The work was funded by a CHIR operating grant (DJB).

O protocolo experimental seguinte foi aprovado pelo comitê de cuidados com os animais da instituição. 1. Nemo em ratas <ol><li> Preparação <ol><li> Colocar um rato fêmea Sprague-Dawley pesando cerca de 200 g sob anestesia de isoflurano a 3%, peso do animal, e barbear e desinfectar a área pré-púbica 3 vezes utilizando uma limpeza cirúrgica iodo. </li><li> Em uma almofada de aquecimento, fita membros posteriores e cauda para baixo e cateterização da bexiga com um angiocateter de calibre 20, que também é delicadamente gravada para baixo para evitar o deslizamento. </li></ol></li><li> dissecação <ol><li> Usar um bisturi para efectuar uma incisão na pele 8 milímetros longitudinal a partir da sínfise púbica palpável para o meato uretral. Levantar a pele de ambos os lados para facilitar o fechamento da ferida mais tarde. </li><li> Dissecar sem rodeios para identificar a uretra stent espalhando longitudinal com tesoura fina. Coloque ganchos pele fina auto-retenção para melhorar a exposiçãoda uretra. </li><li> Executar alguma suave longitudinal espalhamento utilizando tesouras curvas dorsal para a uretra, para desenvolver o plano entre a uretra e da vagina. Então, sem rodeios passar uma sutura de seda 4-0 atrás da uretra e preparar o duplo lance do nó de um cirurgião. </li></ol></li><li> Obstrução uretral parcial <ol><li> Remover o angiocateter, colocar uma haste de metal 0,9 milímetros paralela à uretra, e, em seguida, apertar o nó em torno da uretra e do metal da haste, de modo que o último ainda facilmente desliza para fora a partir daí. </li><li> Fixar o nó com mais 3 lances usando tensão suave antes de retirar a haste. Cortar o fio de sutura termina cerca de 3 mm long, ou 4 mm se libertação posterior de obstrução faz parte da experiência. </li></ol></li><li> fechamento da ferida <ol><li> Aproximar as glândulas uretrais usando um ponto único enterrado de absorvível trançado sutura 4-0. </li><li> Feche a pele com um ponto colchão horizontal enterrado usando o mesmo sut absorvívelUre. Nota: Embora possa parecer pouco convencional usar uma sutura absorvível para um ponto de penetração cutânea, não encontramos complicações como infecções da ferida e que a remoção da sutura pode ser evitada. </li></ol></li><li> Após o cuidado <ol><li> Injectar buprenorfina 0,1 mg / kg subcutaneamente antes de colocar o rato numa gaiola de recuperação. </li><li> Oferecer alguma dieta macia da recuperação para as primeiras 24 h ao único rato alojado. Após este período, animais de casa novamente nos mesmos pares que antes do procedimento desde que eles estão indo bem e pertencem ao mesmo grupo de tratamento. </li><li> Verifique diariamente os ratos quanto ao tamanho da bexiga e ao bem-estar geral; Registrar seu peso pelo menos uma vez por semana. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. NeMO em Ratos Femininos <ol><li> Preparação <ol><li> Coloque um rato C57bl / 6 fêmea pesando cerca de 18 g e proceda como detalhado no passo 1.1.1. </li><li> Proceder conforme detalhado no passo 1.1.2, exceto usar umiocatheter. </li></ol></li><li> dissecação <ol><li> Usar um bisturi para fazer uma incisão na pele de seis milímetros longitudinal a partir da sínfise púbica palpável para o meato uretral. </li><li> Dissecar sem rodeios para identificar a uretra stent espalhando longitudinal com tesoura fina. Levantar o feixe neuro-vasculares execução ventralmente na uretra por dissecção romba análogo. </li><li> Executar alguma suave longitudinal espalhamento utilizando tesouras curvas dorsal para a uretra, para desenvolver o plano entre a uretra e da vagina. Então, sem rodeios passar uma sutura 5-0 não absorvível trançado atrás da uretra e preparar o duplo lance do nó de um cirurgião. </li></ol></li><li> Obstrução uretral parcial <ol><li> Ligue o angiocateter com uma seringa de 1 ml e injectar 0,1 ml de solução salina normal para a bexiga. </li><li> Coloque uma cânula de calibre 26, paralela à uretra. Aperte levemente o nó em torno da uretra e cânula enquanto puxa de volta o angiocaº. </li><li> Fixar o nó com mais 3 lances usando tensão suave antes de retirar a cânula. </li><li> Teste para a urina que aparece no meato mediante uma pressão suave sobre a bexiga do animal; afrouxar o laço se incapaz de expressar urina. Caso contrário, o corte da sutura termina cerca de 3 mm long. </li></ol></li><li> fechamento da ferida <ol><li> Feche a pele com um ponto colchão horizontal enterrado usando uma sutura absorvível 5-0 trançado. </li></ol></li><li> após o cuidado <ol><li> Injectar 0,1 mg / kg de buprenorfina por via subcutânea, antes de colocar o rato em uma gaiola de recuperação. </li><li> Oferecer alguma dieta de recuperação suave para as primeiras 48 h para o mouse Alojado única. Após este período, animais da casa novamente nos mesmos grupos que antes do procedimento, desde que estão fazendo bem e pertencem ao mesmo grupo de tratamento. NOTA: Os ratos com uma palpável distendido bexiga 24 h após o procedimento que não anulará quando manuseado são over-obstruída e vai morrer dentro do next 1 - 2 dias a menos que levado de volta sob anestesia para a remoção da ligadura obstructivo. </li><li> Verificar os ratinhos diariamente para o tamanho da bexiga e bem-estar geral; registar o seu peso pelo menos semanalmente. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Andersson, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Storage+and+voiding+symptoms:+pathophysiologic+aspects.">Storage and voiding symptoms: pathophysiologic aspects.</a> Urology. 62 (5), 3-10 (2003).</li><li>Boyle, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prevalence+of+lower+urinary+tract+symptoms+in+men+and+women+in+four+centres.+The+UrEpik+study.">The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in men and women in four centres. The UrEpik study.</a> BJU Int. 92 (4), 409-414 (2003).</li><li>Coyne, K. S., Wein, A., Nicholson, S., Kvasz, M., Chen, C. I., Milsom, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Economic+burden+of+urgency+urinary+incontinence+in+the+United+States:+a+systematic+review.">Economic burden of urgency urinary incontinence in the United States: a systematic review.</a> J Manag Care Pharm. 20 (2), 130-140 (2014).</li><li>Buttyan, R., Chen, M. W., Levin, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+bladder+outlet+obstruction+and+molecular+insights+into+the+basis+for+the+development+of+bladder+dysfunction.">Animal models of bladder outlet obstruction and molecular insights into the basis for the development of bladder dysfunction.</a> Eur. Urol. 32 (Suppl 1), 32-39 (1997).</li><li>Mattiasson, A., Uvelius, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+contractile+properties+in+hypertrophic+rat+urinary+bladder.">Changes in contractile properties in hypertrophic rat urinary bladder.</a> J Urol. 128 (6), 1340-1342 (1982).</li><li>Chang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alteration+of+the+PKC-mediated+signaling+pathway+for+smooth+muscle+contraction+in+obstruction-induced+hypertrophy+of+the+urinary+bladder.">Alteration of the PKC-mediated signaling pathway for smooth muscle contraction in obstruction-induced hypertrophy of the urinary bladder.</a> Lab Invest. 89 (7), 823-832 (2009).</li><li>Moore, J. A., Brading, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+porcine+model+of+bladder+outlet+obstruction+incorporating+radio-telemetered+cystometry.">A porcine model of bladder outlet obstruction incorporating radio-telemetered cystometry.</a> BJU Int. 100 (5), 1192-1193 (2007).</li><li>Beamon, C. R., Mazar, C., Salkini, M. W., Phull, H. S., Comiter, C. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+sildenafil+citrate+on+bladder+outlet+obstruction:+a+mouse+model.">The effect of sildenafil citrate on bladder outlet obstruction: a mouse model.</a> BJU Inte. 104 (2), 252-256 (2009).</li><li>Pandita, R. K., Fujiwara, M., Alm, P., Andersson, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cystometric+evaluation+of+bladder+function+in+non-anesthetized+mice+with+and+without+bladder+outlet+obstruction.">Cystometric evaluation of bladder function in non-anesthetized mice with and without bladder outlet obstruction.</a> J Urol. 164 (4), 1385-1389 (2000).</li><li>Kang, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+Sequential+Changes+in+Bladder+Function+after+Partial+Bladder+Outlet+Obstruction+in+Awake+Sprague-Dawley+Rats:+Focus+on+the+Decompensated+Bladder.">Early Sequential Changes in Bladder Function after Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Awake Sprague-Dawley Rats: Focus on the Decompensated Bladder.</a> Korean J Urol. 52 (12), 835-837 (2011).</li><li>Schroeder, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+effect+of+an+oral+endothelin+converting+enzyme+inhibitor+on+rat+detrusor+function+after+outlet+obstruction.">Protective effect of an oral endothelin converting enzyme inhibitor on rat detrusor function after outlet obstruction.</a> J Urol. 172 (3), 1171-1174 (2004).</li><li>Sidler, M., Aitken, K., Jiang, J., Bijos, D., B&#228;gli, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term="sometimes+a+sham+is+just+a+sham"+-+why+the+rodent+model+of+partial+bladder+outlet+obstruction+needs+adjustment.">"sometimes a sham is just a sham" - why the rodent model of partial bladder outlet obstruction needs adjustment.</a> J Urol. 195 (4), e379 (2016).</li><li>Jin, L. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+detrusor+overactivity+in+rats+after+relief+of+partial+urethral+obstruction.">Persistent detrusor overactivity in rats after relief of partial urethral obstruction.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 301 (4), R896-R904 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

