The work was funded by a CHIR operating grant (DJB).

다음 실험 프로토콜은 기관의 동물 관리위원회에 의해 승인되었다. 여성 쥐 1. 니모 <ol><li> 예비 <ol><li> 약 200g 하에서 3 % 이소 플루 란 마취를 계량 암컷 스프 라그 - 돌리 쥐를 배치 동물 체중 및 면도 요오드 수술 스크럽을 사용해 prepubic 영역을 3 회 소독한다. </li><li> 다운 가열 패드, 테이프 뒷다리와 꼬리 또한 부드럽게 미끄럼 방지하기 위해서 녹화 된 20 게이지 angiocatheter과 방광 카테 테르를 꽂다. </li></ol></li><li> 해부 <ol><li> 요도쪽으로 만져 치골에서 8mm 길이 방향 피부 절개를 수행하기 위해 메스를 사용합니다. 나중에 상처 봉합을 촉진하기 위해 양쪽에있는 피부를 들어 올립니다. </li><li> 세로 미세 가위로 확산하여 스텐트 요도를 식별하는 데 퉁명스럽게 해부하다. 노출을 향상시키기 위해 미세 자기 유지 피부 후크를 배치요도. </li><li> 수행 약간 부드러운 길이 요도 및 질의 평면을 개발하는 곡선 위의 요도 지느러미하여 확산. 그런 다음, 퉁명스럽게 요도 뒤에 4-0 실크 봉합사를 통과하고 외과 의사의 매듭의 이중 던져 준비합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 부분 요도 폐색 <ol><li> 상기 angiocatheter 제거 요도에 0.9 mm 금속봉 병렬 배치하고, 후자는 여전히 그 후 쉽게 미끄러지도록 한 다음, 요도 및 금속 막대 주위에 매듭을 조인다. </li><li> 3 이상의로드를 제거하기 전에 완만 장력을 사용하여 드로우 매듭을 고정. 봉합사는 길이 약 3mm 또는 폐쇄 이후 릴리스 실험의 일부인 경우 4mm 단부 잘랐다. </li></ol></li><li> 상처 폐쇄 <ol><li> 흡수 꼰 봉합 4-0의 매장 단일 스티치를 사용하여 paraurethral 분비 대략적인. </li><li> 같은 흡수 SUT를 사용하여 매장 수평 매트리스 스티치로 피부를 닫습니다URE. 참고 : 피부 관통 스티치에 대한 흡수성 봉합사를 사용하는 틀에 얽매이지 않는 것처럼 보일 수 있지만, 우리는 상처 감염 등의 합병증이 발생하지 않았고, 봉합사 제거는 피할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 치료 후 <ol><li> 주입 부 프레 노르 핀 0.1 ㎎ / ㎏ 피하 회복 케이지 래트를 배치하기 전에. </li><li> 단일 보관되어 쥐에 처음 24 시간 동안 일부 소프트 복구 다이어트를 제공합니다. 이 기간 후, 절차 이전과 동일 쌍에 다시 집 동물은 잘 같은 치료 그룹에 속한다 제공. </li><li> 방광의 크기 및 일반 복지를위한 매일 쥐를 확인; 적어도 매주 자신의 체중을 기록합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 여성 마우스 2. 니모 <ol><li> 예비 <ol><li> 약 18g 무게 암컷 C57BL / 6 마우스를 놓고 1.1.1에서 상세한 진행. </li><li> 24 게이지의 중앙을 사용한 것 이외는, 단계 1.1.2의 상세한 진행iocatheter. </li></ol></li><li> 해부 <ol><li> 요도쪽으로 만져 치골에서 6mm 길이 방향 피부 절개를 수행하기 위해 메스를 사용합니다. </li><li> 세로 미세 가위로 확산하여 스텐트 요도를 식별하는 데 퉁명스럽게 해부하다. 유사 무딘 박리하여 요도에 복부 실행하는 신경 혈관 다발을 들어 올립니다. </li><li> 수행 약간 부드러운 길이 요도 및 질의 평면을 개발하는 곡선 위의 요도 지느러미하여 확산. 그런 다음, 퉁명스럽게 요도 뒤에 5-0으로 비 흡수성 꼰 봉합을 통과하고 외과 의사의 매듭의 이중 던져 준비합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 부분 요도 폐색 <ol><li> 1 ml 주사기로 angiocatheter 연결 방광에 생리 식염수를 0.1 mL의 주입. </li><li> 요도에 26 게이지 캐뉼라 병렬 배치. angioca를 뒤로 당기면서 부드럽게 요도 및 정맥 주위의 매듭을 조여일. </li><li> 3 이상이 정맥을 제거하기 전에 부드러운 긴장을 사용하여 던졌습니다으로 매듭을 고정합니다. </li><li> 동물의 방광에 부드러운 압력시 (外耳道)에 나타나는 소변 테스트; 소변을 표현 할 수없는 경우에는 넥타이를 푸십시오. 그렇지 않으면, 봉합사는 약 3 맹 롱 끝나는 잘라. </li></ol></li><li> 상처 폐쇄 <ol><li> 5-0 꼰 흡수성 봉합사를 사용하여 매장 수평 매트리스 스티치로 피부를 닫습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 치료 후 <ol><li> 회복 케이지 마우스를 배치하기 전에, 0.1 ㎎ / ㎏을 피하 주사 부 프레 노르 핀. </li><li> 단일 보관되어 마우스로 처음 48 시간 동안 일부 소프트 복구 다이어트를 제공합니다. 이 기간 후, 절차 이전과 동일 그룹에 다시 집 동물은 잘 같은 치료 그룹에 속한다 제공. 참고 : 오버 막혀 처리 할 때 무효화하지 않습니다과 n에서 죽을 것이다 시술 후 만져서 팽창 방광 24 시간와 마우스은 방해 합자의 제거를위한 마취 다시 촬영 이일하지 않는 한 - 1 내선. </li><li> 방광의 크기 및 일반 복지를위한 매일 쥐를 확인; 적어도 매주 자신의 체중을 기록합니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

