Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dalla Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), desideriamo ringraziare Ayele Tsedeke Taddese per il supporto tecnico.

1. Preparazione degli aghi di vetro (Figura 1) <ol><li> Utilizzare capillari di vetro con diametro 0,75 millimetri per preparare aghi per iniezione (Figura 1A). </li><li> Posizionare il capillare di vetro in un estrattore ago e tirare l&#39;ago con il seguente parametro: valore del ciclo di riscaldamento: 463; tirando valore del ciclo: 230; Velocità: 150 msec; Tempo: 150 msec (Figura 1B). </li><li> Rompere il capillare di vetro tirato con le pinzette da orologiaio per produrre un diametro ago 20 micron sotto uno stereoscopio con un micrometro. </li><li> Utilizzare un tornio con una ruota che gira gomma bagnata per affinare l&#39;ago e produrre un 20 micron smusso (figure 1C e 1D). Nota: Sharp, aghi smussati migliorare la facilità di inserimento nel ventricolo e quindi ridurre al minimo il danno al tessuto e consentono il muscolo forata per richiudere dopo la rimozione dell&#39;ago (Figure 1E-G). </li></ol> 2. Preparzione della soluzione Morpholino <ol><li> Preparare il morpholino magazzino sciogliendo la morpholino liofilizzato in 1x Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) ad una concentrazione finale di 7,5 mm. [Riferimento alle istruzioni del produttore per i dettagli (tabella materiali)]. </li><li> Preparare la soluzione iniettabile morfolino mescolando soluzione 2,5 microlitri morfolino magazzino (7,5 mm) con 2,8 ml soluzione Endo-Porter magazzino (1 mm) (vedere la tabella dei materiali) per una concentrazione finale di morfolino 3,5 mm e 0,5 mM Endo-Porter. </li></ol> 3. Preparazione dell&#39;iniezione Morpholino (Figura 2) <ol><li> Caricare l&#39;ago di vetro smussato con 5 ml di questa soluzione utilizzando una micropipetta con 10 microlitri punta microloader pipetta. </li><li> Inserire l&#39;ago di vetro nel supporto dell&#39;ago del micromanipolatore collegato alla pompa pico pneumatico (figure 2A-C). </li><li> Posizionare il supporto dell&#39;ago accanto al microscopio in modo che solo le esigenze agodi essere spostati in una direzione planare per inserirla nel ventricolo cardiaco della larva (Figura 2A). </li><li> Regolare l&#39;angolo per le iniezioni a circa 45 °. </li><li> Impostare i valori microinjector come segue: pressione di mantenimento: 20 libbre per pollice quadrato (psi); Pressione di espulsione: 15 psi; 100 msec gamma di gating, valore di periodo di 1,9 (corrisponde a 10,9 msec). </li><li> Sciogliere agarosio in 1x PBS utilizzando un forno standard per produrre 20 ml di 1,5% (w / v) di gel. Versare gel fuso in una capsula Petri 10 centimetri. Posizionare una forma di iniezione scanalato in agarosio caldo in modo che, una volta indurito, il agarosio avrà solchi in cui la larva sedato sarà posto 11 (figure 2D e 2E). </li></ol> 4. Iniezioni (Figura 3) <ol><li> Anestetizzare larva in 100 ml di acqua dell&#39;acquario con 20 mg / L tricaine (L-etil-m-amino-benzoato-metano solfonato) finché smettono di rispondere al tatto. </li><li> Utilizzare un Pasteur pipett plasticae di trasferire accuratamente la larva sedato in una scanalatura dello stampo agarosio bagnato