con carcinoma a cellule renali (RCC) è la malattia metastatica sistemico che si verifica in genere dopo la rimozione chirurgica di un tumore primario crescente nel rene. Tuttavia, ben pochi modelli tumorali preclinici che valutano terapeutica sperimentale nei topi includono la malattia metastatica, e ancora meno fedelmente ricapitolano le fasi cliniche della crescita localizzata, la chirurgia, e spontaneo iniziazione micro-metastasi e la progressione 1-3. Questo divario nei test è diventato sempre più importante nella valutazione di nuove terapie come a volte sorprendenti effetti anti-tumorali visto in modelli animali non sono sempre tradotti in un successo simile trattamento di pazienti 4. Tali differenze nei risultati possono derivare da efficacies differenziali di droga tra i modelli tumorali localizzate ectopiche o ortotopici primarie e in fase avanzata di malattia metastatica 5-7. Nel caso del RCC, solo pochi studi hanno impiegato istituito unprotocolli Nimal che includono la malattia ricorrente spontanea che imita i pazienti che in genere hanno avuto reni tumore interamente o parzialmente rimosse 2,3. Le ragioni di questa carenza nei test modello murino variano. In primo luogo, vi è il costo elevato degli animali e variabilità intrinseca di selezione delle cellule tumorali e potenziale metastatico. Ad esempio, linee di cellule renali umane tendono a metastatizzare raramente, e devono essere selezionati su più cicli di impianto primario orthotopic e la selezione metastatico derivare varianti che costantemente diffondono e formano lesioni lontane (vedi descrizione di come un essere umano linea di cellule di derivazione 8-10) . Al contrario, le cellule di topo in modelli immunocompetenti tendono a comportarsi in modo aggressivo, e il numero di cellule bassi devono essere iniettati con matrigel per ridurre la diffusione sistemica immediato 3. In secondo luogo, le difficoltà tecniche nello svolgimento corretto impianto, la resezione chirurgica (nefrectomia), e il monitoraggio (e quantificare) metastati spontaneala crescita c può essere difficile e più variabili critiche bisogno considerazione quando si impiegano questa tecnica (vedi la discussione per i dettagli). Lo scopo di questo protocollo è quello di descrivere i passi essenziali (così come potenziali insidie) di impianto ortotopico, la resezione (nefrectomia), e il monitoraggio della malattia spontanea carcinoma renale metastatico e per offrire una linea guida per standardizzata (e più diffusa) utilizzare tra i laboratori scientifici che valutano l&#39;efficacia di terapie sperimentali.

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">DMEM-high glucose with Pyr. And L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-013-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">0.25% Trypsin EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-053-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">1x DPBS without Calcium &#38; Magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354234</td>
			<td>must be kept on ice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Artifical tears-lubricant opthalmic ointment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Akorn Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17478-162-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Pocket pro pet trimmer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Braintree scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CLP9931B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:397px;">Alcohol swab</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">326895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Betadine solution swab</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">67618-152-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MICRO DISSECTING sissors straight,blunt - 25mm blades - 4.5&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Southpointe surgical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5982</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Iris Forceps, serrated, curved, 10cm long</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS15915</td>
			<td>need two of these</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">10&#181;l Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7635-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">30G, 45 degree, RN needle</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7803-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:397px;">Sterile cotton tipped appicator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10805-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">High temperature cautery kit</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS500392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">5-0 coated Vicryl, conventional cutting needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J834</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Reflex clip applier for 7mm clips</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS500343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Reflex clips, 7mm, non-sterile</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS500344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Removing forceps, 12cm lone</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS500347</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">0.9% Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Baxter Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2B1322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Buprenorphine 0.01mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">25G 5/8&#34; needle</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">1mL syringe w/out needle</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">D-Luciferin</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Gold Bio technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LUCK-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling spontaneous metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mrcc) in mice following nephrectomy

Una delle sfide chiave per una migliore sperimentazione di nuove terapie sperimentali in carcinoma a cellule renali (RCC) è lo sviluppo di modelli che ricapitolano fedelmente la progressione della malattia metastatica-precoce e tardiva fase. Modelli di tumore impianto tipici utilizzano ectopica o ortotopico impianto tumore primario, ma pochi comprendono la malattia metastatica spontanea sistemica che imita la clinica. Questo protocollo descrive i passaggi chiave per sviluppare la progressione della malattia RCC mette in scena simile ai pazienti. In primo luogo, esso utilizza un mouse linea cellulare tumorale altamente metastatico in un modello singenici visualizzare ortotopico impianto delle cellule tumorali. I metodi includono l&#39;impianto superficiale e interna nello spazio sub-capsulare con celle combinate con Matrigel per evitare perdite e la diffusione precoce. Accanto descrive le procedure per escissione del tumore-cuscinetto rene (nefrectomia), con la critica cure pre-e post-chirurgica del mouse. Infine, si delinea i passi necessari per monitorare e valutaremicro-e macro-progressione della malattia metastatica, tra cui l&#39;imaging bioluminescente e fornisce una guida dettagliata necroscopia visiva di segnare distribuzione malattia sistemica. L&#39;obiettivo di questa descrizione protocollo è facilitare l&#39;uso diffuso di clinicamente rilevanti modelli RCC metastatico a migliorare il valore predittivo di futuri test terapeutico.