동물의 사망률은 많은 보고서 10, 11, 13을 15 % 이상에서 근위부 요도에서 pBOO의 전통적인 모델의 주요 관심사 중 하나입니다. 니모는 암컷 쥐에 적용 할 때 최소한의 사망률을 보인다. 생쥐의 근위부 요도 폐쇄는 기술적으로 더 도전 쥐에 비해 때문에 더 많은 경향이 합병증이다. 우리 중반 요도 접근 방식에 대한 자...

일부 방광 출구 폐색 (pBOO)의 높은 유병률을 갖는다 심한 방광 장애 1 초래할 수있다; 스펙트럼은 양성 전립선 비대증으로 취득한 요도 협착 등 위에 후부 요도 밸브 또는 요도 밑 열림 증과 같은 선천성 기형 내지. 남성 육십년의 30 % 이상 및 2 세에 영향을 미치는 후자. 큰 환자 부담 및 pBOO과 관련된 엄청난 의료 비용이 증가 유출 저항 3에 대한 응답으로 공부 방광 리모델링에 투입 상당한 연구 노력을 보증합니다. 2006에서 2015까지 (220)를 통해 PubMed의 기사가 방광에 pBOO의 효과에 관한 발표되었다 색인. pBOO에 대한 동물 모델은 같은 쥐 (5), 토끼 (6), 돼지 7 및 MOUS 등 여러 종 4에 고안되었지만전자 8, 9, 그러나 근위부 요도의 부분적인 방해를받은 암컷 쥐입니다 틀림없이 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 동물 모델; 방광 목 동물의 복부에 접근, 방광의 exteriorizing 및 해부 전통 근위부 요도 폐색 기술과 피할 수 있습니다. 장애물과 동물의 사망률 정도의 변동성 만 (11)이 프로 시저 (10)과 관련된 문제의 일부; 우리는 가짜 운영 동물, 근위부 요도 주위 절개는 방광 경부 (12)에서 신경 섬유의 손실과 상관 관계 생리적 변화에 이르게 것으로 나타났다. 이 발견은 여성 설치류에서 근위부 요도를 액세스 포함 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 pBOO 동물 모델이 영향을 미치는, 방광의 관련 구조 및 기능 변화와 탈 신경 손상에 이르게 것을 나타냅니다가짜와 방해 동물. 따라서, 다른 접근 방식 피 탈 신경 손상이 필요했다. 우리의 실험실 개발 및 가짜 운영 동물이 작동이되지 제어 동물과 구별했다 반면, 같은 기관의 질량과 잔뇨의 증가로 방광에서 예상되는 장애물 관련된 변화를 유도에 효과적인 신경을 살려주는 중간 요도 폐색을 (네모) 접근 방식을 평가 . 그 박리의 수준에 근접하게 놓여으로 또한 선 형상 요도 괄약근는 그대로 남아 있었다. 또한, 방광 폐색 질량 - 유도 증가 변동 전통적인 근위 요도 협착보다 낮았다 동물 사망률은 제로였다. 지금까지 설명 마우스에 대한 모든 pBOO 모델이 50 % 주변의 사망률을하는 동안 우리는 또한 성공적으로 방해 동물의 10 % 미만 사망률과 여성 쥐에서 니모를 적용했다. 마우스에 pBOO의 맥락에서 방광 리모델링을 공부하는 것은 applicabil 도움이됩니다유전자 변형의 전체 스펙트럼 성만. 여성 설치류 중반 요도 주위를 해부하면 기존의 근위부 폐쇄 모델에서 관찰 된 방광에서 바람직하지 혼란 구조적 또는 기능적 변화를 유도하지 않습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 중간 요도 수준에서 부분적인 폐쇄를 유도하는 것은 여전히 ​​방광 비대를 유도하고 pBOO에 대한 동물 모델에서 예상대로, 잔뇨 증가했다. 중요한 것은, 마우스에서 NEMO을 수행하는 단계를 더 설치류 사실상 불가능하다 형질 전환 방법에 pBOO 방광 개조 조사를 연다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1064">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Female rat&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Charles-River Canada</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Sprague Dawley Rat (Crl:SD); Strain Code: 400</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">about 200g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Isoflorane vaporizer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Benson medical industries inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">TEC III Isoflurane; product code: 53-T3ISO&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Isoflorane</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fresenius Kabi Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Isoflorane; product code CP0406V2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">&#160;250ml bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Disposable scalpell</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">#15 Sterile, Stainless Steel Scalpels; catalogue number 549-9-15S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Microscopy forceps</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Aesculap Microscopy Forceps, Finepoint, 115mm; product number 5443</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Adson forceps</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Aesculap Adson Dissection Forceps, Curved, 120mm; product number 5002-9</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Curved surgical scissors</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Surgical Scissors, Curved, S/S, 105mm; catalogue number 1376</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">0.9mm inox metal rod</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">goodfellow.