The work was funded by a CHIR operating grant (DJB).

Il seguente protocollo sperimentale è stato approvato dal comitato di cura degli animali dell&#39;istituzione. 1. Nemo ratti femmina <ol><li> Preparazione <ol><li> Posizionare un ratto femmina Sprague-Dawley del peso di circa 200 g sotto il 3% isoflurano anestesia, pesare l&#39;animale, e la rasatura e disinfettare la zona prepubico 3 volte utilizzando uno scrub chirurgico iodio. </li><li> Su una piastra elettrica, nastro arti posteriori e la coda verso il basso e cateterizzarla la vescica con un&#39;angiocatheter calibro 20, che è anche leggermente nastro adesivo per impedire scorrimento. </li></ol></li><li> Dissezione <ol><li> Utilizzare un bisturi per eseguire Ø 8 mm un&#39;incisione cutanea longitudinale dalla sinfisi pubica palpabile verso il meato uretrale. Sollevare la pelle su entrambi i lati per facilitare la chiusura della ferita dopo. </li><li> Sezionare bruscamente per identificare l&#39;uretra stent da longitudinale diffondendo con forbici sottili. Bel posto ganci della pelle di auto-mantenendo per aumentare l&#39;esposizionedell&#39;uretra. </li><li> Eseguire alcune delicato longitudinale diffusione usando forbici curve dorsale dell&#39;uretra per sviluppare il piano tra uretra e la vagina. Poi, senza mezzi termini passare una sutura 4-0 di seta dietro l&#39;uretra e preparare il doppio tiro di nodo di un chirurgo. </li></ol></li><li> Parziale ostruzione uretrale <ol><li> Rimuovere l&#39;angiocatheter, posizionare una barra metallica 0,9 millimetri parallelo all&#39;uretra, e poi stringere il nodo intorno all&#39;uretra e metallo asta, in modo che quest&#39;ultimo scorre ancora fuori facilmente in seguito. </li><li> Fissare il nodo con altri 3 tiri usando delicata tensione prima di rimuovere l&#39;asta. Tagliare la sutura termina circa 3 mm, 4 mm o se successivo rilascio di ostruzione è parte dell&#39;esperimento. </li></ol></li><li> chiusura della ferita <ol><li> Ravvicinare le ghiandole parauretrali utilizzando un unico punto sepolta di intrecciato riassorbibile sutura 4-0. </li><li> Chiudere la pelle con un punto materasso orizzontale sepolto utilizzando lo stesso sut assorbibileUre. Nota: Anche se può sembrare non convenzionale di utilizzare una sutura assorbibile per un punto della pelle-penetrante, non abbiamo incontrato complicazioni come infezioni della ferita, e che la rimozione di sutura può essere evitato. </li></ol></li><li> dopo la cura <ol><li> Iniettare buprenorfina 0,1 mg / kg per via sottocutanea prima di posizionare il ratto in una gabbia di recupero. </li><li> Offrire qualche dieta ripristino software per le prime 24 ore al singolo ratto ospitate. Dopo questo periodo, gli animali casa ancora nelle stesse coppie come prima della procedura purché facendo bene e appartengono allo stesso gruppo di trattamento. </li><li> Controllare i ratti quotidiani per dimensioni della vescica e il benessere generale; registrare il loro peso almeno settimanalmente. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Nemo topi femmina <ol><li> Preparazione <ol><li> Posizionare una femmina C57BL / 6 topo peso di circa 18 g e procedere come indicato al punto 1.1.1. </li><li> Procedere come descritto nella fase 1.1.2, ad eccezione di utilizzare un ang 24-gaugeiocatheter. </li></ol></li><li> Dissezione <ol><li> Utilizzare un bisturi per eseguire 6 mm incisione cutanea longitudinale dalla sinfisi pubica palpabile verso il meato uretrale. </li><li> Sezionare bruscamente per identificare l&#39;uretra stent da longitudinale diffondendo con forbici sottili. Sollevare il fascio neuro-vascolare esecuzione ventrale sull&#39;uretra da analogo dissezione. </li><li> Eseguire alcune delicato longitudinale diffusione usando forbici curve dorsale dell&#39;uretra per sviluppare il piano tra uretra e la vagina. Poi, bruscamente passare una sutura 5-0 intrecciata non riassorbibile dietro l&#39;uretra e preparare il doppio tiro di nodo di un chirurgo. </li></ol></li><li> Parziale ostruzione uretrale <ol><li> Collegare l&#39;angiocatheter con una siringa da 1 ml e iniettare 0,1 ml di soluzione fisiologica nella vescica. </li><li> Posizionare un 26-gauge cannula parallela alla uretra. Stringere il nodo intorno all&#39;uretra e la cannula mentre si tira indietro l&#39;angioca. </li><li> Fissare il nodo con altri 3 giri utilizzando una leggera tensione prima di rimuovere la cannula. </li><li> Prova per l&#39;urina che compare alla carne su una leggera pressione sulla vescica animale; Allentare il legame se non è in grado di esprimere l&#39;urina. In caso contrario, tagliare le estremità della sutura di circa 3 mm di lunghezza. </li></ol></li><li> Chiusura della ferita <ol><li> Chiudere la pelle con un punto di materasso orizzontale sepolto usando una sutura assorbibile intrecciata 5-0. </li></ol></li><li> Dopo la cura <ol><li> Iniettare 0.1 mg / kg di buprenorfina sottocutanea prima di posizionare il mouse in una gabbia di recupero. </li><li> Offrire una dieta morbida di recupero per i primi 48 h al mouse unico alloggiato. Dopo questo periodo, gli animali di casa nuovamente negli stessi gruppi come prima della procedura forniscono che stanno facendo bene e appartengono allo stesso gruppo di trattamento. NOTA: I topi con una vescica distesa palpabile 24 ore dopo che la procedura che non si svuota durante la manipolazione è over-obstructed e morirà entro il next 1 - 2 giorni a meno che non ripreso sotto anestesia per la rimozione della legatura ostruente. </li><li> Controllare i topi quotidiani per dimensioni della vescica e il benessere generale; registrare il loro peso almeno settimanalmente. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Andersson, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Storage+and+voiding+symptoms:+pathophysiologic+aspects.">Storage and voiding symptoms: pathophysiologic aspects.</a> Urology. 62 (5), 3-10 (2003).</li><li>Boyle, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prevalence+of+lower+urinary+tract+symptoms+in+men+and+women+in+four+centres.+The+UrEpik+study.">The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in men and women in four centres. The UrEpik study.</a> BJU Int. 92 (4), 409-414 (2003).</li><li>Coyne, K. S., Wein, A., Nicholson, S., Kvasz, M., Chen, C. I., Milsom, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Economic+burden+of+urgency+urinary+incontinence+in+the+United+States:+a+systematic+review.">Economic burden of urgency urinary incontinence in the United States: a systematic review.</a> J Manag Care Pharm. 20 (2), 130-140 (2014).</li><li>Buttyan, R., Chen, M. W., Levin, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+bladder+outlet+obstruction+and+molecular+insights+into+the+basis+for+the+development+of+bladder+dysfunction.">Animal models of bladder outlet obstruction and molecular insights into the basis for the development of bladder dysfunction.</a> Eur. Urol. 32 (Suppl 1), 32-39 (1997).