La figura 1A mostra uno schema che illustra le procedure descritte in questa sintesi protocollo. Diversi fattori importanti devono essere considerati per ogni passaggio. Ad esempio, nel passo 1 mostra due metodi per sub-capsulare impianto del tumore cellule nel rene. Le cellule tumorali possono essere impiantati nello spazio sub-capsulare con un piccolo bianco-bolla confermando il posizionamento localizzata di cellule con perdite evitate grazie attenta rimozione dell&#39;ago e tampone eccesso fuoriuscit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma mRCC in Mice Following Nephrectomy at JoVE.com

Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma mRCC in Mice Following Nephrectomy

Modelli di spontanea carcinoma renale (RCC) progressione della malattia metastatica possono essere usate per valutare i trattamenti in un ambiente clinicamente rilevante. Questo protocollo dimostra procedure diverse per l&#39;impianto ortotopico di cellule tumorali del rene, la corretta nefrectomia, e, infine, delinea una guida necroscopico per il punteggio visiva e bioluminescente di carico metastatico e localizzazione.

Modellazione di Carcinoma renale metastatico spontanea (MRCC) in topi dopo nefrectomia

One of the key challenges to improved testing of new experimental therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the development of models that faithfully ...

modeling-spontaneous-metastatic-renal-cell-carcinoma-mrcc-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (mRCC) in Mice Following Nephrectomy

16.4K Views.  Roswell Park Cancer Institute.  Modelli di spontanea carcinoma renale (RCC) progressione della malattia metastatica possono essere usate per valutare i trattamenti in un ambiente clinicamente rilevante. Questo protocollo dimostra procedure diverse per l'impianto ortotopico di cellule tumorali del rene, la corretta nefrectomia, e, infine, delinea una guida necroscopico per il punteggio visiva e bioluminescente di carico metastatico e localizzazione. 

Video: Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma mRCC in Mice Following Nephrectomy

Single Port Donor Nephrectomy

In 2007, Rane presented the first single port nephrectomy for a small non-functioning kidney at the World Congress of Endourology. Since that time, the use of single port surgery for nephrectomy has expanded to include donor nephrectomy. Over the next two years the technique was adopted for many others types of nephrectomies to include donor nephrectomy. We present our technique for single port donor nephrectomy using the Gelpoint device. We have successfully performed this surgery in over 100 patients and add this experience to our experience of over 1000 laparoscopic nephrectomies. With the proper equipment and technique, single port donor nephrectomy can be performed safely and effectively in the majority of live donors. We have found that our operative times and most importantly our transplant outcomes have not changed significantly with the adoption of the single port donor nephrectomy. We believe that single port donor nephrectomy represents a step forward in the care of living donors.

Single port laparoscopic surgery is changing the standard of care in surgical care like nothing since the laparoscopic technique was introduced 20 years ago. We present out technique of single port donor nephrectomy using the Gelpoint device. We have successfully performed this surgery in 100 patients.

Porta singola donatori nefrectomia

In 2007, Rane presented the first single port nephrectomy for a small non-functioning kidney at the World Congress of Endourology.  Since that time, the ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are very limited. To meet the need for novel therapeutic approaches, experimental stroke research frequently employs rodent models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Most researchers use permanent or transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice or rats.
Proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the intraluminal suture technique (so called filament or suture model) is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research. The intraluminal MCAO model offers the advantage of inducing reproducible transient or permanent ischaemia of the MCA territory in a relatively non-invasive manner. Intraluminal approaches interrupt the blood flow of the entire territory of this artery. Filament occlusion thus arrests flow proximal to the lenticulo-striate arteries, which supply the basal ganglia. Filament occlusion of the MCA results in reproducible lesions in the cortex and striatum and can be either permanent or transient. In contrast, models inducing distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA occlusion typically spare the striatum and primarily involve the neocortex. In addition these models do require craniectomy. In the model demonstrated in this article, a silicon coated filament is introduced into the common carotid artery and advanced along the internal carotid artery into the Circle of Willis, where it blocks the origin of the middle cerebral artery. In patients, occlusions of the middle cerebral artery are among the most common causes of ischaemic stroke. Since varying ischemic intervals can be chosen freely in this model depending on the time point of reperfusion, ischaemic lesions with varying degrees of severity can be produced. Reperfusion by removal of the occluding filament at least partially models the restoration of blood flow after spontaneous or therapeutic (tPA) lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans.
In this video we will present the basic technique as well as the major pitfalls and confounders which may limit the predictive value of this model.