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Stainless Steel - AISI 316L Wire Diameter:0.9mm; order code 911-684-65</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Skin hooks - self made from inox steel</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">goodfellow.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Stainless Steel - AISI 316L Wire Diameter:0.9mm; order code 911-684-65</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">4-0 Silk suture</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">4-0 Sofsilk black 98&#34; strand; product number LS640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">5-0 Vicry suture</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">5-0 Vicryl undyed 27&#34; RB-1 taper; product number J213H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Medsupplier.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Integra Miltex Carb-N-Sert Baumgartner Needle Holder - 5 1/2&#34;; product code SKU NEE4484-8-40TC 
			SKU NEE4484-8-40TC 
			SKU NEE4484-8-40TC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Temgesic (Buprenorphine)</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">first veterinary supply</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Buprenex 0.3MG/ml inj amps; item #075701</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">1ml syringe with 27G needle</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">BD&#160;Tuberculin Syringe, BD 309623</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">20G Angiocath</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Andwin Scientific&#160;ANGIOCATH 20 GA; Catalog No. NC9561906</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Recovery diet</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">clearh2o</td>
			<td>DietGel 31M; 72-08-5022</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">C57Bl/6 female mice</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Charles-River Canada</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">C57BL/6 Mouse (C57BL/6NCrI); Strain Code: 027</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">about 18g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">24G angiocath</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">Hanna Pharmaceutical Supply Co., Inc.&#160;IV CATH ANGIOCATH 24GX3/4IN; Catalog No. NC9814340</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">5-0 Ethibond</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">esutures.com</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">5-0 Ethibond green 30&#34; RB-1 taper; product number X550H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">26G syringe needle</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">BD Precisionglide syringe needle, Gauge 26; z192392</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Normal Saline</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:559px;">0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 100 mL MINI-BAG; product code 2B0043</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nerve-sparing mid-urethral obstruction (nemo) in female small rodents

