We are grateful to the laboratory of Dr. Robert S. Kerbel (University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada) for technical help and expertise in the development of this procedure. We would also like to thank Dr. Sandra Sexton and the Roswell Park Cancer Institute Department of Laboratory Animal Resources. This work was supported by an award from the Roswell Park Alliance Foundation (to JMLE).

1. Orthotopic Kidney Tumor Implantation
<ol>
	<li>Cell Culture
	<ol>
		<li>Prior to orthotopic implantation, grow mouse RENCALUC cells as a monolayer to 75% confluency.</li>
		<li>Following trypsinization and resuspension in 5% FBS containing media, centrifuge cells at 1,000 rpm, 4&#160;&#176;C for 5 min, repeating 3 times to wash in PBS. Then resuspend the cells in serum-free media to a concentration of 5 x 104 RENCALUC/5 &#956;l&#160;serum-free media. 
		Note: Depending on th...

<ol>
	<li>Francia, G., Cruz-Munoz, W., Man, S., Xu, P., Kerbel, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+advanced+spontaneous+metastasis+for+experimental+therapeutics.">Mouse models of advanced spontaneous metastasis for experimental therapeutics.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 11, 135-141 (2011).</li><li>Souza, B. M., Chaves, K. B., Chammas, R., Schor, N., Bellini, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endostatin+neoadjuvant+gene+therapy+extends+survival+in+an+orthotopic+metastatic+mouse+model+of+renal+cell+carcinoma.">Endostatin neoadjuvant gene therapy extends survival in an orthotopic metastatic mouse model of renal cell carcinoma.</a> Biomed. Pharmacother. 66, 237-241 (2012).</li><li>Amagai, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+therapy+of+interleukin-2+and+sorafenib+improves+survival+benefits+and+prevents+spontaneous+pulmonary+metastasis+in+murine+renal+cell+carcinoma+models.">Combination therapy of interleukin-2 and sorafenib improves survival benefits and prevents spontaneous pulmonary metastasis in murine renal cell carcinoma models.</a> Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 40, 503-507 (2010).</li><li>Steeg, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+Drug+Development+Must+Consider+the+Impact+on+Metastasis.">Preclinical Drug Development Must Consider the Impact on Metastasis.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 15, 4529-4530 (2009).</li><li>Guerin, E., Man, S., Xu, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+of+postsurgical+advanced+metastatic+breast+cancer+more+accurately+replicates+the+clinical+efficacy+of+antiangiogenic+drugs.">A model of postsurgical advanced metastatic breast cancer more accurately replicates the clinical efficacy of antiangiogenic drugs.</a> Cancer Res. 73, 2743-2748 (2013).</li><li>Day, C. P., Carter, J., Bonomi, C., Hollingshead, M., Merlino, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+therapeutic+response+of+residual+metastatic+disease+is+distinct+from+its+primary+tumor+of+origin.">Preclinical therapeutic response of residual metastatic disease is distinct from its primary tumor of origin.</a> Int. J. Cancer. 130, 190-199 (2012).</li><li>Ebos, J. M., Kerbel, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antiangiogenic+therapy:+impact+on+invasion,+disease+progression,+and+metastasis.">Antiangiogenic therapy: impact on invasion, disease progression, and metastasis.</a> Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 8, 210-221 (2011).</li><li>Naito, S., Walker, S. M., Fidler, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+selection+of+human+renal+cell+carcinoma+cells+with+high+metastatic+potential+in+nude+mice.">In vivo selection of human renal cell carcinoma cells with high metastatic potential in nude mice.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 7, 381-389 (1989).</li><li>Fidler, I. J., Naito, S., Pathak, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+implantation+in+essential+for+the+selection,+growth+and+metastasis+of+human+renal+cell+cancer+in+nude+mice.">Orthotopic implantation in essential for the selection, growth and metastasis of human renal cell cancer in nude mice.</a> Cancer Metastasis Rev. 9, 145-165 (1990).</li><li>Saiki, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+invasive+and+metastatic+phenotype+in+human+renal+cell+carcinoma.">Characterization of the invasive and metastatic phenotype in human renal cell carcinoma.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 9, 551-566 (1991).</li><li>Mohanty, S., Xu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+metastasis+assay.">Experimental metastasis assay.</a> J. Vis. Exp. 42 (1942), (2010).</li><li>Nunez-Cruz, S., Connolly, D. C., Scholler, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+orthotopic+model+of+serous+ovarian+cancer+in+immunocompetent+mice+for+in+vivo+tumor+imaging+and+monitoring+of+tumor+immune+responses.">An orthotopic model of serous ovarian cancer in immunocompetent mice for in vivo tumor imaging and monitoring of tumor immune responses.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (45), (2010).</li><li>Ebos, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+metastasis+after+short-term+treatment+with+a+potent+inhibitor+of+tumor+angiogenesis.">Accelerated metastasis after short-term treatment with a potent inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis.</a> Cancer Cell. 15, 232-239 (2009).</li><li>Yang, O. C., Maxwell, P. H., Pollard, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renal+cell+carcinoma:+translational+aspects+of+metabolism+and+therapeutic+consequences.">Renal cell carcinoma: translational aspects of metabolism and therapeutic consequences.</a> Kidney Int. 84 (4), 667-681 (2013).</li></ol>

The purpose of this protocol is to assess clinically relevant spontaneous metastatic disease using a syngeneic tumor mouse model to describe implantation/resection techniques. Currently, the majority of preclinical studies evaluating novel experimental therapeutics do not include study of metastatic disease and only few recapitulate the stages of primary tumor growth, surgical resection, and eventual spontaneous metastatic spread. To date, genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) generated to elicit spontaneous renal ...