Filamentous occlusion of the Middle cerebral artery is a common model for studying ischemic stroke in mice.

Corsa di modellazione in Mouse - Medio occlusione dell&#39;arteria cerebrale con il Modello Filament

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are ...

Mammary Transplantation of Stromal Cells and Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J Mice

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular through transplantation of stromal cells and epithelial cells in the mammary gland of mice. Current transplantation models often involve the use of immunocompromised mice due to the different genetic backgrounds of stromal cells and epithelial cells. Extracellular matrices are often used to embed the two different cell types for consistent cell-cell interactions, but involve the use of Matrigel or rat tail collagen, which are immunogenic substrates. The lack of functional T cells from immunocompromised mice prevents accurate assessment of stromal cells on mammary tumor progression in vivo, with important implications on drug development and efficacy. Moreover, immunocompromised mice are costly, hard to breed and require special care conditions. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed an approach to orthotopically transplant stromal cell and epithelial cells into mice from the same genetic background to induce consistent tumor formation. This system involves harvesting normal, carcinoma associated fibroblasts, PyVmT mammary carcinoma cells and collagen from donor C57BL/6J mice. The cells are then embedded in collagen and transplanted in the inguinal mammary glands of female C57BL/6J mice. Transplantation of PyVmT cells alone form palpable tumors 30-40 days post transplantation. Endpoint analysis at 60 days indicates that co-transplantation with fibroblasts enhances mammary tumor growth compared to PyVmT cells transplanted alone. While cells and matrix from C57BL/6J mice were used in these studies, the isolation of cells and matrix and transplantation approach may be applied towards mice from different genetic backgrounds demonstrating versatility. In summary, this system may be used to investigate molecular interactions between stromal cells and epithelial cells, and overcomes critical limitations in immunocompromised mouse models.

In this report, we demonstrate a system to isolate and culture donor cells from the mouse mammary gland, and orthotopically transplant these cells in recipient mice to analyze stromal: epithelial interactions during mammary tumor development.

Trapianto mammaria di cellule stromali e cellule di carcinoma in topi C57BL/6J

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

Multi-fotone Imaging di invasione delle cellule tumorali in un modello di mouse ortotopico di carcinoma orale a cellule squamose

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Modeling Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice: Injection of Autologous Blood or Bacterial Collagenase

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) defines a potentially life-threatening neurological malady that accounts for 10-15% of all stroke-related hospitalizations and for which no effective treatments are available to date1,2. Because of the heterogeneity of ICH in humans, various preclinical models are needed to thoroughly explore prospective therapeutic strategies3. Experimental ICH is commonly induced in rodents by intraparenchymal injection of either autologous blood or bacterial collagenase4. The appropriate model is selected based on the pathophysiology of hemorrhage induction and injury progression. The blood injection model mimics a rapidly progressing hemorrhage. Alternatively, bacterial collagenase enzymatically disrupts the basal lamina of brain capillaries, causing an active bleed that generally evolves over several hours5. Resultant perihematomal edema and neurofunctional deficits can be quantified from both models. In this study, we described and evaluated a modified double injection model of autologous whole blood6 as well as an ICH injection model of bacterial collagenase7, both of which target the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) of male CD-1 mice. We assessed neurofunctional deficits and brain edema at 24 and 72 hr after ICH induction. Intrastriatal injection of autologous blood (30 &mu;l) or bacterial collagenase (0.075U) caused reproducible neurofunctional deficits in mice and significantly increased brain edema at 24 and 72 hr after surgery (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, both models yield consistent hemorrhagic infarcts and represent basic methods for preclinical ICH research.

Clinically relevant animal models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are needed to extend our knowledge of hemorrhagic stroke and to examine novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we describe and evaluate two ICH models that implement unilateral injections of either autologous whole blood or bacterial collagenase into the basal ganglia (corpus striatum) of mice.

Modellazione emorragia intracerebrale in Mouse: iniezione di sangue autologo o collagenasi batterica

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) defines a potentially life-threatening neurological malady that accounts for 10-15% of all stroke-related ...