in modo che il lato ventrale è rivolto contro la parete agarosio verticale della scanalatura (Figura 3A). </li><li> Posizionare la piastra di agarosio allo stereomicroscopio in modo che il ventricolo è rivolto verso l&#39;ago di iniezione (figura 3A). </li><li> Abbassare l&#39;ago per inserirlo nel ventricolo del cuore. Inserire l&#39;ago solo 1-2 micron nel ventricolo avendo cura di non inserire l&#39;ago troppo in profondità (Figure 3B e 3C). </li><li> Una volta inserito l&#39;ago, iniettare la soluzione morfolino nel ventricolo con 4-6 impulsi, ciascuno consegna 3 nl della soluzione, con intervalli di attesa per consentire compensazione del cuore (figure 3D e 3E). </li><li> Dopo l&#39;iniezione, rimuovere l&#39;ago (parallelo al piano di inserimento) e poi trasferire accuratamente la larva con una pipetta Pasteur plastica riempito di E3 medio BACk in una capsula di Petri contenente mezzo E3 fresco. </li><li> Posizionare l&#39;ago in una capsula di Petri contenente PBS 1x per impedire l&#39;essiccamento dell&#39;ago quando si trasferisce la larva iniettata. </li><li> Ripetere i passaggi 4,1-4,6 ogni 12-24 ore per la durata dell&#39;esperimento. Nota: Ripetendo le iniezioni assicura l&#39;assorbimento e la manutenzione del morfolino nelle cellule. </li></ol> 5. Analisi di iniezioni (figura 4) <ol><li> Anestetizzare il pesce in 100 ml di acqua dell&#39;acquario con 20 mg / L tricaine fino a che non smettono di rispondere al tatto. </li><li> Posizionare la larva lateralmente su un piatto bagnato 1,5% (w / v) piastra di agarosio coperto con E3 medie. </li><li> Larve di immagine utilizzando uno stereomicroscopio con campo chiaro e imaging di fluorescenza. Nota: Poiché le larve sono trasparenti, il morfolino fluoresceina-tag dovrebbe essere visibile come verde fluorescente nei vasi sanguigni in tutto l&#39;animale immediatamente dopo l&#39;iniezione. Questa fluorescenza ulteriormente disperdere nei tessuti vascolarizzati da15 min (Figure 4A-4C). </li></ol> 6. Valutazione della Regenerative escrescenza <ol><li> Valutare le immagini catturate utilizzando Fiji Immagine software libero J (http://fiji.sc/Fiji). Per indagare la rigenerazione, utilizzare lo strumento di line-analisi per determinare la quantità di crescita rigenerativa che si è verificato sul controllo e la larva morfolino-iniettato. </li><li> Per calibrare le immagini, aprire uno dei file di immagine originali in Fiji trascinando e rilasciando il file nella finestra principale di Fiji. </li><li> Per impostare la scala per tutte le immagini che seguono, andare su &quot;Analizza&quot; nel menu principale. </li><li> Nel menu a discesa fare clic su &quot;Imposta scala&quot;. </li><li> In questa finestra, attivare l&#39;opzione &quot;Global&quot; facendo clic sulla casella di controllo. </li><li> Ora aprite l&#39;immagine per misurare la quantità di crescita rigenerativa di nuovo con il drag and drop (vedi punto 6.1). </li><li> Scegliere lo strumento &quot;selezione a mano libera&quot; nella barra degli strumenti. </li><li> Circondare la zona da misurare (Figure 4J-4L). </li><li> Premere Ctrl + M. Si aprirà una nuova finestra &quot;Risultati&quot; che mostra il valore dell&#39;area circondata in pixel quadrati. </li></ol>