A mortalidade dos animais é uma das principais preocupações do modelo tradicional de pBOO na uretra proximal, em 15% ou mais em muitos relatórios 10, 11, 13. Nemo parece ter mortalidade mínima quando aplicado em ratos fêmeas. obstrução uretral proximal em murganhos é tecnicamente mais exigente do que em ratos e, portanto, ainda mais propensos a complicações. Utilizando uma cânula de calibre 26 como ...

Parcial obstrução da saída da bexiga (pBOO) tem uma prevalência elevada e pode resultar em disfunção da bexiga grave 1; o espectro varia de malformações congénitas, tais como válvulas de uretra posterior ou hypospadias, mais de estreitamento uretral adquiridos a hiperplasia benigna da próstata. O último que afecta mais de 30% dos homens de sessenta anos e mais velhos 2. Grande fardo paciente e os custos de saúde associados com imensas pBOO justificar o esforço de investigação considerável colocar em estudar a remodelação da bexiga em resposta à resistência aumentada saída 3. De 2006 até 2015, mais de 220 PubMed indexados artigos foram publicados sobre o efeito de pBOO na bexiga urinária. Embora os modelos animais para pBOO Elaboraram-se várias espécies, tais como 4 a 5 de rato, o coelho 6, 7 porco, e compue 8, 9, sem dúvida, o modelo animal mais habitualmente utilizada, porém, são ratos do sexo feminino submetidos a obstrução parcial da uretra proximal; acesso ao abdómen dos animais, exteriorizante da bexiga, e dissecção em torno do pescoço da bexiga são inevitáveis ​​com esta técnica obstrução uretral proximal tradicional. Variabilidade no grau de obstrução e a mortalidade dos animais são apenas alguns dos problemas associados com este procedimento 10, 11; mostrou-se que em animais de engano operados, dissecção em torno da uretra proximal leva a alterações fisiológicas que se correlacionam com perda de fibras nervosas no colo da bexiga 12. Esta descoberta indica que o modelo animal pBOO mais utilizada, a qual envolve o acesso a uretra proximal em roedores do sexo feminino, conduz a uma lesão desnervação com alterações estruturais e funcionais associadas da bexiga, afectandofarsa e animais obstruídas. Por conseguinte, foi necessário um método alternativo evitar lesões desnervação. O nosso laboratório desenvolvidos e avaliada uma abordagem obstrução médio-uretral poupadores de Nervo (nemo), eficaz na indução de alterações associadas à obstrução esperada na bexiga, tais como aumento da massa do órgão e urina residual, enquanto que os animais operados de forma simulada foram indistinguíveis dos animais de controlo não operados . Além disso, o esfíncter uretral estriado permaneceu intacta como ela se encontra próximo do limite de dissecção. Além disso, a variabilidade no aumento induzido por obstrução em massa da bexiga foi significativamente menor do que na obstrução uretral proximal tradicional e a mortalidade dos animais foi zero. Nós também aplicado com sucesso nemo em ratinhos fêmea com uma mortalidade inferior a 10% nos animais obstruídos, enquanto que todos os modelos pBOO para ratinhos descritos até à data foram associadas com uma mortalidade de cerca de 50%. Estudar remodelação da bexiga no contexto de pBOO em ratos irá beneficiar de applicabildade de todo o espectro de modificações transgénicos. Dissecando em torno do meio da uretra em roedores do sexo feminino não induz as alterações estruturais ou funcionais indesejáveis ​​e de confusão na bexiga urinária observado no modelo de obstrução proximal tradicional. No entanto, a indução de uma obstrução parcial no nível médio-uretral ainda induz a hipertrofia da bexiga e aumento da urina residual, como esperado a partir de um modelo animal para pBOO. Importante, realizando nemo em ratinhos abre investigação de remodelação da bexiga em pBOO a métodos transgénicos, que são praticamente inexistentes em roedores maiores.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1064">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Female rat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Charles-River Canada</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Sprague Dawley Rat (Crl:SD); Strain Code: 400</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">about 200g</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Isoflorane vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Benson medical industries inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">TEC III Isoflurane; product code: 53-T3ISO&#160;</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Isoflorane</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fresenius Kabi Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Isoflorane; product code CP0406V2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">&#160;250ml bottle</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Disposable scalpell</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">#15 Sterile, Stainless Steel Scalpels; catalogue number 549-9-15S</td>
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			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Aesculap Microscopy Forceps, Finepoint, 115mm; product number 5443</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Adson forceps</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Aesculap Adson Dissection Forceps, Curved, 120mm; product number 5002-9</td>
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			<td style="width:559px;">Surgical Scissors, Curved, S/S, 105mm; catalogue number 1376</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">0.9mm inox metal rod</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">goodfellow.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Stainless Steel - AISI 316L Wire Diameter:0.9mm; order code 911-684-65</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Skin hooks - self made from inox steel</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">goodfellow.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Stainless Steel - AISI 316L Wire Diameter:0.9mm; order code 911-684-65</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">4-0 Silk suture</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">4-0 Sofsilk black 98&#34; strand; product number LS640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">5-0 Vicry suture</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">5-0 Vicryl undyed 27&#34; RB-1 taper; product number J213H</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Medsupplier.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Integra Miltex Carb-N-Sert Baumgartner Needle Holder - 5 1/2&#34;; product code SKU NEE4484-8-40TC 
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			SKU NEE4484-8-40TC&#160;</td>
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			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">BD&#160;Tuberculin Syringe, BD 309623</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">20G Angiocath</td>
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			<td style="width:559px;">Andwin Scientific&#160;ANGIOCATH 20 GA; Catalog No. NC9561906</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Recovery diet</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">clearh2o</td>
			<td>DietGel 31M; 72-08-5022</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">C57Bl/6 female mice</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Charles-River Canada</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">C57BL/6 Mouse (C57BL/6NCrI); Strain Code: 027</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">about 18g</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">24G angiocath</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Hanna Pharmaceutical Supply Co., Inc.&#160;IV CATH ANGIOCATH 24GX3/4IN; Catalog No. NC9814340</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">5-0 Ethibond</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">5-0 Ethibond green 30&#34; RB-1 taper; product number X550H</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">26G syringe needle</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">BD Precisionglide syringe needle, Gauge 26; z192392</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Normal Saline</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 100 mL MINI-BAG; product code 2B0043</td>
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</table>

nerve-sparing mid-urethral obstruction (nemo) in female small rodents

obstrução da saída da bexiga parcial (pBOO) tem alta prevalência, causas carga paciente significativa, e os custos de saúde imensos. O modelo animal mais comum para investigar remodelação da bexiga em pBOO são roedores do sexo feminino submetidos a obstrução parcial na uretra proximal. Variabilidade no grau de obstrução e a mortalidade dos animais são os principais preocupações com obstrução proximal. Além disso, dissecando em torno da uretra proximal e do colo da bexiga compromete inervação da bexiga. Nós desenvolvemos um modelo de obstrução mid-uretral poupadores de nervo (Nemo) para pBOO evitando as desvantagens do modelo tradicional. Nós nos aproximamos da uretra apenas inferior à sínfise púbica, o que evitou a necessidade de laparotomia, bem como para dissecção nesta área; Também, o esfíncter uretral estriado permaneceu intacta. Foi realizada nemo em ratos Sprague-Dawley do sexo feminino (12 obstruções, 6 animais sham), bem como em ratinhos fêmea C57 / BL6 (20 obstruçãos, 18 animais sham). Depois de duas semanas, avaliamos a função da bexiga, a massa da bexiga, e massa corporal. Nós não tivemos mortalidade entre ratas obstructed- ou operados por simulação; tal como descrito para o proximal tradicional pBOO-método, que amarrado a sutura em torno da uretra proximal e uma haste de metal colocado temporariamente 0,9 milímetros. Nemo induziu um aumento de 85% em massa da bexiga após duas semanas, o volume médio de urina residual foi de 0,4 mL em ratos parcialmente obstruída enquanto apenas 0,03 ml em animais sham. Em ratinhos, foram testados 3 tamanhos de cânulas que colocados ao longo da uretra quando atar o fio de sutura. Descobrimos que a utilização de uma cânula de calibre 27 resultou em mais de mortalidade dos animais 50%; colocação da cânula de calibre 25 não deu a resposta desejada no aumento da massa da bexiga; utilizando uma cânula de calibre 26, produziu resultados favoráveis ​​com a mortalidade mínima dos animais (1/8) ainda um aumento significativo de 2 vezes em massa da bexiga.

-Nervo poupadores Mid-obstrução uretral (Nemo) em ratas Mortalidade Foi realizada uma obstrução mid-uretral em mais de 40 ratas tão longe e não tinha mortalidades. massa da bexiga Média massa bexiga relativ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents at JoVE.com

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

modelagem tradicional de obstrução da saída da bexiga parcial em roedores é cheio com a mortalidade dos animais. Uma lesão desnervação de dissecção em torno da uretra proximal e do colo da bexiga também é de grande preocupação. Nós desenvolvido e avaliado um modelo de obstrução mid-uretral segura e confiável, evitando as deficiências do modelo tradicional.

-Nervo poupadores Mid-obstrução uretral (Nemo) em fêmeas pequenos roedores

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal ...

nerve-sparing-mid-urethral-obstruction-nemo-in-female-small-rodents

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction (NeMO) in Female Small Rodents

9.5K visualizações.  The Hospital for Sick Children.  modelagem tradicional de obstrução da saída da bexiga parcial em roedores é cheio com a mortalidade dos animais. Uma lesão desnervação de dissecção em torno da uretra proximal e do colo da bexiga também é de grande preocupação. Nós desenvolvido e avaliado um modelo de obstrução mid-uretral segura e confiável, evitando as deficiências do modelo tradicional. 

Vídeo: Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

Protocol for Long Duration Whole Body Hyperthermia in Mice

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body temperature that is observed during fever. The use of hyperthermia as an adjuvant has emerged as a promising procedure for tumor regression in the field of cancer biology. For this purpose, the most important requirement is to have reliable and uniform heating protocols. We have developed a protocol for hyperthermia (whole body) in mice. In this protocol, animals are exposed to cycles of hyperthermia for 90 min followed by a rest period of 15 min. During this period mice have easy access to food and water. High body temperature spikes in the mice during first few hyperthermia exposure cycles are prevented by immobilizing the animal. Additionally, normal saline is administered in first few cycles to minimize the effects of dehydration. This protocol can simulate fever like conditions in mice up to 12-24 hr. We have used 8-12 weeks old BALB/Cj female mice to demonstrate the protocol.

This paper describes a protocol for whole body hyperthermia in mice that can stimulate fever like conditions up to 12-24 hr.

Protocolo para Longa Duração Hipertermia corpo inteiro em Ratos

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body ...

Medicina

The Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation

The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a convenient time. While storing urine, however, the bladder is exposed for prolonged periods to waste products. By acting as a tight barrier, the epithelial lining of the LUT, the urothelium, avoids re-absorption of harmful substances. Moreover, noxious chemicals stimulate the bladder's nociceptive innervation and initiate voiding contractions that expel the bladder's contents. Interestingly, the bladder's sensitivity to noxious chemicals has been used successfully in clinical practice, by intravesically infusing the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin to treat neurogenic bladder overactivity1. This underscores the advantage of viewing the bladder as a chemosensory organ and prompts for further clinical research. However, ethical issues severely limit the possibilities to perform, in human subjects, the invasive measurements that are necessary to unravel the molecular bases of LUT clinical pharmacology. A way to overcome this limitation is the use of several animal models2. Here we describe the implementation of cystometry in mice and rats, a technique that allows measuring the intravesical pressure in conditions of controlled bladder perfusion.
	After laparotomy, a catheter is implanted in the bladder dome and tunneled subcutaneously to the interscapular region. Then the bladder can be filled at a controlled rate, while the urethra is left free for micturition. During the repetitive cycles of filling and voiding, intravesical pressure can be measured via the implanted catheter. As such, the pressure changes can be quantified and analyzed. Moreover, simultaneous measurement of the voided volume allows distinguishing voiding contractions from non-voiding contractions3.
	Importantly, due to the differences in micturition control between rodents and humans, cystometric measurements in these animals have only limited translational value4. Nevertheless, they are quite instrumental in the study of bladder pathophysiology and pharmacology in experimental pre-clinical settings. Recent research using this technique has revealed the key role of novel molecular players in the mechano- and chemo-sensory properties of the bladder.

Cystometry is an efficient technique to measure bladder function of small animals in vivo. The bladder is continuously infused at rates controlled through an intravesical catheter, whereas the urethra is left free for micturition. This allows for repetitive filling and emptying of the bladder, while intravesical pressure and voided volume are recorded.

O Uso de cistometria em pequenos roedores: Um Estudo de Chemosensation Bexiga

	The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a  dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a  convenient time. While ...

Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition (irreversible intestinal failure). In specialized centers improved operative and managing strategies have led to excellent short- and intermediate term patient and graft survival while providing high quality of life 1,3. Unlike in the more common transplantation of other solid organs (i.e. heart, liver) many underlying mechanisms of graft function and immunologic alterations induced by intestinal transplantation are not entirely known6,7. Episodes of acute rejection, sepsis and chronic graft failure are the main obstacles still contributing to less favorable long term outcome and hindering a more widespread employment of the procedure despite a growing number of patients on home parenteral nutrition who would potentially benefit from such a transplant. The small intestine contains a large number of passenger leucocytes commonly referred to as part of the gut associated lymphoid system (GALT) this being part of the reason for the high immunogenity of the intestinal graft. The presence and close proximity of many commensals and pathogens in the gut explains the severity of sepsis episodes once graft mucosal integrity is compromised (for example by rejection). To advance the field of intestinal- and multiorgan transplantation more data generated from reliable and feasible animal models is needed. The model provided herein combines both reliability and feasibility once established in a standardized manner and can provide valuable insight in the underlying complex molecular, cellular and functional mechanisms that are triggered by intestinal transplantation. We have successfully used and refined the described procedure over more than 5 years in our laboratory 8-11. The JoVE video-based format is especially useful to demonstrate the complex procedure and avoid initial pitfalls for groups planning to establish an orthotopic rodent model investigating intestinal transplantation.

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted treatment option for patients with irreversible intestinal failure. Our experimental model of orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats serves as a reliable tool to address underlying immunologic and inflammatory processes that complicate intestinal transplantation.

Transplante de intestino delgado de ratos ortotópico

Small  bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with  short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

Descolamento de Retina modelo em roedores por injeção sub-retiniana de hialuronato de sódio

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning:  A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. Sublethal ischemia has also been shown to upregulate protective mechanisms in remote tissues. A brief period of ischemia (5-10 min) in the hind limb of mammals induces self-protective responses in the brain, lung, heart and retina. The effect is known as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP). It is a therapeutically promising way of protecting vital organs, and is already under clinical trials for heart and brain injuries. This publication demonstrates a controlled, minimally invasive method of making a limb &#8211; specifically the hind limb of a rat &#8211; ischemic. A blood pressure cuff developed for use in human neonates is connected to a manual sphygmomanometer and used to apply 160 mmHg pressure around the upper part of the hind limb. A probe designed to detect skin temperature is used to verify the ischemia, by recording the drop in skin temperature caused by pressure-induced occlusion of the leg arteries, and the rise in temperature which follows release of the cuff. This method of RIP affords protection to the rat retina against bright light-induced damage and degeneration.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) is a method of conditioning tissues against damaging stress. We have established a method of remote ischemia at the hind limb, by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff for 5-10 min. The neuroprotective capabilities of RIP have been demonstrated in a model of retinal degeneration in rodents.

Membro Remoto Pré-Condicionamento Isquêmico: A Técnica neuroprotetor em roedores

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. ...

Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE provide critical support for photoreceptors and death or dysfunction of RPE cells is characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in people age 55 and older. While no cure for AMD has been identified, implantation of healthy RPE in diseased eyes may prove to be an effective treatment, and large numbers of RPE cells can be readily generated from pluripotent stem cells. Several interesting questions regarding the safety and efficacy of RPE cell delivery can still be examined in animal models, and well-accepted protocols used to inject RPE have been developed. The technique described here has been used by multiple groups in various studies and involves first creating a hole in the eye with a sharp needle. Then a syringe with a blunt needle loaded with cells is inserted through the hole and passed through the vitreous until it gently touches the RPE. Using this injection method, which is relatively simple and requires minimal equipment, we achieve consistent and efficient integration of stem cell-derived RPE cells in between the host RPE that prevents significant amount of photoreceptor degeneration in animal models. While not part of the actual protocol, we also describe how to determine the extent of the trauma induced by the injection, and how to verify that the cells were injected into the subretinal space using in vivo imaging modalities. Finally, the use of this protocol is not limited to RPE cells; it may be used to inject any compound or cell into the subretinal space.

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

Realizando Subretinal Injeções em roedores para entregar epitélio pigmentar da retina células em suspensão

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment ...

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

Um modelo murino de irreversível e reversível obstrução ureteral unilateral

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, serial blood or urine samples are required, with the associated stress for the experimental animals. A recent technique significantly reduces the investment in time and resources, minimizing the invasiveness and the animal stress, but being equally valid as the traditional approaches. The method measures transcutaneously renal function. Using an optical device and the exogenous renal marker fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin, this technique is capable of measuring the elimination kinetics of the marker through the skin. With neither blood nor urine samples nor the associated laboratory assays needed, the results of the transcutaneous measurement are almost instantaneously available. The method has been already validated in different species and successfully applied in several models of renal pathology. Moreover, due to its minimally invasive characteristics, it is suitable for sequential measurements within the same animal. Here is provided a detailed protocol to carry out the transcutaneous assessment of renal function in rodents.

Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional procedures to measure this parameter are cumbersome and require a large investment of time. Here we describe a faster and minimally invasive method to determinate GFR transcutaneously.

Avaliação transcutânea da função renal em roedores conscientes

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and ...

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

The main focus of this protocol is to efficiently isolate viable primary glomeruli cultures with minimal contaminants for use in a variety of downstream applications. The isolated glomeruli retain structural relationships between component cell types and can be cultured ex vivo for a short time.

Um método eficiente de crivagem para isolar intactos glomérulos do rim de rato adulto

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by ...

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

To better understand the left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling (RR), we describe a rodent model wherein, after aortic banding-induced LV remodeling, mice undergo RR upon removal of the aortic constriction. In this paper, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform a minimally invasive surgical aortic debanding in mice. Echocardiography was subsequently used to assess the degree of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction during LV remodeling and RR and to determine the best timing for aortic debanding. At the end of the protocol, terminal hemodynamic evaluation of the cardiac function was conducted, and samples were collected for histological studies. We showed that debanding is associated with surgical survival rates of 70-80%. Moreover, two weeks after debanding, the significant reduction of ventricular afterload triggers the regression of ventricular hypertrophy (~20%) and fibrosis (~26%), recovery of diastolic dysfunction as assessed by the normalization of left ventricular filling and end-diastolic pressures (E/e&#39;&#160;and LVEDP). Aortic debanding is a useful experimental model to study LV RR in rodents. The extent of myocardial recovery is variable between subjects, therefore, mimicking the diversity of RR that occurs in the clinical context, such as aortic valve replacement. We conclude that the aortic banding/debanding model represents a valuable tool to unravel novel insights into the mechanisms of RR, namely the regression of cardiac hypertrophy and the recovery of diastolic dysfunction.

Here we describe a step-by-step protocol of surgical aorta debanding in the well-established mice model of aortic-constriction. This procedure not only allows studying the mechanisms underlying the left ventricular reverse remodeling and regression of hypertrophy but also to test novel therapeutic options that might accelerate myocardial recovery.

Estudando remodelagem reversa ventricular esquerda por debandagem aórtica em roedores

To better understand the left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling (RR), we describe a rodent model wherein, after aortic banding-induced LV remodeling, ...