The major cause of mortality in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is systemic metastatic disease that typically occurs following surgical removal of a primary tumor growing in the kidney. However, very few preclinical tumor models evaluating experimental therapeutics in mice include metastatic disease, and fewer still faithfully recapitulate the clinical stages of localized growth, surgery, and spontaneous micro-metastatic initiation and progression&#160;1-3. This gap in testing has become increasingly important in the evaluation of new therapies as sometimes striking anti-tumor effects seen in animal models have not always translated into similarly successful treatment of patients&#160;4. Such differences in results may stem from differential drug efficacies between localized ectopic or orthotopic primary tumor models and late-stage metastatic disease 5-7. In the case of RCC, only a few studies have employed established animal protocols that include spontaneous recurrent disease that mimics patients who typically have had tumor-bearing kidneys wholly or partially removed&#160;2,3. The reasons for this dearth in mouse model testing vary. First, there is the high animal cost and inherent variability of tumor cell selection and metastatic potential. For example, human kidney cell lines tend to rarely metastasize, and must be selected over multiple rounds of orthotopic primary implantation and metastatic selection to derive variants that consistently disseminate and form distant lesions (see description of such a human cell line derivation&#160;8-10). Conversely,&#160; mouse cells in immunocompetent models tend to behave aggressively, and low cell numbers must be injected with matrigel to reduce immediate systemic spread 3. Second, technical difficulties in performing proper implantation, surgical resection (nephrectomy), and tracking (and quantifying) spontaneous metastatic growth can be challenging and several critical variables need consideration when employing this technique (see Discussion for details). The purpose of this protocol is to describe the essential steps (as well as potential pitfalls) of orthotopic implantation, resection (nephrectomy), and monitoring of spontaneous metastatic RCC disease and to offer a guideline for standardized (and more widespread) use among scientific laboratories that assess the efficacy of experimental therapeutics.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="830">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">DMEM-high glucose with Pyr. And L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-013-CV</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10437-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">0.25% Trypsin EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-053-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">1x DPBS without Calcium &#38; Magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354234</td>
			<td>must be kept on ice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Artifical tears-lubricant opthalmic ointment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Akorn Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17478-162-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Pocket pro pet trimmer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Braintree scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CLP9931B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:397px;">Alcohol swab</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">326895</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Betadine solution swab</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">67618-152-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MICRO DISSECTING sissors straight,blunt - 25mm blades - 4.5&#34;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Southpointe surgical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RS-5982</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Iris Forceps, serrated, curved, 10cm long</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS15915</td>
			<td>need two of these</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">10&#181;l Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7635-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">30G, 45 degree, RN needle</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7803-07</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:397px;">Sterile cotton tipped appicator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10805-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">High temperature cautery kit</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS500392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">5-0 coated Vicryl, conventional cutting needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J834</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Reflex clip applier for 7mm clips</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS500343</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Reflex clips, 7mm, non-sterile</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS500344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Removing forceps, 12cm lone</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Kent scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">INS500347</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">0.9% Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Baxter Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2B1322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">Buprenorphine 0.01mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">25G 5/8&#34; needle</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">1mL syringe w/out needle</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BD309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:397px;">D-Luciferin</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Gold Bio technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LUCK-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling spontaneous metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mrcc) in mice following nephrectomy

One of the key challenges to improved testing of new experimental therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the development of models that faithfully recapitulate early- and late-stage metastatic disease progression. Typical tumor implantation models utilize ectopic or orthotopic primary tumor implantation, but few include systemic spontaneous metastatic disease that mimics the clinical setting. This protocol describes the key steps to develop RCC disease progression stages similar to patients. First, it uses a highly metastatic mouse tumor cell line in a syngeneic model to show orthotopic tumor cell implantation. Methods include superficial and internal implantation into the sub-capsular space with cells combined with matrigel to prevent leakage and early spread. Next it describes the procedures for excision of tumor-bearing kidney (nephrectomy), with critical pre- and post- surgical mouse care. Finally, it outlines the steps necessary to monitor and assess micro-and macro-metastatic disease progression, including bioluminescent imaging as well provides a detailed visual necropsy guide to score systemic disease distribution. The goal of this protocol description is to facilitate the widespread use of clinically relevant metastatic RCC models to improve the predictive value of future therapeutic testing.&#160;

Figure 1A shows a schematic outlining the procedures detailed in this protocol summary. Several important factors must be considered for each step. For example, in Step 1 it shows two methods for sub-capsular tumor cell implantation into the kidney. Tumor cells can be implanted into the sub-capsular space with a small white-bubble confirming the localized placement of cells with leakage prevented by careful removal of needle and swabbing excess escaping fluid (Figure 1B-i). To prevent le...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma mRCC in Mice Following Nephrectomy at JoVE.com

Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma mRCC in Mice Following Nephrectomy

Models of spontaneous metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) disease progression can be used for evaluating treatments in a clinically relevant setting. This protocol demonstrates different procedures for orthotopic kidney tumor cell implantation, proper nephrectomy, and finally outlines a necropsy guide for visual and bioluminescent scoring of metastatic burden and localization.

Modeling Spontaneous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (mRCC) in Mice Following Nephrectomy

One of the key challenges to improved testing of new experimental therapeutics in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the development of models that faithfully ...

modeling-spontaneous-metastatic-renal-cell-carcinoma-mrcc-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.4K vistas.  Roswell Park Cancer Institute.  Modelos de progresión de la enfermedad espontánea carcinoma metastásico de células renales (CCR) pueden ser utilizados para la evaluación de los tratamientos en un entorno clínicamente relevante. Este protocolo demuestra diferentes procedimientos para la implantación de células tumorales de riñón ortotópico, nefrectomía adecuado, y finalmente describe una guía para la necropsia de puntuación visual y bioluminiscente de carga metastásica y la localización....