<ol>
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L&#39;iniezione intraventricolare fornisce un metodo di valutazione rapida e affidabile per analizzare la funzione genica nelle fasi successive di sviluppo o di omeostasi del corpo senza alterare la funzione del gene durante l&#39;embriogenesi. Per assicurare il successo di questa tecnica, si deve essere consapevoli di quattro punti critici: 1) dimensioni dell&#39;ago, 2) essiccazione dell&#39;ago, 3) minimizzare il volume, e 4) tempo di esposizione minima nella soluzione sedazione. Aghi che sono troppo piccoli saranno ...

Rigenerazione di organi e appendici è di fondamentale importanza per la sopravvivenza e fitness; Tuttavia, alcuni vertebrati compreso l&#39;uomo hanno limitato la capacità rigenerative. Mentre diversi modelli animali esistere che hanno ampia capacità rigenerativa, invertire tecniche genetiche per valutare la funzione del gene durante organo e la rigenerazione appendice rimangono molto limitato o inesistente. Pertanto, sono necessari nuovi approcci per sezionare la biologia molecolare di rigenerazione in questi organismi modello. Il zebrafish è un modello ben consolidato per comprendere la biologia cellulare e molecolare di organo e rigenerazione appendice 1, non solo per la sua notevole capacità di rigenerare più organi, tessuti e appendici, ma anche perché diverse linee transgeniche di pesce esistono per monitorare le cellule e di iperespressione del gene costruisce 2, 3. Tuttavia, l&#39;inibizione del gene in zebrafish larvale è limitata principalmente al overexpreSsion di costrutti dominanti negativi, che non sono a disposizione di tutti i geni di interesse o il cui prodotto del transgene in grado di acquisire il guadagno-di-funzione degli effetti che non riflettono l&#39;attività endogena del gene. Pertanto, è necessario un metodo alternativo per rimuovere specificamente espressione genica per KO o smontabile per superare questi problemi. Gene-specifica il targeting utilizzando TALENS esiste come un mezzo genetica inversa per knockout funzione del gene; Tuttavia, questa strategia knockout è molto spesso limitata a valutazioni funzionali durante embriogenesi precoce, perché i requisiti iniziali del gene impedire ulteriore progressione dello sviluppo embrionale. Così, studiando i fenomeni successivi come la rigenerazione o organo omeostasi dopo di sviluppo utilizzando TALENS è preclusa 4, 5. Pertanto, è necessaria una strategia di rimozione gene supplente che gli obiettivi di funzione del gene dopo lo sviluppo presto per valutare i requisiti del gene in organi e strutture completamente formate. </p&gt; Morfolino iniezione ha dimostrato di essere efficace nel rivolti geni in alcuni organi adulti e l&#39;adulto rigenerante pinna 6-8, ma questi metodi richiedono elettroporazione e molti organi interni sono difficili da elettroporazione sia a causa della loro posizione o per la loro sensibilità elettrica interruzioni. Inoltre, alcuni tessuti del larva sono difficili da iniettare direttamente, perché l&#39;iniezione diretta può compromettere la loro integrità strutturale o perché la loro dimensione è limitante. La pinna caudale della larva è una tale struttura, in quanto l&#39;iniezione diretta nel finfold non è possibile. Così, alternativa alla elettroporazione e iniezione diretta era necessaria per indirizzare geni nei tessuti che sono o troppo piccolo per iniettare o non possono essere elettroporate. Al fine di indirizzare e inibire la funzione dei geni specifici durante la rigenerazione della pinna caudale larvale, abbiamo modificato morpholino tecnologie esistenti consentendo unVALUTAZIONE della funzione del gene durante la rigenerazione pinna caudale in larva tardo-messa in scena. Questo metodo impiega consegna intraventricolare 9 del Morpholinos fluoresceina-tagged con Endo-Porter trasfezione reagente 10. Una volta nel ventricolo, la miscela morfolino-Endo-Porter diffonde rapidamente in tutto il larva attraverso il sistema vascolare ed entra tessuti che sono stati precedentemente impossibile bersaglio. Questo metodo di iniezione può essere modificato per geni bersaglio in tessuti specifici e molto probabilmente può essere applicato in altri modelli animali che attualmente mancano metodi genetici inverso per inibire la funzione del gene. Così, offre un metodo rapido e facile con la possibilità di ampio utilizzo gamma di studiare immediatamente la funzione del gene durante l&#39;omeostasi organo generale e rigenerazione nelle fasi larvali.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:672px;" width="673">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Reagent/Material</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Morpholino with 3&#180;fluorescein tag</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gene Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Customized</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">More information on www.genetools.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Endo-Porter</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gene Tools Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">More information on www.genetools.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Serva</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">120623</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For pouring plates to place the fish during injections and imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tricane (L-Ethyl-m-amino-benzate-methane sulfonate)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Applichem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">E3 medium (5 mM NaCl; 0.17 mM KCl; 0.33 mM CaCl2; 0.33 mM MgSo4)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For larval husbandry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">821.472</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For placing the fish during injections and imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">&#160;Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Thin Wall Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TW100F-3</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For preparing injection needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microloader pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5,242,956,003</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For loading the needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pasteur Pipettes (3 ml/1 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">747760/ 74775</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For transfering larva</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Flaming / Brown&#160; needle puller&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sutter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">More information on www.sutter.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Watchmaker (Dumont) Tweezers (size 5)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">501985</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">To brake the needle before sharpening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Olympus, Leica, Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Part of the whole injection setup</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fluorescence camera</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Olympus, Leica, Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">To image the fluorescence after injeciton</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PicoNozzle kit (microinjector holder)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5430-12</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For microinjections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pneumatic PicoPump (microinjector)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SYS-PV820</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">For microinjections</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reverse genetic morpholino approach using cardiac ventricular injection to transfect multiple difficult-to-target tissues in the zebrafish larva