</li><li>Mattiasson, A., Uvelius, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+contractile+properties+in+hypertrophic+rat+urinary+bladder.">Changes in contractile properties in hypertrophic rat urinary bladder.</a> J Urol. 128 (6), 1340-1342 (1982).</li><li>Chang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alteration+of+the+PKC-mediated+signaling+pathway+for+smooth+muscle+contraction+in+obstruction-induced+hypertrophy+of+the+urinary+bladder.">Alteration of the PKC-mediated signaling pathway for smooth muscle contraction in obstruction-induced hypertrophy of the urinary bladder.</a> Lab Invest. 89 (7), 823-832 (2009).</li><li>Moore, J. A., Brading, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+porcine+model+of+bladder+outlet+obstruction+incorporating+radio-telemetered+cystometry.">A porcine model of bladder outlet obstruction incorporating radio-telemetered cystometry.</a> BJU Int. 100 (5), 1192-1193 (2007).</li><li>Beamon, C. R., Mazar, C., Salkini, M. W., Phull, H. S., Comiter, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+sildenafil+citrate+on+bladder+outlet+obstruction:+a+mouse+model.">The effect of sildenafil citrate on bladder outlet obstruction: a mouse model.</a> BJU Inte. 104 (2), 252-256 (2009).</li><li>Pandita, R. K., Fujiwara, M., Alm, P., Andersson, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cystometric+evaluation+of+bladder+function+in+non-anesthetized+mice+with+and+without+bladder+outlet+obstruction.">Cystometric evaluation of bladder function in non-anesthetized mice with and without bladder outlet obstruction.</a> J Urol. 164 (4), 1385-1389 (2000).</li><li>Kang, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+Sequential+Changes+in+Bladder+Function+after+Partial+Bladder+Outlet+Obstruction+in+Awake+Sprague-Dawley+Rats:+Focus+on+the+Decompensated+Bladder.">Early Sequential Changes in Bladder Function after Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Awake Sprague-Dawley Rats: Focus on the Decompensated Bladder.</a> Korean J Urol. 52 (12), 835-837 (2011).</li><li>Schroeder, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+effect+of+an+oral+endothelin+converting+enzyme+inhibitor+on+rat+detrusor+function+after+outlet+obstruction.">Protective effect of an oral endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor on rat detrusor function after outlet obstruction.</a> J Urol. 172 (3), 1171-1174 (2004).</li><li>Sidler, M., Aitken, K., Jiang, J., Bijos, D., B&#228;gli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term="sometimes+a+sham+is+just+a+sham"+-+why+the+rodent+model+of+partial+bladder+outlet+obstruction+needs+adjustment.">"sometimes a sham is just a sham" - why the rodent model of partial bladder outlet obstruction needs adjustment.</a> J Urol. 195 (4), e379 (2016).</li><li>Jin, L. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+detrusor+overactivity+in+rats+after+relief+of+partial+urethral+obstruction.">Persistent detrusor overactivity in rats after relief of partial urethral obstruction.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 301 (4), R896-R904 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Mortalità animale è una delle principali preoccupazioni del modello tradizionale della pBOO presso l&#39;uretra prossimale, al 15% o più in molte relazioni 10, 11, 13. NeMO sembra avere la mortalità minima quando viene applicata nei ratti femmina. Prossimale ostruzione uretrale nei topi è tecnicamente più impegnativo rispetto nei ratti, e quindi anche più inclini a complicazioni. Utilizzando una cannula ...

Parziale di uscita della vescica ostruzione (pBOO) ha una elevata prevalenza e può causare grave disfunzione della vescica 1; lo spettro varia da malformazioni congenite come valvole uretrali posteriori o ipospadia, oltre stenosi uretrale acquisiti a iperplasia prostatica benigna. Quest&#39;ultima colpisce oltre il 30% degli uomini sessant&#39;anni e più 2. Grande peso del paziente e costi sanitari associati immensi pBOO garantiscono il notevole sforzo di ricerca messo in studiare il rimodellamento della vescica in risposta alla resistenza maggiore deflusso 3. Dal 2006 fino al 2015, oltre 220 PubMed indicizzato articoli sono stati pubblicati per quanto riguarda l&#39;effetto di pBOO sulla vescica urinaria. Sebbene modelli animali per pBOO sono stati concepiti in diverse specie 4, come il ratto 5, il coniglio 6, 7 maiale, e mouse 8, 9, probabilmente il modello animale più comunemente usati sono tuttavia ratti femmina sottoposti parziale ostruzione dell&#39;uretra prossimale; l&#39;accesso alle addome degli animali, esteriorizzante della vescica, e la dissezione attorno al collo della vescica sono inevitabili con questa tecnica tradizionale prossimale ostruzione uretrale. Variabilità nel grado di ostruzione e mortalità degli animali sono solo alcuni dei problemi associati a questa procedura 10, 11; abbiamo dimostrato che in sham operati animali, dissezione intorno all&#39;uretra prossimale provoca cambiamenti fisiologici che correlano con perdita delle fibre nervose al collo vescicale 12. Questa scoperta indica che il pBOO modello più comunemente utilizzati degli animali, che prevede l&#39;accesso alla uretra prossimale nei roditori di sesso femminile, porta ad un infortunio denervazione con i cambiamenti strutturali e funzionali associati della vescica, che colpiscesham e gli animali ostruite. Pertanto, è necessario un approccio evitare infortuni denervazione alternate. Il nostro laboratorio ha sviluppato e valutato un approccio nerve-sparing ostruzione Mid-uretrale (Nemo), efficace nell&#39;indurre cambiamenti ostruzione associate attesi nella vescica, come aumento della massa organo e urina residua, mentre gli animali sham-operati erano indistinguibili da animali di controllo non operati . Inoltre, lo sfintere uretrale striato rimasta intatta come si trova prossimale al livello di dissezione. Inoltre, la variabilità in aumento ostruzione indotta in massa vescica era significativamente inferiore a quello tradizionale ostruzione uretrale prossimale e la mortalità degli animali era zero. Abbiamo inoltre applicato con successo nemo in topi di sesso femminile con una mortalità inferiore al 10% negli animali ostruiti, mentre tutti i modelli pBOO per topi descritti fino ad oggi sono stati associati ad una mortalità intorno al 50%. Studiare rimodellamento della vescica nel contesto pBOO nei topi beneficerà di applicabilità di tutto lo spettro delle modificazioni transgeniche. Sezionare intorno alla metà uretra nei roditori femmina non induce cambiamenti strutturali o funzionali indesiderabili e di confusione nella vescica urinaria osservata nel modello ostruzione prossimale tradizionale. Tuttavia, inducendo una parziale ostruzione a livello intermedio uretrale induce ancora ipertrofia vescicale e aumentato urina residua, come previsto da un modello animale per pBOO. È importante sottolineare che l&#39;esecuzione di nemo in topi avvia un&#39;indagine di rimodellamento della vescica in pBOO ai metodi transgenici, che sono virtualmente disponibili nei roditori più grandi.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1064">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Female rat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Charles-River Canada</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Sprague Dawley Rat (Crl:SD); Strain Code: 400</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">about 200g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Isoflorane vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Benson medical industries inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">TEC III Isoflurane; product code: 53-T3ISO&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Isoflorane</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fresenius Kabi Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Isoflorane; product code CP0406V2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">&#160;250ml bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Disposable scalpell</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">#15 Sterile, Stainless Steel Scalpels; catalogue number 549-9-15S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Microscopy forceps</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Aesculap Microscopy Forceps, Finepoint, 115mm; product number 5443</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Adson forceps</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Aesculap Adson Dissection Forceps, Curved, 120mm; product number 5002-9</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Curved surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Surgical Scissors, Curved, S/S, 105mm; catalogue number 1376</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">0.9mm inox metal rod</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">goodfellow.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Stainless Steel - AISI 316L Wire Diameter:0.9mm; order code 911-684-65</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Skin hooks - self made from inox steel</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">goodfellow.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Stainless Steel - AISI 316L Wire Diameter:0.9mm; order code 911-684-65</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">4-0 Silk suture</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">4-0 Sofsilk black 98&#34; strand; product number LS640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">5-0 Vicry suture</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">5-0 Vicryl undyed 27&#34; RB-1 taper; product number J213H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Medsupplier.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Integra Miltex Carb-N-Sert Baumgartner Needle Holder - 5 1/2&#34;; product code SKU NEE4484-8-40TC 
			SKU NEE4484-8-40TC 
			SKU NEE4484-8-40TC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Temgesic (Buprenorphine)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">first veterinary supply</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Buprenex 0.3MG/ml inj amps; item #075701</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">1ml syringe with 27G needle</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">BD&#160;Tuberculin Syringe, BD 309623</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">20G Angiocath</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Andwin Scientific&#160;ANGIOCATH 20 GA; Catalog No. NC9561906</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Recovery diet</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">clearh2o</td>
			<td>DietGel 31M; 72-08-5022</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">C57Bl/6 female mice</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Charles-River Canada</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">C57BL/6 Mouse (C57BL/6NCrI); Strain Code: 027</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">about 18g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">24G angiocath</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Hanna Pharmaceutical Supply Co., Inc.&#160;IV CATH ANGIOCATH 24GX3/4IN; Catalog No. NC9814340</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">5-0 Ethibond</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">5-0 Ethibond green 30&#34; RB-1 taper; product number X550H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">26G syringe needle</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">BD Precisionglide syringe needle, Gauge 26; z192392</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Normal Saline</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 100 mL MINI-BAG; product code 2B0043</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nerve-sparing mid-urethral obstruction (nemo) in female small rodents

Parziale ostruzione della vescica (pBOO) ha una elevata prevalenza, provoca notevole onere del paziente, e costi sanitari enormi. Il modello animale più comune per indagare rimodellamento della vescica in pBOO sono roditori di sesso femminile sottoposte a parziale ostruzione al uretra prossimale. Variabilità nel grado di ostruzione e mortalità degli animali sono maggiori preoccupazioni con ostruzione prossimale. Inoltre, sezionare intorno al uretra e la vescica collo prossimale mette a repentaglio innervazione della vescica. Abbiamo sviluppato un modello un&#39;ostruzione uretrale metà nerve-sparing (Nemo) per pBOO evitando gli svantaggi del modello tradizionale. Ci siamo avvicinati l&#39;uretra appena inferiore alla sinfisi pubica, che ha ovviato alla necessità di laparotomia, nonché per la dissezione in questo settore; Inoltre, lo sfintere uretrale striato rimasta intatta. Abbiamo eseguito nemo in ratti femmina Sprague-Dawley (12 ostruzioni, 6 animali sham), così come nella femminili / topo BL6 C57 (20 ostruzioneS, 18 animali sham). Dopo due settimane abbiamo valutato la funzione della vescica, la massa della vescica e la massa corporea. Non avevamo alcuna mortalità tra i ratti femminili ostruiti o affamati; Come descritto per il tradizionale metodo pBOO prossimale, abbiamo legato la sutura attorno all&#39;uretra prossimale e un asta metallica temporaneamente posizionata di 0.9 mm. NeMO ha indotto un aumento dell&#39;85% della massa della vescica dopo due settimane, il volume medio di urina residuo è stato di 0,4 mL in ratti parzialmente ostruiti, mentre solo 0,03 mL negli animali affamati. Nei topi abbiamo testato 3 dimensioni di cannole che abbiamo posto lungo l&#39;uretra quando legano la sutura. Abbiamo scoperto che l&#39;utilizzo di una cannula da 27 gauge ha determinato una mortalità animale superiore al 50%; Posizionare la cannula a 25 gauge non ha dato la risposta desiderata in massa aumentante della vescica; Utilizzando una cannula a 26 gauge ha dato risultati favorevoli con una minima mortalità animale (1/8), ma un significativo aumento di massa della vescica di due volte.

Nerve-sparing Mid-ostruzione uretrale (Nemo) nei ratti femmina Mortalità Abbiamo effettuato un mid-ostruzione uretrale su più di 40 ratti femmina finora e non ha avuto mortalità. massa della vescica massa vesci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents at JoVE.com

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

modellazione tradizionale di parziale ostruzione della vescica nei roditori è carico di mortalità degli animali. Una lesione denervazione dalla dissezione attorno alla uretra e la vescica collo prossimale è anche di grande preoccupazione. Abbiamo sviluppato e valutato un modello mid-ostruzione uretrale sicuro ed affidabile, evitando le carenze del modello tradizionale.

Nerve-sparing Mid-ostruzione uretrale (Nemo) nel femminile piccoli roditori

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal ...

nerve-sparing-mid-urethral-obstruction-nemo-in-female-small-rodents

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction (NeMO) in Female Small Rodents

9.5K Views.  The Hospital for Sick Children.  modellazione tradizionale di parziale ostruzione della vescica nei roditori è carico di mortalità degli animali. Una lesione denervazione dalla dissezione attorno alla uretra e la vescica collo prossimale è anche di grande preoccupazione. Abbiamo sviluppato e valutato un modello mid-ostruzione uretrale sicuro ed affidabile, evitando le carenze del modello tradizionale. 

Video: Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

Protocol for Long Duration Whole Body Hyperthermia in Mice

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body temperature that is observed during fever. The use of hyperthermia as an adjuvant has emerged as a promising procedure for tumor regression in the field of cancer biology. For this purpose, the most important requirement is to have reliable and uniform heating protocols. We have developed a protocol for hyperthermia (whole body) in mice. In this protocol, animals are exposed to cycles of hyperthermia for 90 min followed by a rest period of 15 min. During this period mice have easy access to food and water. High body temperature spikes in the mice during first few hyperthermia exposure cycles are prevented by immobilizing the animal. Additionally, normal saline is administered in first few cycles to minimize the effects of dehydration. This protocol can simulate fever like conditions in mice up to 12-24 hr. We have used 8-12 weeks old BALB/Cj female mice to demonstrate the protocol.

This paper describes a protocol for whole body hyperthermia in mice that can stimulate fever like conditions up to 12-24 hr.

Protocollo per lungo Ipertermia Corpo intera durata in Mouse

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body ...

Ricerca

Medicina

The Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation

The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a convenient time. While storing urine, however, the bladder is exposed for prolonged periods to waste products. By acting as a tight barrier, the epithelial lining of the LUT, the urothelium, avoids re-absorption of harmful substances. Moreover, noxious chemicals stimulate the bladder's nociceptive innervation and initiate voiding contractions that expel the bladder's contents. Interestingly, the bladder's sensitivity to noxious chemicals has been used successfully in clinical practice, by intravesically infusing the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin to treat neurogenic bladder overactivity1. This underscores the advantage of viewing the bladder as a chemosensory organ and prompts for further clinical research. However, ethical issues severely limit the possibilities to perform, in human subjects, the invasive measurements that are necessary to unravel the molecular bases of LUT clinical pharmacology. A way to overcome this limitation is the use of several animal models2. Here we describe the implementation of cystometry in mice and rats, a technique that allows measuring the intravesical pressure in conditions of controlled bladder perfusion.
	After laparotomy, a catheter is implanted in the bladder dome and tunneled subcutaneously to the interscapular region. Then the bladder can be filled at a controlled rate, while the urethra is left free for micturition. During the repetitive cycles of filling and voiding, intravesical pressure can be measured via the implanted catheter. As such, the pressure changes can be quantified and analyzed. Moreover, simultaneous measurement of the voided volume allows distinguishing voiding contractions from non-voiding contractions3.
	Importantly, due to the differences in micturition control between rodents and humans, cystometric measurements in these animals have only limited translational value4. Nevertheless, they are quite instrumental in the study of bladder pathophysiology and pharmacology in experimental pre-clinical settings. Recent research using this technique has revealed the key role of novel molecular players in the mechano- and chemo-sensory properties of the bladder.

Cystometry is an efficient technique to measure bladder function of small animals in vivo. The bladder is continuously infused at rates controlled through an intravesical catheter, whereas the urethra is left free for micturition. This allows for repetitive filling and emptying of the bladder, while intravesical pressure and voided volume are recorded.

L&#39;uso di cistometria in piccoli roditori: A Study of Chemosensation vescica

	The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a  dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a  convenient time. While ...

Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition (irreversible intestinal failure). In specialized centers improved operative and managing strategies have led to excellent short- and intermediate term patient and graft survival while providing high quality of life 1,3. Unlike in the more common transplantation of other solid organs (i.e. heart, liver) many underlying mechanisms of graft function and immunologic alterations induced by intestinal transplantation are not entirely known6,7. Episodes of acute rejection, sepsis and chronic graft failure are the main obstacles still contributing to less favorable long term outcome and hindering a more widespread employment of the procedure despite a growing number of patients on home parenteral nutrition who would potentially benefit from such a transplant. The small intestine contains a large number of passenger leucocytes commonly referred to as part of the gut associated lymphoid system (GALT) this being part of the reason for the high immunogenity of the intestinal graft. The presence and close proximity of many commensals and pathogens in the gut explains the severity of sepsis episodes once graft mucosal integrity is compromised (for example by rejection). To advance the field of intestinal- and multiorgan transplantation more data generated from reliable and feasible animal models is needed. The model provided herein combines both reliability and feasibility once established in a standardized manner and can provide valuable insight in the underlying complex molecular, cellular and functional mechanisms that are triggered by intestinal transplantation. We have successfully used and refined the described procedure over more than 5 years in our laboratory 8-11. The JoVE video-based format is especially useful to demonstrate the complex procedure and avoid initial pitfalls for groups planning to establish an orthotopic rodent model investigating intestinal transplantation.

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted treatment option for patients with irreversible intestinal failure. Our experimental model of orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats serves as a reliable tool to address underlying immunologic and inflammatory processes that complicate intestinal transplantation.

Ortotopico di intestino tenue di ratti

Small  bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with  short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

Distacco della retina Modello in Roditori da iniezione sottoretinico di ialuronato di sodio

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning:  A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. Sublethal ischemia has also been shown to upregulate protective mechanisms in remote tissues. A brief period of ischemia (5-10 min) in the hind limb of mammals induces self-protective responses in the brain, lung, heart and retina. The effect is known as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP). It is a therapeutically promising way of protecting vital organs, and is already under clinical trials for heart and brain injuries. This publication demonstrates a controlled, minimally invasive method of making a limb &#8211; specifically the hind limb of a rat &#8211; ischemic. A blood pressure cuff developed for use in human neonates is connected to a manual sphygmomanometer and used to apply 160 mmHg pressure around the upper part of the hind limb. A probe designed to detect skin temperature is used to verify the ischemia, by recording the drop in skin temperature caused by pressure-induced occlusion of the leg arteries, and the rise in temperature which follows release of the cuff. This method of RIP affords protection to the rat retina against bright light-induced damage and degeneration.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) is a method of conditioning tissues against damaging stress. We have established a method of remote ischemia at the hind limb, by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff for 5-10 min. The neuroprotective capabilities of RIP have been demonstrated in a model of retinal degeneration in rodents.

Arto Remote ischemica precondizionamento: una tecnica neuroprotettivo nei roditori

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. ...

Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE provide critical support for photoreceptors and death or dysfunction of RPE cells is characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in people age 55 and older. While no cure for AMD has been identified, implantation of healthy RPE in diseased eyes may prove to be an effective treatment, and large numbers of RPE cells can be readily generated from pluripotent stem cells. Several interesting questions regarding the safety and efficacy of RPE cell delivery can still be examined in animal models, and well-accepted protocols used to inject RPE have been developed. The technique described here has been used by multiple groups in various studies and involves first creating a hole in the eye with a sharp needle. Then a syringe with a blunt needle loaded with cells is inserted through the hole and passed through the vitreous until it gently touches the RPE. Using this injection method, which is relatively simple and requires minimal equipment, we achieve consistent and efficient integration of stem cell-derived RPE cells in between the host RPE that prevents significant amount of photoreceptor degeneration in animal models. While not part of the actual protocol, we also describe how to determine the extent of the trauma induced by the injection, and how to verify that the cells were injected into the subretinal space using in vivo imaging modalities. Finally, the use of this protocol is not limited to RPE cells; it may be used to inject any compound or cell into the subretinal space.

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

Esecuzione sottoretinico Iniezioni in roditori di agire cellule retiniche epitelio pigmentato in sospensione

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment ...

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

Un modello murino di irreversibile e reversibile unilaterale Ureteric Ostruzione

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, serial blood or urine samples are required, with the associated stress for the experimental animals. A recent technique significantly reduces the investment in time and resources, minimizing the invasiveness and the animal stress, but being equally valid as the traditional approaches. The method measures transcutaneously renal function. Using an optical device and the exogenous renal marker fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin, this technique is capable of measuring the elimination kinetics of the marker through the skin. With neither blood nor urine samples nor the associated laboratory assays needed, the results of the transcutaneous measurement are almost instantaneously available. The method has been already validated in different species and successfully applied in several models of renal pathology. Moreover, due to its minimally invasive characteristics, it is suitable for sequential measurements within the same animal. Here is provided a detailed protocol to carry out the transcutaneous assessment of renal function in rodents.

Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional procedures to measure this parameter are cumbersome and require a large investment of time. Here we describe a faster and minimally invasive method to determinate GFR transcutaneously.

La valutazione transcutanea della funzione renale nei roditori Conscious

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and ...

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

The main focus of this protocol is to efficiently isolate viable primary glomeruli cultures with minimal contaminants for use in a variety of downstream applications. The isolated glomeruli retain structural relationships between component cell types and can be cultured ex vivo for a short time.

Un metodo efficiente di setacciatura per isolare i Glomeruli intatti dal rene di ratto adulto.

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by ...

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

To better understand the left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling (RR), we describe a rodent model wherein, after aortic banding-induced LV remodeling, mice undergo RR upon removal of the aortic constriction. In this paper, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform a minimally invasive surgical aortic debanding in mice. Echocardiography was subsequently used to assess the degree of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction during LV remodeling and RR and to determine the best timing for aortic debanding. At the end of the protocol, terminal hemodynamic evaluation of the cardiac function was conducted, and samples were collected for histological studies. We showed that debanding is associated with surgical survival rates of 70-80%. Moreover, two weeks after debanding, the significant reduction of ventricular afterload triggers the regression of ventricular hypertrophy (~20%) and fibrosis (~26%), recovery of diastolic dysfunction as assessed by the normalization of left ventricular filling and end-diastolic pressures (E/e&#39;&#160;and LVEDP). Aortic debanding is a useful experimental model to study LV RR in rodents. The extent of myocardial recovery is variable between subjects, therefore, mimicking the diversity of RR that occurs in the clinical context, such as aortic valve replacement. We conclude that the aortic banding/debanding model represents a valuable tool to unravel novel insights into the mechanisms of RR, namely the regression of cardiac hypertrophy and the recovery of diastolic dysfunction.

Here we describe a step-by-step protocol of surgical aorta debanding in the well-established mice model of aortic-constriction. This procedure not only allows studying the mechanisms underlying the left ventricular reverse remodeling and regression of hypertrophy but also to test novel therapeutic options that might accelerate myocardial recovery.

Studiare il rimodellamento inverso ventricolare sinistro mediante lo scioglimento aortico nei roditori

To better understand the left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling (RR), we describe a rodent model wherein, after aortic banding-induced LV remodeling, ...