일부 방광 출구 폐색 (pBOO)은 높은 유병률이 유의 한 환자 부담과 엄청난 의료 비용이 발생합니다. pBOO에서 방광 리모델링을 조사하는 가장 일반적인 동물 모델은 근위부 요도에 부분적인 방해를 받고 여성 설치류이다. 장애물과 동물의 사망률 정도의 변동성은 근위부 폐쇄와 주요 관심사이다. 또한, 근위부 요도 및 방광 목 해부하는 것은 방광 신경 분포를 위태롭게. 우리는 기존 모델의 단점을 피할 수 pBOO에 대한 신경을 살려주는 중간 요도 폐색 (네모) 모델을 개발했다. 우리는 개복 수술뿐만 아니라이 지역의 해부에 대한 필요성을 없어진다 치골 치골, 단지 열등 요도 접근; 또한, 선 형상 요도 괄약근은 그대로 남아 있었다. 우리는 여성 흰쥐에서 (12 개 장애물, 6 가짜 동물)뿐만 아니라 여성 C57 / BL6 마우스를 니모를 수행 (20 장애물의 18 가짜 동물). 이주 후, 우리는 방광 기능, 방광 질량, 신체 질량을 평가 하였다. 우리는 obstructed- 또는 가짜 운영 암컷 쥐들 사이에 사망률이 없었다; 전통적인 근위 pBOO-방법에서 기술 한 바와 같이, 우리는 근위 요도 주위의 봉합을 연결하고, 일시적으로 0.9 mm의 금속봉을 두었다. NEMO 2 주 후 방광 질량의 85 % 증가를 야기 평균 잔뇨량은 0.03 mL의 모의 동안 동물에 부분적으로 가려 래트 0.4 mL를가 하였다. 생쥐에서는 봉합 매 때 요도를 따라 배치 된 캐 뉼러 3 개 크기를 시험했다. 우리는 27 게이지 캐 뉼러를 사용하여 50 %의 사망률을 통해 동물 결과 것으로; 증가 방광 질량 원하는 응답을 생성하지 않았다 25 게이지 뉼러를 배치하는 단계; 26 게이지 캐 뉼러를 이용하여 최소한의 동물 사망률 (1/8) 아직 방광 질량 크게 2 배의 증가로 양호한 결과를 얻었다.

여성 쥐에서 신경을 살려주는 중간 요도 폐색 (네모) 인류 우리는 지금까지 40여 암컷 쥐에 중간 요도 폐색을 수행하고 더 치사 없었다. 방광 질량 차단 된 래트가...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents at JoVE.com

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

설치류 부분 방광 출구 폐색 전통적인 모델은 동물의 사망을 내포한다. 근위부 요도 및 방광 목 해부에서 탈 신경 손상의 주요 관심사이기도하다. 우리는 기존 모델의 단점을 피하고, 개발하고 안전하고 신뢰할 수있는 중간 요도 폐색 모델을 평가 하였다.