Lo zebrafish è un modello importante per comprendere la biologia cellulare e molecolare di organo e rigenerazione appendice. Tuttavia, le strategie molecolari di impiegare genetica inversa non sono ancora stati adeguatamente sviluppati per valutare la funzione del gene nella rigenerazione o omeostasi dei tessuti durante le fasi larvali dopo embriogenesi zebrafish, e diversi tessuti all&#39;interno della larva zebrafish sono difficili da colpire. Iniezioni intraventricolare di Morpholinos gene-specifici offrono un metodo alternativo per l&#39;attuale incapacità di indirizzare genomically geni di zebrafish in modo controllato temporalmente in queste fasi. Questo metodo consente la completa dispersione e successiva incorporazione del morfolino in vari tessuti dell&#39;organismo, comprese le strutture che prima erano impossibili da raggiungere come quelli nella pinna caudale larvale, una struttura spesso usato per ricercare in modo non invasivo rigenerazione tissutale. Diversi geni attivati ​​durante la rigenerazione finfold larvale sono anche Present nella rigenerazione dei tessuti vertebrati adulti, in modo che la larva è un modello utile per capire la rigenerazione negli adulti. Questo metodo dispersione morfolino consente l&#39;identificazione rapida e facile di geni necessari per la rigenerazione di tessuti larvali nonché altri fenomeni fisiologici che regolano l&#39;omeostasi del tessuto dopo l&#39;embriogenesi. Pertanto, questo metodo di consegna fornisce una strategia attualmente necessari per il controllo temporale per la valutazione della funzione genica dopo embriogenesi.

Il forte, smussato ago per l&#39;iniezione è facilmente inserito nel ventricolo cardiaco della larva zebrafish quando si avvicinò dorsale (Figura 3A). Il cuore continua a pompare e il flusso di sangue viene mantenuta nonostante la presenza dell&#39;ago (Figure 3B e 3C). Iniezioni attente non perturbare la morfologia del ventricolo o contrazioni cardiache (Figura 3D) nonostante iniezione del morfolino nel cuore (Figura 3E). <p clas...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reverse Genetic Morpholino Approach Using Cardiac Ventricular Injection to Transfect Multiple Difficult-to-target Tissues in the Zebrafish Larva at JoVE.com

Reverse Genetic Morpholino Approach Using Cardiac Ventricular Injection to Transfect Multiple Difficult-to-target Tissues in the Zebrafish Larva

Un metodo genetica inversa adattabile per zebrafish per valutare la funzione del gene durante le fasi successive di sviluppo e omeostasi fisiologica, come la rigenerazione dei tessuti utilizzando iniezioni intraventricolare di Morpholinos gene-specifici.