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

Generazione di sottocutaneo e intraepatica umane carcinoma epatocellulare xenotrapianti in topi immunodeficienti

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy and/or cytotoxic chemotherapy. To induce bladder cancer, C57BL/6 mice (MUC1.Tg and wild type) were treated orally with the carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (OH-BBN) at 3.0 mg/day, 5 days/week for 12 weeks. To assess the effects of OH-BBN on serum cytokine profile during tumor development, whole blood was collected via submandibular bleeds prior to treatment and every four weeks. In addition, a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine and placebo were administered to groups of mice weekly for eight weeks. Multiplex fluorometric microbead immunoanalyses of serum cytokines during tumor development and following vaccination were performed. At termination, interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;)/interleukin-4 (IL-4) ELISpot analysis for MUC1 specific T-cell immune response and histopathological evaluations of tumor type and grade were performed. The results showed that: (1) the incidence of bladder cancer in both MUC1.Tg and wild type mice was 67%; (2) transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) developed at a 2:1 ratio compared to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC); (3) inflammatory cytokines increased with time during tumor development; and (4) administration of the peptide vaccine induces a Th1-polarized serum cytokine profile and a MUC1 specific T-cell response. All tumors in MUC1.Tg mice were positive for MUC1 expression, and half of all tumors in MUC1.Tg and wild type mice were invasive. In conclusion, using a team approach through the coordination of the efforts of pharmacologists, immunologists, pathologists and molecular biologists, we have developed an immune intact transgenic mouse model of bladder cancer that expresses hMUC1.

An N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced bladder cancer model was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic mice for the purpose of testing MUC1-directed immunotherapy. After administering a MUC1-targeted peptide vaccine, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to MUC1 was confirmed by measuring serum cytokine levels and T-cell specific activity.

Induzione di Invasive Transitional cellulare Bladder Carcinoma in immunitario intatto umani MUC1 topi transgenici: un modello di sviluppo Immunoterapia

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of &#945;&#946; and &#947;&#948; T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.

Activation of latent mutations with adenovirus-Cre into the mammary ductal system results in a clinically relevant metastatic breast cancer. Incorporation of a YFP promoter allows tracking of distal metastatic tumor cells. This model is useful to study latent metastasis, anti-tumor immunity, and for designing novel immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.

Avvio del carcinoma metastatico della mammella dalla Targeting del duttale con Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel modello di topo transgenico di cancro al seno

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical options are available for a small proportion of stroke patients in the acute phase. Current research is intensively searching for novel therapeutic strategies and is increasingly focusing on the sub-acute and chronic phase after stroke because more patients might be eligible for therapeutic interventions in a prolonged time window. These delayed mechanisms include important pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity and regeneration. In order to analyze these mechanisms and to subsequently evaluate novel drug targets, experimental stroke models with clinical relevance, low mortality and high reproducibility are sought after. Moreover, mice are the smallest mammals in which a focal stroke lesion can be induced and for which a broad spectrum of transgenic models are available. Therefore, we describe here the mouse model of transcranial, permanent coagulation of the middle cerebral artery via electrocoagulation distal of the lenticulostriatal arteries, the so-called &#8220;coagulation model&#8221;. The resulting infarct in this model is located mainly in the cortex; the relative infarct volume in relation to brain size corresponds to the majority of human strokes. Moreover, the model fulfills the above-mentioned criteria of reproducibility and low mortality. In this video we demonstrate the surgical methods of stroke induction in the &#8220;coagulation model&#8221; and report histological and functional analysis tools.

Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.

Corsa di modellazione in Mouse: Coagulazione permanente dell&#39;arteria cerebrale media distale

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and progress in this site. The model presented in the current report utilizes human primary bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts as two representative cell types from the marrow niche that influence tumor cell phenotype. The in vitro co-culture conditions described for human leukemic cells with these primary niche components support the generation of a chemoresistant subpopulation of tumor cells that can be efficiently recovered from culture for analysis by diverse techniques. A strict feeding schedule to prevent nutrient fluxes followed by gel type 10 cross-linked dextran (G10) particles recovery of the population of tumor cells that have migrated beneath the adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) or osteoblasts (OB) generating a "phase dim" (PD) population of tumor cells, provides a consistent source of purified therapy resistant leukemic cells. This clinically relevant population of tumor cells can be evaluated by standard methods to investigate apoptotic, metabolic, and cell cycle regulatory pathways as well as providing a more rigorous target in which to test novel therapeutic strategies prior to pre-clinical investigations targeted at minimal residual disease.

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

The current report summarizes a protocol that can be utilized to model the influence of the bone marrow microenvironment niche on leukemic cells with emphasis placed on enrichment of the most chemoresistant subpopulation.