This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health grants (R01HL109102, P01HL107202, U19CA179512, F31HL131361), a Leukemia &amp; Lymphoma Society scholar award (K.M.A.), and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) Medical Scientist Training Program (Grant #T32GM007618) (M.M.).

Questo protocollo aderisce alle linee guida del UCSF per l&#39;etica della ricerca umana. 1. Preparazione di T coltura cellulare, Isolamento di cellule T CD4 + e Th17 polarizzazione <ol><li> Al giorno 0, cappotto 6 pozzetti di coltura tissutale con 1,5 ml per pozzetto di anti-umana CD3 (2 ug / mL) e CD28 anti-umano (4 ug / ml) in PBS con calcio e magnesio per almeno 2 ore a 37 ° C. <ol><li> In alternativa, ricoprire le piastre per una notte a 4 ° C. Avvolgere le piastre in parafilm. </li></ol></li><li> Preparare le cellule mononucleate del sangue del cordone (CBMCs) di densità centrifugazione in gradiente le istruzioni del produttore. ATTENZIONE: Lavorare con cura e garantire la corretta dispositivi di protezione individuale (DPI) è indossare durante la manipolazione del sangue umano per evitare ogni rischio di esposizione ad agenti patogeni. </li><li> Una volta che le cellule mononucleate sono state isolate e lavati, eseguire isolamento delle cellule T CD4 + umano sele negativoction utilizzando un kit commerciale di cellule T CD4 + umana. NOTA: Se c&#39;è contaminazione globuli rossi dopo l&#39;isolamento di cellule mononucleate, una lisi dei globuli rossi opzionale può essere eseguita prima delle fasi di isolamento delle cellule T CD4 +. Risospendere le cellule mononucleari in 1 ml di tampone di isolamento (2% FBS in PBS). Aggiungere 5 ml di soluzione di lisi 1x. Incubare per 15 minuti a temperatura ambiente. Aggiungere quindi 5 ml di tampone di isolamento e centrifugare a 300 xg per 5 minuti a 4 ° C per sedimentare le cellule. <ol><li> Risospendere le cellule mononucleari ad una densità di 50 x 10 6 per 500 microlitri nel buffer isolamento in una nuova provetta 5 ml. </li><li> Aggiungere 100 ml di FBS e 100 microlitri della miscela di anticorpi per provetta poi incubare ciascun tubo a 4 ° C per 20 minuti in un agitatore orbitale per mescolare bene. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione, aggiungere 3-4 mL di tampone isolamento per lavare le cellule. Centrifugare le cellule a 300 xg per 8 minuti a 4 ° C per sedimentare le cellule. aspirare accuratamente la supernatant. </li><li> Durante questo spin, pre-lavare le sfere magnetiche. Trasferire la quantità desiderata di perline magnetiche in un nuovo tubo (usato a 1: 1 con le cellule) e aggiungere un uguale volume di tampone di isolamento per lavare le perline. Mescolare bene con una micropipetta mL 1 e quindi inserire il tubo nel magnete per almeno 1 min. Con attenzione aspirare il surnatante. Risospendere le sfere magnetiche nello stesso volume inizialmente ceduto prima del lavaggio. </li><li> Risospendere le cellule in ciascuna provetta con 500 ml di tampone di isolamento e aggiungere 500 ml di perline magnetiche pre-lavati. </li><li> Incubare le cellule con le perline magnetiche per 15 minuti su un agitatore orbitale a temperatura ambiente (18 ° C a 25 ° C) miscelare bene. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione, pipettare accuratamente le cellule utilizzando una micropipetta 1 mL almeno 10 volte. Quindi aggiungere 3-4 ml di tampone isolamento e posizionare ciascun tubo nel magnete per 2 min. </li><li> Trasferire accuratamente le cellule T CD4 + negativamente selezionati che sonoil surnatante in una nuova provetta. </li></ol></li><li> Una volta che l&#39;isolamento delle cellule T CD4 + è stata completata, contare le cellule con un emocitometro e mantenere le cellule in ghiaccio. </li><li> Lavare le piastre rivestite con anticorpo due volte con PBS. Quindi aggiungere 1,5 mL di 2x mix di media Th17-polarizzazione in ciascun pozzetto: IFNy anti-umana (20 mg / ml), anti-IL-4 (20 mg / ml), TGF umana (10 ng / mL), umano IL-1β (40 ng / ml), IL-23 (40 ng / ml), IL-6 umana (50 ng / mL) tutti diluita in un mezzo di base privo di siero (integrato con 2 mM di L-glutammina, 100 U / ml di penicillina, 100 ug / ml streptomicina, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM sodio piruvato e 100 pM 2-mercaptoetanolo). NOTA: Transfection e RNA interference fa il lavoro in supporto contenente siero. Lo scopo di utilizzare supporti privo di siero con questo protocollo è quello di ottenere una migliore produzione di IL-17A. </li><li> Centrifugare le cellule umane T CD4 + a 500 xg per 5 min a 4 ° C a pellet cellule. Aspirare accuratamente la supernatformica. Poi risospendere le cellule in base privo di siero e piastra le cellule ad una densità di 3 x 10 6 in 1,5 ml per pozzetto in modo che il volume finale è di 3 ml per pozzetto e citochine polarizzanti sono ora ad una concentrazione finale 1x. <ol><li> Posizionare le piastre in 5% CO 2, 37 ° C incubatore per due giorni. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Le cellule elettroporazione di In Vitro polarizzato Th17 umana <ol><li> Il giorno 2, cappotto 48-pozzetti di coltura tissutale con 250 microlitri per pozzetto di anti-umana CD3 (2 ug / mL) e CD28 anti-umano (4 ug / ml) in PBS con calcio e magnesio per almeno 2 ore a 37 ° C. <ol><li> In alternativa, ricoprire le piastre per una notte a 4 ° C. Avvolgere le piastre in parafilm. </li></ol></li><li> Preparare piccoli RNA per la trasfezione. Per ogni trasfezione, aliquota 1 ml di 5 mM soluzione stock di siRNA in una provetta da microcentrifuga da 1,5. Includi appropriata chimica-abbinato piccolo contr RNAolo. Tenere tutti i tubi in ghiaccio. </li><li> Lavare le piastre rivestite con anticorpo due volte con PBS. Quindi aggiungere 500 ml di 1X Th17-polarizzazione media per ogni pozzetto: IFNy anti-umana (10 mg / ml), anti-IL-4 (10 mg / ml), TGF umano (5 ng / mL), IL-umano 1β (20 ng / ml), IL-23 (20 ng / ml), IL-6 umana (25 ng / mL) tutti diluita in un mezzo di base privo di siero (integrato con 2 mM di L-glutammina, 100 U / mL di penicillina, 100 ug / ml streptomicina, 10 mM HEPES, 1 mM sodio piruvato e 100 pM 2-mercaptoetanolo). </li><li> Dopo che le piastre di coltura e reagenti di trasfezione sono preparati, risospendere le cellule con 1 ml micropipetta, pipettando gentilmente ma assicurando che tutte le cellule sono staccate dal fondo dei pozzetti. Raggruppare le cellule in una provetta conica e centrifugare a 500 xg per 5 minuti a 4 ° C. NOTA: Per periodi più lunghi di cultura del protocollo di quattro giorni qui presentate, le cellule devono essere trasfettate circa ogni 3 giorni usando lo stesso protocollo. Passo 2.4 dovrebbe essere modificato tuttavia, poiché le cellule trattate con differenti piccoli RNA non dovrebbero essere convogliati. Tutte le condizioni in fase di test devono essere raccolti, contati e trasfettate separatamente. </li><li> aspirare accuratamente il surnatante e quindi risospendere le cellule in almeno 1 ml di PBS per lavare. Contare le cellule Th17 vive (ad esempio con un emocitometro utilizzando Trypan Blue esclusione per valutare la vitalità) e poi trasferire le cellule in una provetta. </li><li> Centrifugare a 500 xg per 5 min a temperatura ambiente per agglomerare le cellule. </li><li> Aspirare accuratamente il surnatante e quindi risospendere le cellule usando il tampone di risospensione fornito dal sistema di transfezione 10 microlitri kit ad una densità di 2,5-4 x 10 7 cellule per ml. Mantenere le cellule a temperatura ambiente. NOTA: Come linea guida, provare a preparare solo il maggior numero di cellule, come si può transfettate entro 30 min. lotti multipli possono essere confrontati. </li><li> Aggiungere 9 ml di cellule per 1 ml di piccoli RNA in ogni MicroCtubo entrifuge. Dispensare una volta per mescolare le cellule e piccoli RNA per trasfezione quindi caricare nella punta dell&#39;elettrodo pipetta. NOTA: Tipicamente, aggiungere 9,5 ml di sospensione cellulare per garantire il della miscela per evitare la creazione di bolle nella punta dell&#39;elettrodo pipetta prima trasfezione. </li><li> Riempire la vaschetta fornito con 3 ml di temperatura ambiente elettrolitico Buffer E. Posizionare la cuvetta all&#39;interno della stazione pipetta e quindi inserire la pipetta in posizione all&#39;interno della provetta. </li><li> elettroporazione immediatamente ogni 10 ml mix di cellule e piccoli RNA utilizzando i seguenti parametri: tensione ad impulsi 1,500-1,550 V, larghezza di impulso di 10 ms, e 3 impulsi totale sul dispositivo trasfezione. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;elettroporazione è completa, aggiungere direttamente la miscela di cellule per 500 ml di 1X Th17-polarizzante media in pozzetti preparati dei piastra di coltura. Piastre posto in un 5% di CO 2, 37 ° C incubatore per altri due giorni. NOTA: Lavare l&#39;elettrodo pipetta pipettandosu e giù in PBS tra ogni trasfezione. </li></ol> 3. Cellule raccolta Th17 umane <ol><li> Risospendere le cellule in coltura con una micropipetta, pipettando gentilmente ma garantire che tutte le cellule sono staccate dal fondo dei pozzetti. Preparare le cellule per analisi di espressione funzionale e / o geni. NOTA: Di routine, abbastanza cellule vengono ceduti da un singolo pozzo di cellule Th17 trasfettate da utilizzare per l&#39;analisi di citometria di flusso del marcatore di superficie e intracellulare di citochine e fattori di trascrizione colorazione o per la preparazione di RNA per l&#39;analisi di espressione genica. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Zhu, J., Yamane, H., Paul, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+Effector+CD4+T+Cell+Populations*.">Differentiation of Effector CD4 T Cell Populations*.</a> Ann Rev Immunol. 28 (1), 445-489 (2010).</li><li>Korn, T., Bettelli, E., Oukka, M., Kuchroo, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-17+and+Th17+Cells.">IL-17 and Th17 Cells.</a> Ann Rev Immunol. 27 (1), 485-517 (2009).</li><li>Gaffen, S. L., Jain, R., Garg, A. V., Cua, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+IL-23-IL-17+immune+axis:+from+mechanisms+to+therapeutic+testing.">The IL-23-IL-17 immune axis: from mechanisms to therapeutic testing.</a> Nature. 14 (9), 585-600 (2014).</li><li>Romagnani, S., Maggi, E., Liotta, F., Cosmi, L., Annunziato, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+and+origin+of+human+Th17+cells.">Properties and origin of human Th17 cells.</a> Mol Immunol. 47 (1), 3-7 (2009).</li><li>Acosta-Rodriguez, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+phenotype+and+antigenic+specificity+of+human+interleukin+17-producing+T+helper+memory+cells.">Surface phenotype and antigenic specificity of human interleukin 17-producing T helper memory cells.</a> Nature Immunol. 8 (6), 639-646 (2007).</li><li>Annunziato, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+and+functional+features+of+human+Th17+cells.">Phenotypic and functional features of human Th17 cells.</a> J Exp Med. 204 (8), 1849-1861 (2007).</li><li>Du, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+miR-326+regulates+TH-17+differentiation+and+is+associated+with+the+pathogenesis+of+multiple+sclerosis.">MicroRNA miR-326 regulates TH-17 differentiation and is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.</a> Nature Immunol. 10 (12), 1252-1259 (2009).</li><li>Escobar, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-155+Activates+Cytokine+Gene+Expression+in+Th17+Cells+by+Regulating+the+DNA-Binding+Protein+Jarid2+to+Relieve+Polycomb-Mediated+Repression.">miR-155 Activates Cytokine Gene Expression in Th17 Cells by Regulating the DNA-Binding Protein Jarid2 to Relieve Polycomb-Mediated Repression.</a> Immunity. 40 (6), 865-879 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+regulation+of+Hif1a+expression+and+TH17+differentiation+by+the+hypoxia-regulated+microRNA+miR-210.">Negative regulation of Hif1a expression and TH17 differentiation by the hypoxia-regulated microRNA miR-210.</a> Nature Immunol. 15 (4), 393-401 (2014).</li><li>Kim, T. K., Eberwine, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+cell+transfection:+the+present+and+the+future.">Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future.</a> Anal bioanal chem. 397 (8), 3173-3178 (2010).</li><li>Steiner, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA-29+Regulates+T-Box+Transcription+Factors+and+Interferon-&amp;gamma;+Production+in+Helper+T+Cells.">MicroRNA-29 Regulates T-Box Transcription Factors and Interferon-&amp;gamma; Production in Helper T Cells.</a> Immunity. 35 (2), 169-181 (2011).</li><li>Simpson, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microRNA+upregulated+in+asthma+airway+T+cells+promotes+TH2+cytokine+production.">A microRNA upregulated in asthma airway T cells promotes TH2 cytokine production.</a> Nature Immunol. 15 (12), 1162-1170 (2014).</li><li>Pua, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNAs+24+and+27+Suppress+Allergic+Inflammation+and+Target+a+Network+of+Regulators+of+T+Helper+2+Cell-Associated+Cytokine+Production.">MicroRNAs 24 and 27 Suppress Allergic Inflammation and Target a Network of Regulators of T Helper 2 Cell-Associated Cytokine Production.</a> Immunity. 44 (4), 821-832 (2016).</li><li>Flaherty, S., Reynolds, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Na&#239;ve+CD4++T+Cell+Isolation+and+In+vitro+Differentiation+into+T+Cell+Subsets.">Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets.</a> J Vis Exp. (98), (2015).</li><li>Schumann, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+knock-in+primary+human+T+cells+using+Cas9+ribonucleoproteins.">Generation of knock-in primary human T cells using Cas9 ribonucleoproteins.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112 (33), 10437-10442 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Questo protocollo fornisce un metodo migliorato per la consegna di piccoli RNA in cellule Th17 umane. Sebbene le cellule Th17 umane sono stati usati qui, questo metodo di elettroporazione con piccoli RNA può essere utilizzato con altri sottoinsiemi helper umana primaria T, come Th1, Th2 e Tregs. Esso non funziona bene per le cellule T CD4 + naive quindi le cellule devono essere attivati in coltura prima della trasfezione. Per questo protocollo, abbiamo prima ottimizzato il sistema di coltura in vitro in<...

Cellule T CD4 + sono orchestrators cruciali della risposta immunitaria adattativa. Naive cellule T CD4 + sono capaci di svilupparsi in diversi cellule T effettrici (es Th1, Th2, Th17, ecc), ciascuno con la propria serie di citochine e fattori di trascrizione caratteristici, a seconda del microambiente locale 1. Le decisioni lignaggio che le cellule T fanno sono fondamentali sia per l&#39;immunità protettiva e la tolleranza per sé. Cellule Th17 sono un sottogruppo di cellule T conosciuti per combattere batteri extracellulari e funghi, ma le loro risposte improprie sono anche implicati nella patogenesi di più malattie autoimmuni e infiammatorie come la sclerosi multipla e psoriasi 2, 3. Cellule Th17 umane possono essere generati da cellule T CD4 + naive in vitro fornendo loro un appropriato ambiente polarizzazione 4. Vario<html> ci combinazioni delle citochine IL-1β, IL-23, TGF, e IL-6 sono stati utilizzati per lo sviluppo delle cellule Th17 umane. Cellule Th17 umane esprimono CCR6, un recettore delle chemochine che viene comunemente utilizzato per identificare questa popolazione cellulare e sono definite dall&#39;espressione del loro fattore di trascrizione principale, RORγt (codificata dal RORC) 5, 6. cellule Th17 hanno la capacità di esprimere molteplici citochine, ma IL-17A è la citochina effettore lignaggio definizione prodotta da queste cellule. Abbiamo esaminato l&#39;espressione di tutti i tre marcatori Th17-associato (CCR6, RORγt, IL-17A) per valutare la robustezza della nostra analisi umana Th17 in vitro differenziazione. Inoltre, abbiamo coltivato le cellule T CD4 + umane in condizioni non polarizzante, in cui sono stati aggiunti citochine o anticorpi bloccanti al mezzo di coltura da usare come controllo negativo in quanto espressione di questi marcatori Th17 dovrebbe essere molto bassa o assente. ve_content &quot;&gt; Un modo per studiare il normale sviluppo delle cellule T umane e la biologia è quello di manipolare l&#39;espressione genica durante il loro sviluppo. A breve RNA interferenti (siRNA) sono sintetici piccole molecole di RNA che hanno come target mRNA codificanti proteine ​​e possono essere utilizzati per ridurre l&#39;espressione genica specifica . I microRNA (miRNA) sono endogeni non codificanti piccoli RNA noti per modulare l&#39;espressione genica post-trascrizionale. miRNA hanno dimostrato di svolgere un ruolo importante sia murine e biologia delle cellule T umane, anche in cellule Th17 7, 8, 9. e &#39; è fondamentale avere metodi affidabili di manipolare piccola attività di RNA nelle cellule T umane per studiare i loro effetti sulla espressione genica e, infine, sulla biologia delle cellule T umano. Qui, descriviamo un protocollo facile da usare, affidabile e coerente che abbiamo sviluppato per l&#39;introduzione piccoli RNA sintetici e acidi nucleici bloccati (LNA, chimicamente modificati acidi nucleici con maggiore stabilità)nelle cellule del sistema immunitario, e in particolare nelle cellule Th17 umane. Ci sono diversi metodi alternativi di introdurre piccoli RNA in cellule di mammifero, che generalmente rientrano in chimici, biologici o fisici categorie 10. metodi chimici comunemente usati, tra trasfezioni base di lipidi e trasfezioni calcio-fosfato, si basano sulla creazione di complessi chimico-DNA che vengono più efficacemente assorbiti dalle cellule. In generale, i metodi chimici non sono efficienti per la trasfezione di cellule T primarie. Il metodo biologico più comune è quella di utilizzare un vettore virale (ad esempio retrovirus o lentivirus), che inserisce direttamente RNA estraneo in un host come parte del suo ciclo di replica naturale. trasduzione virale richiede in genere più tempo per completare, soprattutto quando si tiene conto in tempo per la clonazione molecolare di plasmidi provirale. Inoltre, i vettori di trasduzione virali possono essere potenzialmente dannosi per i ricercatori umani. L&#39;elettroporazione è una m fisicoetodo di indurre permeabilizzazione della membrana sottoponendo cellule di impulsi di alta tensione, permettendo agli acidi nucleici di entrare transientemente nella cella dove possono agire per suo bersaglio. strumenti elettroporazione tradizionali non sono stati efficaci per trasfezione linfociti primari. Tuttavia, ottimizzato generazione elettroporazione accanto ha dimostrato di essere in grado di trasfettare cellule T ad altissima efficienza, specialmente quando il materiale da transfettate è piccolo RNA. La prossima generazione termine è genericamente usato per differenziare le due piattaforme più recenti (ad esempio, neon, Amaxa) dalle macchine tradizionali elettroporazione. Inoltre, questo metodo è facilmente scalabile per schermi di throughput moderati con fino a circa 120 piccoli RNA in un singolo esperimento, spesso utilizzando reagenti convalidati sintetici. Soprattutto, trasfezioni successo può essere raggiunto in appena 16 h dopo l&#39;attivazione delle cellule T. Lo svantaggio di questo metodo, tuttavia, è che non comporti stabile incorporati genomicasu, ed è quindi transitoria. Quindi, vale la pena lo sforzo supplementare per creare un costrutto di espressione stabile che può essere confezionato in un vettore virale ed espresso con successo in cellule T nei casi in cui è richiesta l&#39;espressione a lungo termine di un piccolo RNA. Abbiamo utilizzato un trasfezione prossima generazione (ad esempio, neon) per fornire diversi strumenti semplice o doppio filamento di RNA o LNA oligonucleotidici per scopi diversi 11, 12, 13. RNA interferenza efficiente può essere indotta nel topo primaria e cellule T umane usando RNA corto interferenti doppio filamento (siRNA). Questo protocollo descrive condizioni ottimizzate per l&#39;utilizzo di questa tecnica in cellule Th17 umane. Oltre a siRNA, disponibili in commercio imita miRNA sintetiche e inibitori possono essere utilizzati per studiare guadagno miRNA e perdita di funzione. imita miRNA sono molecole di RNA a doppio filamento molto simili a siRNA, ma designed con la sequenza dei miRNA maturi endogeni. inibitori miRNA sono chimicamente modificati RNA e / o LNA basato oligonucleotidi cavo rigido che si legano a miRNA nativi e antagonizzano la loro funzione. Abbiamo scoperto che tutti questi strumenti possono essere utilizzati efficacemente in coltura i linfociti T primari, compreso ma non limitato alle cellule Th17 umane.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human IL-17A PE</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>12-7179-42&#160;</td>
			<td>Clone: eBio64DEC17</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human IFNg FITC</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>11-7319-82</td>
			<td>Clone: 4S.B3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human CD4 eVolve605</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>83-0047-42</td>
			<td>Clone: SK3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse anti-human CD196 (CCR6) BV421</td>
			<td>BD biosciences</td>
			<td>562515</td>
			<td>Clone: 11A9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human RORgt AF647</td>
			<td>BD biosciences</td>
			<td>563620</td>
			<td>Clone: Q21-559</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human CD45 eFluor450</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>48-9459-42</td>
			<td>Clone: 2D1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foxp3/Trascription Factor Staining Buffer Set</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>00-5523-00</td>
			<td>For intracellular transcription factor flow cytometry staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hu FcR Binding Inhibitor Purified</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>14-9161-71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImmunoCult-XF T Cell Expansion Medium</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>10981</td>
			<td>&#34;Serum-Free Base Media&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS CD28 pure functional grade, human</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-093-375</td>
			<td>Clone: 15E8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human CD3 Purified</td>
			<td>UCSF monoclonal antibody core</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Clone: OKT-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LEAF purified anti-human IL-4</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>500815</td>
			<td>Clone: MP4-25D2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human IFNg, functional grade purified</td>
			<td>ebioscience</td>
			<td>16-7318-85</td>
			<td>Clone: NIB42</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human IL-23</td>
			<td>Peprotech&#160;</td>
			<td>200-23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human IL-1&#946;</td>
			<td>Peprotech&#160;</td>
			<td>200-01B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human TGF-&#946;1</td>
			<td>Peprotech&#160;</td>
			<td>100-21C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human IL-6</td>
			<td>Peprotech&#160;</td>
			<td>200-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>siGENOME Control Pool, Non-targeting #2</td>
			<td>Dharmacon</td>
			<td>D-001206-14-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>siGENOME SMARTpool Human RORC</td>
			<td>Dharmacon</td>
			<td>M-003442-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>siGENOME SMARTpool Human PTPRC</td>
			<td>Dharmacon</td>
			<td>M-008067-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads Untouched Human CD4 T Cells Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11346D</td>
			<td>Human CD4+ T cell Isolation Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neon Tranfection System</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MPK5000</td>
			<td>Next generation electroporation instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neon Tranfection System 10 &#956;l Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MPK1096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resuspension Buffer T</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Provided in kit (MPK1096)</td>
			<td>&#34;Transfection Resuspension Buffer&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>#07801</td>
			<td>Density Gradient Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>costar 6-well tissue culture treated plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td>flat bottom plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>costar 48-well tissue culture treated plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3548</td>
			<td>flat bottom plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Pharm Lyse lysing buffer, 10 X</td>
			<td>BD biosciences</td>
			<td>555899</td>
			<td>Must make 1X solution with distilled water prior to use</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

small rna transfection in primary human th17 cells by next generation electroporation

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro by activating them in the presence of the polarizing cytokines IL-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-23, and TGF&#946;. Th17 cells orchestrate immunity against extracellular bacteria and fungi, but their aberrant activity has also been associated with several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Th17 cells are identified by the chemokine receptor CCR6 and defined by their master transcription factor, ROR&#947;t, and characteristic effector cytokine, IL-17A. Optimized culture conditions for Th17 cell differentiation facilitate mechanistic studies of human T cell biology in a controlled environment. They also provide a setting for studying the importance of specific genes and gene expression programs through RNA interference or the introduction of microRNA (miRNA) mimics or inhibitors. This protocol provides an easy to use, reproducible, and highly efficient method for transient transfection of differentiating primary human Th17 cells with small RNAs using a next generation electroporation device.

Il primo passo per lo sviluppo di un sistema affidabile di electroporating successo cellule Th17 umane era di generare robusta in vitro differenziato colture di cellule Th17 umane. Le cellule T coltivate in condizioni Th17 polarizzabili espresso il recettore delle chemochine CCR6 e il fattore di trascrizione RORγt (Figura 1A, sinistra). Questi marcatori non sono stati espressi quando le cellule T sono state coltivate in condizioni non polarizzante (THN) <strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation at JoVE.com

Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation

Next generation electroporation is an efficient method for transfecting human Th17 cells with small RNAs to alter gene expression and cell behavior.

Piccolo RNA trasfezione in cellule primarie Th17 Human Next Generation elettroporazione

CD4+ T cells can differentiate into several subsets of effector T helper cells depending on the surrounding cytokine milieu. Th17 cells can be generated ...

small-rna-transfection-primary-human-th17-cells-next-generation

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.8K Views.  University of California, San Francisco. Next generation electroporation is an efficient method for transfecting human Th17 cells with small RNAs to alter gene expression and cell behavior.

Video: Small RNA Transfection in Primary Human Th17 Cells by Next Generation Electroporation

Transfection and Mutagenesis of Target Genes in Mosquito Cells by Locked Nucleic Acid-modified Oligonucleotides

Plasmodium parasites, the causative agent of malaria, are transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes resulting in over 250 million new infections each year. Despite decades of research, there is still no vaccine against malaria, highlighting the need for novel control strategies. One innovative approach is the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to effectively control malaria parasite transmission. Deliberate alterations of cell signaling pathways in the mosquito, via targeted mutagenesis, have been found to regulate parasite development 1. From these studies, we can begin to identify potential gene targets for transformation. Targeted mutagenesis has traditionally relied upon the homologous recombination between a target gene and a large DNA molecule. However, the construction and use of such complex DNA molecules for generation of stably transformed cell lines is costly, time consuming and often inefficient. Therefore, a strategy using locked nucleic acid-modified oligonucleotides (LNA-ONs) provides a useful alternative for introducing artificial single nucleotide substitutions into episomal and chromosomal DNA gene targets (reviewed in 2). LNA-ON-mediated targeted mutagenesis has been used to introduce point mutations into genes of interest in cultured cells of both yeast and mice 3,4. We show here that LNA-ONs can be used to introduce a single nucleotide change in a transfected episomal target that results in a switch from blue fluorescent protein (BFP) expression to green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in both Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi cells. This conversion demonstrates for the first time that effective mutagenesis of target genes in mosquito cells can be mediated by LNA-ONs and suggests that this technique may be applicable to mutagenesis of chromosomal targets in vitro and in vivo.

Oligonucleotides can be used to site specifically substitute a single nucleotide of transfected target genes in both Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi cells.

Trasfezione e Mutagenesi di geni bersaglio in cellule Mosquito da Locked Nucleic Acid modificati Oligonucleotidi

Plasmodium parasites, the causative agent of malaria, are transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes resulting in over 250 million new ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Generation of Organotypic Raft Cultures from Primary Human Keratinocytes

The development of organotypic epithelial raft cultures has provided researchers with an efficient in vitro system that faithfully recapitulates epithelial differentiation. There are many uses for this system. For instance, the ability to grow three-dimensional organotypic raft cultures of keratinocytes has been an important milestone in the study of human papillomavirus (HPV)1. The life cycle of HPV is tightly linked to the differentiation of squamous epithelium2. Organotypic epithelial raft cultures as demonstrated here reproduce the entire papillomavirus life cycle, including virus production3,4,5. In addition, these raft cultures exhibit dysplastic lesions similar to those observed upon in vivo infection with HPV. Hence this system can also be used to study epithelial cell cancers, as well as the effect of drugs on epithelial cell differentiation in general. Originally developed by Asselineau and Prunieras6 and modified by Kopan et al.7, the organotypic epithelial raft culture system has matured into a general, relatively easy culture model, which involves the growth of cells on collagen plugs maintained at an air-liquid interface (Figure 1A). Over the course of 10-14 days, the cells stratify and differentiate, forming a full thickness epithelium that produces differentiation-specific cytokeratins. Harvested rafts can be examined histologically, as well as by standard molecular and biochemical techniques. In this article, we describe a method for the generation of raft cultures from primary human keratinocytes. The same technique can be used with established epithelial cell lines, and can easily be adapted for use with epithelial tissue from normal or diseased biopsies8. Many viruses target either the cutaneous or mucosal epithelium as part of their replicative life cycle. Over the past several years, the feasibility of using organotypic raft cultures as a method of studying virus-host cell interactions has been shown for several herpesviruses, as well as adenoviruses, parvoviruses, and poxviruses9. Organotypic raft cultures can thus be adapted to examine viral pathogenesis, and are the only means to test novel antiviral agents for those viruses that are not cultivable in permanent cell lines.

An in vitro method to mimic in vivo epithelial differentiation is described. Many viruses target epithelial cells as part of their viral life cycle, and this method provides a means of examining virus:host interactions that more closely resembles that which occurs in vivo. This technique can be used with primary keratinocytes, established cell lines, as well as normal or diseased biopsy tissue.

Generazione di culture Raft organotipiche da cheratinociti umani primari

The development of organotypic epithelial raft cultures has provided researchers with an efficient in vitro system that faithfully recapitulates ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

Generazione di cellule T regolatrici indotte da cellule primarie umane T naive e memoria

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most commonly utilizing two plasmids with one expressing the piggyBac transposase enzyme and a transposon plasmid harboring the gene(s) of interest between inverted repeat elements which are required for gene transfer activity. PiggyBac mediates gene transfer through a "cut and paste" mechanism whereby the transposase integrates the transposon segment into the genome of the target cell(s) of interest. PiggyBac has demonstrated efficient gene delivery activity in a wide variety of insect1,2, mammalian3-5, and human cells6 including primary human T cells7,8. Recently, a hyperactive piggyBac transposase was generated improving gene transfer efficiency9,10.
Human T lymphocytes are of clinical interest for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer11. Of note, the first clinical trial involving transposon modification of human T cells using the Sleeping beauty transposon system has been approved12. We have previously evaluated the utility of piggyBac as a non-viral methodology for genetic modification of human T cells. We found piggyBac to be efficient in genetic modification of human T cells with a reporter gene and a non-immunogenic inducible suicide gene7. Analysis of genomic integration sites revealed a lack of preference for integration into or near known proto-oncogenes13. We used piggyBac to gene-modify cytotoxic T lymphocytes to carry a chimeric antigen receptor directed against the tumor antigen HER2, and found that gene-modified T cells mediated targeted killing of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model14. We have also used piggyBac to generate human T cells resistant to rapamycin, which should be useful in cancer therapies where rapamycin is utilized15.
Herein, we describe a method for using piggyBac to genetically modify primary human T cells. This includes isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood followed by culture, gene modification, and activation of T cells. For the purpose of this report, T cells were modified with a reporter gene (eGFP) for analysis and quantification of gene expression by flow cytometry.
PiggyBac can be used to modify human T cells with a variety of genes of interest. Although we have used piggyBac to direct T cells to tumor antigens14, we have also used piggyBac to add an inducible safety switch in order to eliminate gene modified cells if needed7. The large cargo capacity of piggyBac has also enabled gene transfer of a large rapamycin resistant mTOR molecule (15 kb)15. Therefore, we present a non-viral methodology for stable gene-modification of primary human T cells for a wide variety of purposes.

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

We describe a method to genetically modify primary human T cells with a transgene using the non-viral piggyBac transposon system. T cells modified to using the piggyBac transposon system exhibit stable transgene expression.

piggyBac Transposon modifica del sistema di cellule primarie umane T

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

The vascular endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by host mediators or directly by conserved microbial components or host-derived danger molecules. Activated ECs express cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules that mobilize, activate and retain leukocytes at the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive, and adhere to the endothelium through a variety of adhesion molecules present on the surfaces of both cells. The main functions of neutrophils are to directly eliminate microbial threats, promote the recruitment of other leukocytes through the release of additional factors, and initiate wound repair. Therefore, their recruitment and attachment to the endothelium is a critical step in the initiation of the inflammatory response. In this report, we describe an in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay using calcein AM-labeled primary human neutrophils to quantitate the extent of microvascular endothelial cell activation under static conditions. This method has the additional advantage that the same samples quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry can also be visualized directly using fluorescence microscopy for a more qualitative assessment of neutrophil binding.

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Neutrophil adherence to the activated endothelium at sites of infection is an integral component of the host's inflammatory response. Described in this report is a neutrophil binding assay that allows for the in vitro quantitation of primary human neutrophil binding to endothelial cells activated by inflammatory mediators under static conditions.

Quantitative<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Assay misurare Adesione neutrofili attivati ​​per primarie umane endoteliali microvascolari in condizioni statiche

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Trasfezione altamente efficiente di umani THP-1 da macrofagi Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging in primary NK cells. For example, transgene delivery using lentiviral or retroviral transduction resulted in a limited yield of genetically-engineered NK cells due to substantial procedure-associated NK cell apoptosis. We describe here a DNA-free method for genome editing of human primary and expanded NK cells using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Cas9/RNPs). This method allowed efficient knockout of the TGFBR2 and HPRT1 genes in NK cells. RT-PCR data showed a significant decrease in gene expression level, and a cytotoxicity assay of a representative cell product suggested that the RNP-modified NK cells became less sensitive to TGF&#946;. Genetically modified cells could be expanded post-electroporation by stimulation with irradiated mbIL21-expressing feeder cells.

Here, we present a protocol to genetically modify primary or expanded human natural killer (NK) cells using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (Cas9/RNPs). By using this protocol, we generated human NK cells deficient for transforming growth factor&#8211;b receptor 2 (TGFBR2) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1).

Generazione di cellule Knock-out NK umano primario ed espansa utilizzando Cas9 ribonucleoproteine

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging ...

Identification of Mouse and Human Antibody Repertoires by Next-Generation Sequencing

The immense adaptability of antigen recognition by antibodies is the basis of the acquired immune system. Despite our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the production of the vast repertoire of antibodies by the acquired immune systems, it has not yet been possible to arrive at a global view of a complete antibody repertoire. In particular, B cell repertoires have been regarded as a black box because of their astronomical number of antibody clones. However, next-generation sequencing technologies are enabling breakthroughs to increase our understanding of the B cell repertoire. In this report, we describe a simple and efficient method to visualize and analyze whole individual mouse and human antibody repertoires. From the immune organs, representatively from spleen in mice and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in humans, total RNA was prepared, reverse transcribed, and amplified using the 5&#39;-RACE method. Using a universal forward primer and antisense primers for the antibody class-specific constant domains, antibody mRNAs were uniformly amplified in proportions reflecting their frequencies in the antibody populations. The amplicons were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS), yielding more than 105 antibody sequences per immunological sample. We describe the protocols for antibody sequence analyses including V(D)J-gene-segment annotation, a bird&#39;s-eye view of the antibody repertoire, and our computational methods.

Here, we describe protocols for the analysis and visualization of the structure and constitution of whole antibody repertoires. This involves the acquisition of vast sequences of antibody RNA using next-generation sequencing.

Identificazione dei Mouse e dei repertori di anticorpo umano mediante sequenziamento di nuova generazione

The immense adaptability of antigen recognition by antibodies is the basis of the acquired immune system. Despite our understanding of the molecular ...

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

Double-stranded (ds) RNA is produced as a replicative intermediate during RNA virus infection. Recognition of dsRNA by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the retinoic acid (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA-5) leads to the induction of the innate immune response. The formation and intracellular distribution of dsRNA in positive-sense RNA virus infection has been well characterized by microscopy. Many negative-sense RNA viruses, including some arenaviruses, trigger the innate immune response during infection. However, negative-sense RNA viruses were thought to produce low levels of dsRNA, which hinders the imaging study of PRR recognition of viral dsRNA. Additionally, infection experiments with highly pathogenic arenaviruses must be performed in high containment biosafety level facilities (BSL-4). The interaction between viral RNA and PRRs for highly pathogenic RNA virus is largely unknown due to the additional technical challenges that researchers need to face in the BSL-4 facilities. Recently, a monoclonal antibody (Mab) (clone 9D5) originally used for pan-enterovirus detection has been found to specifically detect dsRNA with a higher sensitivity than the traditional J2 or K1 anti-dsRNA antibodies. Herein, by utilizing the 9D5 antibody, we describe a confocal microscopy protocol that has been used successfully to visualize dsRNA, viral protein and PRR simultaneously in individual cells infected by arenavirus. The protocol is also suitable for imaging studies of dsRNA and PRR distribution in pathogenic arenavirus infected cells in BSL4 facilities.

Double-stranded RNA produced during RNA virus replication can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors to induce an innate immune response. For negative-sense RNA viruses, the interaction between the low-level dsRNA and PRRs remains unclear. We have developed a confocal microscopy method to visualize arenavirus dsRNA and PRR in individual cells.

Formazione immagine confocal di RNA Double-Stranded e Pattern Recognition Receptors in infezione Virus RNA negativo

Double-stranded (ds) RNA is produced as a replicative intermediate during RNA virus infection. Recognition of dsRNA by host pattern recognition receptors ...

Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major health concern despite the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the mid-1990s. While antiretroviral therapy efficiently lowers systemic viral load and restores normal CD4+ T cell counts, it does not reconstitute a completely functional immune system. A dysfunctional immune system in HIV-infected individuals undergoing cART may be characterized by immune activation, early aging of immune cells, or persistent inflammation. These conditions, along with comorbid factors associated with HIV infection, add complexity to the disease, which cannot be easily reproduced in cellular and animal models. To investigate the molecular events underlying immune dysfunction in these patients, a system to culture and manipulate human primary monocytes in vitro is presented here. Specifically, the protocol allows for the culture and transfection of primary CD14+ monocytes obtained from HIV-infected individuals undergoing cART as well as from HIV-negative controls. The method involves isolation, culture, and transfection of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. While commercially available kits and reagents are employed, the protocol provides important tips and optimized conditions for successful adherence and transfection of monocytes with miRNA mimics and inhibitors as well as with siRNAs.

Presented here is an optimized protocol for isolating, culturing, transfecting, and differentiating human primary monocytes from HIV-infected individuals and healthy controls.

Isolamento, trasfezione e cultura dei monociti umani primari

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a major health concern despite the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in the mid-1990s. ...