Reverse genetica Morpholino approccio Uso cardiaca ventricolare iniezione per transfettare diversi tessuti difficili da bersaglio in Zebrafish Larva

The zebrafish is an important model to understand the cell and molecular biology of organ and appendage regeneration. However, molecular strategies to ...

reverse-genetic-morpholino-approach-using-cardiac-ventricular

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.5K Views.  Technische Universität Dresden.  Un metodo genetica inversa adattabile per zebrafish per valutare la funzione del gene durante le fasi successive di sviluppo e omeostasi fisiologica, come la rigenerazione dei tessuti utilizzando iniezioni intraventricolare di Morpholinos gene-specifici. 

Video: Reverse Genetic Morpholino Approach Using Cardiac Ventricular Injection to Transfect Multiple Difficult-to-target Tissues in the Zebrafish Larva

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression studies. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), microinjection of RNA, DNA, proteins, antisense oligonucleotides and other small molecules into the developing embryo provides researchers a quick and robust assay for exploring gene function in vivo. In this video-article, we will demonstrate how to prepare and microinject in vitro synthesized EGFP mRNA and a translational-blocking morpholino oligo against pkd2, a gene associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), into 1-cell stage zebrafish embryos. We will then analyze the success of the mRNA and morpholino microinjections by verifying GFP expression and phenotype analysis. Broad applications of this technique include generating transgenic animals and germ-line chimeras, cell-fate mapping and gene screening. Herein we describe a protocol for overexpression of EGFP and knockdown of pkd2 by mRNA and morpholino oligonucleotide injection.

Microinjection is a well-established and effective method for introducing foreign substances into fertilized zebrafish embryos. Here, we demonstrate a robust microinjection technique for performing mRNA overexpression, and morpholino oligonucleotide gene knockdown studies in zebrafish.

Microiniezione di mRNA e oligonucleotidi antisenso Morpholino in embrioni di zebrafish.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Zebrafish Brain Ventricle Injection

Proper brain ventricle formation during embryonic brain development is required for normal brain function.  Brain ventricles are the highly conserved cavities within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.  In zebrafish, after neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium undergoes a series of constrictions and folds while it fills with fluid resulting in brain ventricle formation.  In order to understand the process of ventricle formation, and the neuroepithelial shape changes that occur at the same time, we needed a way to visualize the ventricle space in comparison to the brain tissue.  However, the nature of transparent zebrafish embryos makes it difficult to differentiate the tissue from the ventricle space.  Therefore, we developed a brain ventricle injection technique where the ventricle space is filled with a fluorescent dye and imaged by brightfield and fluorescent microscopy.  The brightfield and the fluorescent images are then processed and superimposed in Photoshop.  This technique allows for visualization of the ventricle space with the fluorescent dye, in comparison to the shape of the neuroepithelium in the brightfield image.  Brain ventricle injection in zebrafish can be employed from 18 hours post fertilization through early larval stages.  We have used this technique extensively in our studies of brain ventricle formation and morphogenesis as well as in characterizing brain morphogenesis mutants (1-3).

After neural tube formation, the neuroepithelium constricts and folds while the tube fills with embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) to form the embryonic brain ventricles. We developed this ventricle injection technique to better visualize the fluid filled space in contrast to the neuroepithelial shape in a live embryo.

Zebrafish Cervello iniezione ventricolo

Proper brain ventricle formation during embryonic brain development is required for normal brain function.  Brain ventricles are the highly conserved ...