여성 작은 설치류에 신경을 살려주는 중간 요도 폐색 (네모)

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) has a high prevalence, causes significant patient burden, and immense health care costs. The most common animal ...

nerve-sparing-mid-urethral-obstruction-nemo-in-female-small-rodents

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction (NeMO) in Female Small Rodents

9.5K 조회수.  The Hospital for Sick Children.  설치류 부분 방광 출구 폐색 전통적인 모델은 동물의 사망을 내포한다. 근위부 요도 및 방광 목 해부에서 탈 신경 손상의 주요 관심사이기도하다. 우리는 기존 모델의 단점을 피하고, 개발하고 안전하고 신뢰할 수있는 중간 요도 폐색 모델을 평가 하였다. 

비디오: Nerve-sparing Mid-urethral Obstruction NeMO in Female Small Rodents

Protocol for Long Duration Whole Body Hyperthermia in Mice

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body temperature that is observed during fever. The use of hyperthermia as an adjuvant has emerged as a promising procedure for tumor regression in the field of cancer biology. For this purpose, the most important requirement is to have reliable and uniform heating protocols. We have developed a protocol for hyperthermia (whole body) in mice. In this protocol, animals are exposed to cycles of hyperthermia for 90 min followed by a rest period of 15 min. During this period mice have easy access to food and water. High body temperature spikes in the mice during first few hyperthermia exposure cycles are prevented by immobilizing the animal. Additionally, normal saline is administered in first few cycles to minimize the effects of dehydration. This protocol can simulate fever like conditions in mice up to 12-24 hr. We have used 8-12 weeks old BALB/Cj female mice to demonstrate the protocol.

This paper describes a protocol for whole body hyperthermia in mice that can stimulate fever like conditions up to 12-24 hr.

마우스의 긴 기간 온 몸이 고열에 대한 프로토콜

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body ...

연구

의학

The Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation

The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a convenient time. While storing urine, however, the bladder is exposed for prolonged periods to waste products. By acting as a tight barrier, the epithelial lining of the LUT, the urothelium, avoids re-absorption of harmful substances. Moreover, noxious chemicals stimulate the bladder's nociceptive innervation and initiate voiding contractions that expel the bladder's contents. Interestingly, the bladder's sensitivity to noxious chemicals has been used successfully in clinical practice, by intravesically infusing the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin to treat neurogenic bladder overactivity1. This underscores the advantage of viewing the bladder as a chemosensory organ and prompts for further clinical research. However, ethical issues severely limit the possibilities to perform, in human subjects, the invasive measurements that are necessary to unravel the molecular bases of LUT clinical pharmacology. A way to overcome this limitation is the use of several animal models2. Here we describe the implementation of cystometry in mice and rats, a technique that allows measuring the intravesical pressure in conditions of controlled bladder perfusion.
	After laparotomy, a catheter is implanted in the bladder dome and tunneled subcutaneously to the interscapular region. Then the bladder can be filled at a controlled rate, while the urethra is left free for micturition. During the repetitive cycles of filling and voiding, intravesical pressure can be measured via the implanted catheter. As such, the pressure changes can be quantified and analyzed. Moreover, simultaneous measurement of the voided volume allows distinguishing voiding contractions from non-voiding contractions3.
	Importantly, due to the differences in micturition control between rodents and humans, cystometric measurements in these animals have only limited translational value4. Nevertheless, they are quite instrumental in the study of bladder pathophysiology and pharmacology in experimental pre-clinical settings. Recent research using this technique has revealed the key role of novel molecular players in the mechano- and chemo-sensory properties of the bladder.

Cystometry is an efficient technique to measure bladder function of small animals in vivo. The bladder is continuously infused at rates controlled through an intravesical catheter, whereas the urethra is left free for micturition. This allows for repetitive filling and emptying of the bladder, while intravesical pressure and voided volume are recorded.

작은 쥐의 Cystometry의 사용 : 방광 Chemosensation의 연구

	The lower urinary tract (LUT) functions as a  dynamic reservoir that is able to store urine and to efficiently expel it at a  convenient time. While ...

Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition (irreversible intestinal failure). In specialized centers improved operative and managing strategies have led to excellent short- and intermediate term patient and graft survival while providing high quality of life 1,3. Unlike in the more common transplantation of other solid organs (i.e. heart, liver) many underlying mechanisms of graft function and immunologic alterations induced by intestinal transplantation are not entirely known6,7. Episodes of acute rejection, sepsis and chronic graft failure are the main obstacles still contributing to less favorable long term outcome and hindering a more widespread employment of the procedure despite a growing number of patients on home parenteral nutrition who would potentially benefit from such a transplant. The small intestine contains a large number of passenger leucocytes commonly referred to as part of the gut associated lymphoid system (GALT) this being part of the reason for the high immunogenity of the intestinal graft. The presence and close proximity of many commensals and pathogens in the gut explains the severity of sepsis episodes once graft mucosal integrity is compromised (for example by rejection). To advance the field of intestinal- and multiorgan transplantation more data generated from reliable and feasible animal models is needed. The model provided herein combines both reliability and feasibility once established in a standardized manner and can provide valuable insight in the underlying complex molecular, cellular and functional mechanisms that are triggered by intestinal transplantation. We have successfully used and refined the described procedure over more than 5 years in our laboratory 8-11. The JoVE video-based format is especially useful to demonstrate the complex procedure and avoid initial pitfalls for groups planning to establish an orthotopic rodent model investigating intestinal transplantation.

Small bowel transplantation has become an accepted treatment option for patients with irreversible intestinal failure. Our experimental model of orthotopic small bowel transplantation in rats serves as a reliable tool to address underlying immunologic and inflammatory processes that complicate intestinal transplantation.

쥐 Orthotopic 작은 창자 이식

Small  bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with  short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

나트륨 히알루 론산의 망막 주사 설치류에있는 망막 박리 모델

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning:  A Neuroprotective Technique in Rodents

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. Sublethal ischemia has also been shown to upregulate protective mechanisms in remote tissues. A brief period of ischemia (5-10 min) in the hind limb of mammals induces self-protective responses in the brain, lung, heart and retina. The effect is known as remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP). It is a therapeutically promising way of protecting vital organs, and is already under clinical trials for heart and brain injuries. This publication demonstrates a controlled, minimally invasive method of making a limb &#8211; specifically the hind limb of a rat &#8211; ischemic. A blood pressure cuff developed for use in human neonates is connected to a manual sphygmomanometer and used to apply 160 mmHg pressure around the upper part of the hind limb. A probe designed to detect skin temperature is used to verify the ischemia, by recording the drop in skin temperature caused by pressure-induced occlusion of the leg arteries, and the rise in temperature which follows release of the cuff. This method of RIP affords protection to the rat retina against bright light-induced damage and degeneration.

Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) is a method of conditioning tissues against damaging stress. We have established a method of remote ischemia at the hind limb, by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff for 5-10 min. The neuroprotective capabilities of RIP have been demonstrated in a model of retinal degeneration in rodents.

원격 사지 허혈 양상 : 설치류에 신경 기술

Sublethal ischemia protects tissues against subsequent, more severe ischemia through the upregulation of endogenous mechanisms in the affected tissue. ...

Performing Subretinal Injections in Rodents to Deliver Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Suspension

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. RPE provide critical support for photoreceptors and death or dysfunction of RPE cells is characteristic of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of permanent vision loss in people age 55 and older. While no cure for AMD has been identified, implantation of healthy RPE in diseased eyes may prove to be an effective treatment, and large numbers of RPE cells can be readily generated from pluripotent stem cells. Several interesting questions regarding the safety and efficacy of RPE cell delivery can still be examined in animal models, and well-accepted protocols used to inject RPE have been developed. The technique described here has been used by multiple groups in various studies and involves first creating a hole in the eye with a sharp needle. Then a syringe with a blunt needle loaded with cells is inserted through the hole and passed through the vitreous until it gently touches the RPE. Using this injection method, which is relatively simple and requires minimal equipment, we achieve consistent and efficient integration of stem cell-derived RPE cells in between the host RPE that prevents significant amount of photoreceptor degeneration in animal models. While not part of the actual protocol, we also describe how to determine the extent of the trauma induced by the injection, and how to verify that the cells were injected into the subretinal space using in vivo imaging modalities. Finally, the use of this protocol is not limited to RPE cells; it may be used to inject any compound or cell into the subretinal space.

Here we present a community accepted protocol in multimedia format for subretinally injecting a bolus of RPE cells in rats and mice. This approach can be used for determining rescue potentials, safety profiles, and survival capacities of grafted RPE cells upon implantation in animal models of retinal degeneration.

서스펜션에 망막 색소 상피 세포를 제공하기 위해 설치류에서 망막 주사를 수행

The conversion of light into electrical impulses occurs in the outer retina and is accomplished largely by rod and cone photoreceptors and retinal pigment ...

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

돌이킬 수 및 가역 일방적 Ureteric 폐색의 쥐 모델

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

Transcutaneous Assessment of Renal Function in Conscious Rodents

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and time-consuming. In addition, serial blood or urine samples are required, with the associated stress for the experimental animals. A recent technique significantly reduces the investment in time and resources, minimizing the invasiveness and the animal stress, but being equally valid as the traditional approaches. The method measures transcutaneously renal function. Using an optical device and the exogenous renal marker fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-sinistrin, this technique is capable of measuring the elimination kinetics of the marker through the skin. With neither blood nor urine samples nor the associated laboratory assays needed, the results of the transcutaneous measurement are almost instantaneously available. The method has been already validated in different species and successfully applied in several models of renal pathology. Moreover, due to its minimally invasive characteristics, it is suitable for sequential measurements within the same animal. Here is provided a detailed protocol to carry out the transcutaneous assessment of renal function in rodents.

Determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional procedures to measure this parameter are cumbersome and require a large investment of time. Here we describe a faster and minimally invasive method to determinate GFR transcutaneously.

의식 설치류에서 신장 기능의 경피 평가

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard to assess overall kidney function. However, traditional methods to evaluate GFR are cumbersome and ...

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

The main focus of this protocol is to efficiently isolate viable primary glomeruli cultures with minimal contaminants for use in a variety of downstream applications. The isolated glomeruli retain structural relationships between component cell types and can be cultured ex vivo for a short time.

그대로 Glomeruli 성인 쥐 신장에서 분리 하는 효율적인 체질 하 방법

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by ...

Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents

To better understand the left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling (RR), we describe a rodent model wherein, after aortic banding-induced LV remodeling, mice undergo RR upon removal of the aortic constriction. In this paper, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform a minimally invasive surgical aortic debanding in mice. Echocardiography was subsequently used to assess the degree of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction during LV remodeling and RR and to determine the best timing for aortic debanding. At the end of the protocol, terminal hemodynamic evaluation of the cardiac function was conducted, and samples were collected for histological studies. We showed that debanding is associated with surgical survival rates of 70-80%. Moreover, two weeks after debanding, the significant reduction of ventricular afterload triggers the regression of ventricular hypertrophy (~20%) and fibrosis (~26%), recovery of diastolic dysfunction as assessed by the normalization of left ventricular filling and end-diastolic pressures (E/e&#39;&#160;and LVEDP). Aortic debanding is a useful experimental model to study LV RR in rodents. The extent of myocardial recovery is variable between subjects, therefore, mimicking the diversity of RR that occurs in the clinical context, such as aortic valve replacement. We conclude that the aortic banding/debanding model represents a valuable tool to unravel novel insights into the mechanisms of RR, namely the regression of cardiac hypertrophy and the recovery of diastolic dysfunction.

Here we describe a step-by-step protocol of surgical aorta debanding in the well-established mice model of aortic-constriction. This procedure not only allows studying the mechanisms underlying the left ventricular reverse remodeling and regression of hypertrophy but also to test novel therapeutic options that might accelerate myocardial recovery.

설치류에서 대동맥 탈밴드에 의해 왼쪽 심실 역 리모델링 공부

To better understand the left ventricular (LV) reverse remodeling (RR), we describe a rodent model wherein, after aortic banding-induced LV remodeling, ...