Retro-orbital Injection in Adult Zebrafish

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is often the most effective and noninvasive form of delivery of an agent of interest. In the zebrafish (Danio rerio), IV injection of drugs has long been a challenge because of the small vessel diameter. This has also proved a significant hurdle for the injection of cells during hematopoeitic stem cell transplantation. Historically, injections into the bloodstream were done directly through the heart. However, this intra-cardiac procedure has a very high mortality rate as the heart is often punctured during injection leaving the fish prone to infection, massive blood loss or fatal organ damage. Drawing on our experience with the mouse, we have developed a new injection procedure in the zebrafish in which the injection site is behind the eye and into the retro-orbital venous sinus. This retro-orbital (RO) injection technique has been successfully employed in both the injection of drugs in the adult fish as well as transplantation of whole kidney marrow cells. RO injection has a much lower mortality rate than traditional intra-cardiac injection. Fish that are injected retro-orbitally tend to bleed less following injection and are at a much lower risk of injury to a major organ like the heart. Further, when performed properly, injected cells and/or drugs quickly enter the bloodstream allowing compounds to exert their effect on the whole fish and kidney cells to easily home to their niche. Thus, this new injection technique minimizes mortality while allowing efficient delivery of material into the bloodstream of adult fish. Here we exemplify this technique by retro-orbital injection of Tg(globin:GFP) cells into adult casper fish as well as injection of a red fluorescent dye (dextran, Texas Red ) into adult casper fish. We then visualize successful injections by whole animal fluorescence microscopy.

Here we show how to do retro-orbital injection in adult zebrafish.

Retro-orbitale iniezione in Zebrafish adulti

Drug treatment of whole animals is an essential tool in any model system for pharmacological and chemical genetic studies. Intravenous (IV) injection is ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Utilizzando il sistema di elettroporazione Gene Pulser MXcell per trasfettare cellule primarie con alta efficienza

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

A Practical Approach to Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping: A Visual Guide to Mark and Track Cells In Vivo

Fate maps are generated by marking and tracking cells in vivo to determine how progenitors contribute to specific structures and cell types in developing and adult tissue. An advance in this concept is Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping (GIFM), linking gene expression, cell fate, and cell behaviors in vivo, to create fate maps based on genetic lineage.
GIFM exploits X-CreER lines where X is a gene or set of gene regulatory elements that confers spatial expression of a modified bacteriophage protein, Cre recombinase (CreERT). CreERT contains a modified estrogen receptor ligand binding domain which renders CreERT sequestered in the cytoplasm in the absence of the drug tamoxifen. The binding of tamoxifen releases CreERT, which translocates to the nucleus and mediates recombination between DNA sequences flanked by loxP sites. In GIFM, recombination typically occurs between a loxP flanked Stop cassette preceding a reporter gene such as GFP.
Mice are bred to contain either a region- or cell type-specific CreER and a conditional reporter allele. Untreated mice will not have marking because the Stop cassette in the reporter prevents further transcription of the reporter gene. We administer tamoxifen by oral gavage to timed-pregnant females, which provides temporal control of CreERT release and subsequent translocation to the nucleus removing the Stop cassette from the reporter. Following recombination, the reporter allele is constitutively and heritably expressed. This series of events marks cells such that their genetic history is indelibly recorded. The recombined reporter thus serves as a high fidelity genetic lineage tracer that, once on, is uncoupled from the gene expression initially used to drive CreERT.
We apply GIFM in mouse to study normal development and ascertain the contribution of genetic lineages to adult cell types and tissues. We also use GIFM to follow cells on mutant genetic backgrounds to better understand complex phenotypes that mimic salient features of human genetic disorders.
This video article guides researchers through experimental methods to successfully apply GIFM. We demonstrate the method using our well characterized Wnt1-CreERT;mGFP mice by administering tamoxifen at embryonic day (E)8.5 via oral gavage followed by dissection at E12.5 and analysis by epifluorescence stereomicroscopy. We also demonstrate how to micro-dissect fate mapped domains for explant preparation or FACS analysis and dissect adult fate-mapped brains for whole mount fluorescent imaging. Collectively, these procedures allow researchers to address critical questions in developmental biology and disease models.

A Practical Approach to Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping: A Visual Guide to Mark and Track Cells In Vivo

Genetic Inducible Fate Mapping (GIFM) marks and tracks cells with fine spatial and temporal control in vivo and elucidates how cells from a specific genetic lineage contribute to developing and adult tissues. Demonstrated here are the techniques required to fate map E12.5 mouse embryos for epifluorescent and explant analysis.

Un approccio pratico alla mappatura genetica Destino inducibile: una guida visiva a Mark e Pista Cellule In Vivo</em

Fate maps are generated by marking and tracking cells in vivo to determine how progenitors contribute to specific structures and cell types in developing ...

A Reverse Genetic Approach to Test Functional Redundancy During Embryogenesis

Gene function during embryogenesis is typically defined by loss-of-function experiments, for example by targeted mutagenesis (knockout) in the mouse. In the zebrafish model, effective reverse genetic techniques have been developed using microinjection of gene-specific antisense morpholinos. Morpholinos target an mRNA through specific base-pairing and block gene function transiently by inhibiting translation or splicing for several days during embryogenesis (knockdown). However, in vertebrates such as mouse or zebrafish, some gene functions can be obscured by these approaches due to the presence of another gene that compensates for the loss. This is especially true for gene families containing sister genes that are co-expressed in the same developing tissues. In zebrafish, functional compensation can be tested in a relatively high-throughput manner, by co-injection of morpholinos that target knockdown of both genes simultaneously. Likewise, using morpholinos, a genetic interaction between any two genes can be demonstrated by knockdown of both genes together at sub-threshold levels. For example, morpholinos can be titrated such that neither individual knockdown generates a phenotype. If, under these conditions, co-injection of both morpholinos causes a phenotype, a genetic interaction is shown. Here we demonstrate how to show functional redundancy in the context of two related GATA transcription factors. GATA factors are essential for specification of cardiac progenitors, but this is revealed only by the loss of both Gata5 and Gata6. We show how to carry out microinjection experiments, validate the morpholinos, and evaluate the compensated phenotype for cardiogenesis.

Gene function can be obscured in loss-of-function experiments if there is compensation by another gene. The zebrafish model provides a relatively high-throughput means to reveal such functional redundancy in living embryos.

Un approccio inverso di test genetici per ridondanza funzionale durante l&#39;embriogenesi

Gene function during embryogenesis is typically defined by loss-of-function experiments, for example by targeted mutagenesis (knockout) in the mouse. In ...

Intraperitoneal Injection into Adult Zebrafish

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, this method makes it difficult to know how much reagent is absorbed or taken up per fish. Some experimental questions, particularly those related to metabolic studies, may be better addressed by delivering a defined quantity to each fish, based on weight. Here we present a method for intraperitoneal (IP) injection into adult zebrafish. Injection is into the abdominal cavity, posterior to the pelvic girdle. This procedure is adapted from veterinary methods used for larger fish. It is safe, as we have observed zero mortality. Additionally, we have seen bleeding at the injection site in only 5 out of 127 injections, and in each of those cases the bleeding was brief, lasting several seconds, and the quantity of blood lost was small. Success with this procedure requires gentle handling of the fish through several steps including fasting, weighing, anesthetizing, injection, and recovery. Precautions are required to minimize stress throughout the procedure. Our precautions include using a small injection volume and a 35G needle. We use Cortland salt solution as the vehicle, which is osmotically balanced for freshwater fish. Aeration of the gills is maintained during the injection procedure by first bringing the fish into a surgical plane of anesthesia, which allows slow operculum movements, and second, by holding the fish in a trough within a water-saturated sponge during the injection itself. We demonstrate the utility of IP injection by injecting glucose and monitoring the rise in blood glucose level and its subsequent return to normal. As stress is known to increase blood glucose in teleost fish, we compare blood glucose levels in vehicle-injected and non-injected adults and show that the procedure does not cause a significant rise in blood glucose.

We demonstrate intraperitoneal injection into adult zebrafish. We use a 10 &mu;l NanoFil microsyringe controlled by a Micro4 controller and UltraMicroPump III. This demonstration includes the use of cold water as an anesthetic.

Iniezione intraperitoneale in Zebrafish adulti

A convenient method for chemically treating zebrafish is to introduce the reagent into the tank water, where it will be taken up by the fish. However, ...

Gavaging Adult Zebrafish

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or agents in solutions for scientific research. Current methods for administering compounds orally to adult zebrafish are inaccurate due to variability in voluntary consumption by the fish. A gavage procedure was developed to deliver precise quantities of infectious agents to zebrafish for study in biomedical research. Adult zebrafish over 6 months of age were anesthetized with 150 mg/L of buffered MS-222 and gavaged with 5 &mu;l of solution using flexible catheter implantation tubing attached to a cut 22-G needle tip. The flexible tubing was lowered into the oral cavity of the zebrafish until the tip of the tubing extended past the gills (approximately 1 cm). The solution was then injected slowly into the intestinal tract. This method was effective 88% of the time, with fish recovering uneventfully. This procedure is also efficient as one person can gavage 20-30 fish in one hour. This method can be used to precisely administer agents for infectious diseases studies, or studies of other compounds in adult zebrafish.

The increasing use of zebrafish as an animal model requires the development of effective methods for the delivery of known quantities of compounds and solutions. The gavage procedure described below allows for the oral delivery of precise volumes of solution reliably, safely and efficiently to adult zebrafish.

Gavaging Zebrafish adulti

The zebrafish has become an important in vivo model in biomedical research. Effective methods must be developed and utilized to deliver compounds or ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Nefrotossina microiniezione in Zebrafish per creare un modello danno renale acuto

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Multi-hole Cryovial Eliminates Freezing Artifacts when Muscle Tissues are Directly Immersed in Liquid Nitrogen

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible cytoplasmic compartments. Another hurdle is the tight apposition of myofibers to the surrounding tissues. Because the process of tissue fixation and paraffin embedding leads to the shrinkage of muscle fibers, freezing is an optimal means of hardening muscle tissue for sectioning. However, a commonly encountered issue, the formation of ice crystals, occurs during the preparation of frozen sections because of the high water content of muscle. The protocol presented here first describes a simple and efficient method for properly freezing muscle tissues by immersing them in liquid nitrogen. The problem with using liquid nitrogen alone is that it causes the formation of a nitrogen gas barrier next to the tissue, which acts as an insulator and inhibits the cooling of the tissues. To avoid this "vapor blanket" effect, a new cryovial was designed to increase the speed of liquid flow around the tissue surface. This was achieved by punching a total of 14 inlet holes in the wall of the vial. According to bubble dynamics, a higher rate of liquid flow results in smaller bubbles and fewer chances to form a gas barrier. When liquid nitrogen flows into the cryovial through the inlet holes, the flow velocity around the tissue is fast enough to eliminate the gas barrier. Compared to the method of freezing muscle tissues using pre-chilled isopentane, this protocol is simpler and more efficient and can be used to freeze muscle in a throughput manner. Furthermore, this method is optimal for institutions that do not have access to isopentane, which is extremely flammable at room temperature.

This protocol describes a procedure to freeze muscle tissues by plunging them directly into liquid nitrogen. This protocol also highlights a new cryovial that can avoid the &#34;blanket effect&#34; of nitrogen gas when liquid nitrogen contacts the tissue surface of a specimen.

Una multi-foro esageratamente Elimina gelati Imperfezioni muscoli sono direttamente immerso in azoto liquido

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible ...