Desideriamo ringraziare Johnson &amp; Johnson, la TB Alliance, Astra Zeneca, Rib-X e Trius Therapeutics per la fornitura di bedaquiline, PA-824 (pretomanid), AZD5847, radezolid e tedizolid, rispettivamente. Brendan Prideaux, Matthew Zimmerman, Stephen Juzwin, Emma Rey-Jurado, Nancy Ruel, Leyan Li e Danielle Weiner fornito supporto con analisi MALDI, metodi bioanalitici, preparazione del surrogato caseum, sintesi chimica, e l&#39;isolamento di coniglio caseum. Questo lavoro è stato condotto con il finanziamento del Fondazione Bill e Melinda, premio # OPP1044966 e OPP1024050 a V. Dartois, NIH Shared Strumentazione di Grant S10OD018072, così come il finanziamento congiunto da parte della Fondazione Bill e Melinda Gates e Wellcome Trust per un centro di eccellenza per l&#39;ottimizzazione di piombo per malattie del mondo in via di sviluppo di P. Wyatt.

Tutti gli studi sugli animali sono stati eseguiti in conformità alla Guida per la cura e l&#39;uso degli animali da laboratorio degli Istituti Nazionali di Salute con l&#39;approvazione del Comitato istituzionale per la cura e l&#39;uso degli animali della NIAID (NIH) di Bethesda, MD. Tutti gli studi riguardanti la M. tuberculosis sono stati eseguiti in un laboratorio con livello di contenimento della biosicurezza 3 (BSL-3). 1. Modello di infezione del coniglio e collezione di Caseum <ol><li> Infettare conigli bianchi della Nuova Zelanda con M. tuberculosis utilizzando un sistema di esposizione agli aerosol solo a naso come descritto in precedenza. 12 , 13 Lasciare che l&#39;infezione progredisca per 12-16 settimane. Sedate i conigli con 35 mg / kg di ketamina e 5 mg / kg di xilazina intramuscolare, eutanalizzare i conigli con 0,22 mL / kg di pentobarbital sodico e fenytoina sodico per via endovenosa e procedere con le necropsie. </li><li> Usando le pinzette e un bisturi, rimuovi i polmoni dalla cassa caVITY. Da ogni lobo del polmone, disseccare singole cavità e grandi granulomi necrotici utilizzando un bisturi. Raschiare correttamente il caseum dalla parete di cavità e granuloma. Pesare, registrare e conservare campioni in 2 mL tubi a vite a -20 ° C fino all&#39;uso pronto. </li><li> Gamma-irradia i campioni infetti di caso in 3 MegaRad su ghiaccio secco per renderli ininfluenti e sicuri per l&#39;uso in un laboratorio BSL-2. </li></ol> 2. In vitro generazione di Caseum Surrogate da cellule THP-1 <ol><li> Crescono monociti THP-1 nel mezzo RPMI 1640 (2 mM L-glutamina e 10% siero fetale bovino) in tazze di coltura T175 (80 mL / pallone). Incubare le fiasche in un&#39;atmosfera al 5% di CO 2 a 37 ° C per 3-4 giorni. </li><li> Centrifugare la coltura da una fiala T175 in due tubi conici da 50 mL a 150 xg per 5 min. Scartare il surnatante e sospendere il pellet in 10 ml di supporti RPMI 1640. </li><li> Pipettare 5 μL di questa coltura in un tubo da 1,5 mL contenente 45 μL di tblu rypan. Mescolare accuratamente pipettando. Trasferimento 10 microlitri ad un emocitometro e contare il numero di vitali THP-1 monociti (non colorati) utilizzando un microscopio ottico (ingrandimento 10X). Calcolare il numero di cellule vitali per ml della cultura. Diluire con mezzi RPMI alla densità finale di 1,25 x 10 6 cellule / ml. </li><li> Carico 40 mL di coltura su una grande piastra di coltura cellulare (50 x 10 6 cellule / piastra). Aggiungere 40 ml di 100 mM PMA (forbolo 12-myristate13-acetato preparata in etanolo) e consentono alle cellule di aderire durante la notte in incubatrice. NOTA: concentrazione finale di PMA è 100 nm. </li><li> Diluire acido oleico puro (OA) (0,89 g / ml) in etanolo alla concentrazione di 0,1 M (cioè 31,7 microlitri OA a 968,3 ml di etanolo). Diluire questa soluzione in acqua dolce dei media RMPI pre-riscaldato a una concentrazione di 10 mm. Diluire questa sospensione OA di 0,4 mM (concentrazione finale di lavoro) in terreno RPMI pre-riscaldato a 37 ° C. </li><li> Rimuovere i media e non esistenticellule -adhered dalle piastre di coltura cellulare e delicatamente aggiungono 40 mL di 0,4 mM OA ai macrofagi THP-1 (THP-M). Incubare a 37 ° C in incubatore notte. </li><li> Utilizzare un microscopio ottico a 40 ingrandimenti per confermare visivamente la presenza di numerose inclusioni lipidiche corpo in ogni THP-M. Rimuovere tutti mezzo RPMI dalle piastre di coltura cellulare e lavare delicatamente le cellule aderenti due volte con tampone fosfato isotonico (PBS) usando una pipetta sierologica 50 mL. NOTA: corpi lipidici appaiono come piccole, chiare, strutture sferiche nel citoplasma della THP-M. </li><li> Aggiungere 40 ml di 5 mM acido etilendiamminotetraacetico (EDTA) in PBS per ciascuna piastra. Incubare per 15 minuti a 37 ° C. </li><li> Staccare i macrofagi schiumosi (FM) ripetutamente pipettando su e giù sulla superficie di tutta la piastra usando una pipetta sierologica 10 mL. Trasferire la sospensione cellulare in una provetta conica da 50 ml e centrifugare a 150 xg per 5 min. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet cellulare in 10 ml di PBS (terzo lavaggio PBS) unIl trasferimento in un tubo conico pre-pesato da 15 ml. Spin giù di nuovo a 150 xg per 5 minuti. Aspira attentamente il surnatante usando una pipetta sierologica e scartare. </li><li> Sostituire i pellet FM a 3 cicli di congelamento-scongelamento per liscivare le cellule e incubarle a 75 ° C per 20-30 min per denaturare proteine ​​nella matrice. Conservare i pellet a -20 ° C fino a quando non sarà pronto per l&#39;uso. </li></ol> 3. Analisi della dialisi rapida di equilibrazione (RED) <ol><li> Preparare soluzioni di 10 mM di tutti i composti di prova in dimetilsolfossido (DMSO). Diluire fino a 500 μM soluzioni di lavoro in DMSO prima di ogni dosaggio. </li><li> Pesare il tubo contenente il pellet surrogato di caso. Sottrai il peso del tubo vuoto per ottenere il peso del pellet da sola. Aggiungere 2-3 branelli metallici per tubo e, utilizzando un omogeneizzatore a 1,200 colpi / min per 1 min, interrompere il caso o la matrice surrogata in PBS (1: 9 w / v) per ottenere una sospensione diluita di 10 volte di ciascuna matrice. </li><li> Spike 6.5 μL del 500ΜM del composto in esame in 643,5 μL dell&#39;omogenato per ottenere la concentrazione finale di 5 μM (≤1% DMSO) e vortex. </li><li> Posizionare gli inserti ROSSI nella piastra di base. Aggiungere in una camera di ricevente 200 μL della matrice a spruzzo a farmaci nella camera donatrice (anello rosso) di ciascun inserto RED e 350 μL di PBS. Preparare 3 inserti per ciascun composto di prova (campioni triplicati). Piastra di tenuta con una guarnizione di piastra adesiva e incubare a 37 ° C sul termomexer a 200 giri / min (1 g) per 4 h. </li><li> Dopo l&#39;incubazione, mescolare delicatamente il contenuto della camera donatore e ricevente pipettando su e giù 2-3 volte. Pipettare 20 μL aliquote di omogeneate dalle camere donatrici e aggiungere 20 μl di PBS pulito in un tubo da 1,5 ml (1: 1). Allo stesso modo, pipettare 20 μL aliquote di campioni PBS dalle camere ricevitore e aggiungere 20 μL di homogenate pulito (corrispondenza matrice). 8 NOTA: la corrispondenza matrice elimina il nePer 2 curve separate di calibrazione (in omogeneo e PBS) da effettuare per l&#39;analisi quantitativa. Il contenuto della camera donatrice può sedimentarsi nel tempo. Mescolare delicatamente il contenuto pipettando prima di rimuovere le aliquote. </li></ol> 4. Quantificazione LC-MS e analisi dei dati <ol><li> Aggiungere 160 μl di metanolo 1: 1: acetonitrile contenente 500 ng / ml diclofenac o 10 ng / mL verapamil (standard interno) ad ogni tubo e vortex per precipitare le proteine. Centrifugare a 10.000 xg per 5 minuti per sedimentare il precipitato e trasferire i supernatanti in piatti a pozzetto a 96 pozzetti per l&#39;analisi di spettrometria di massa cromatografica-massa (LCMS). 7 </li><li> Creare curve di calibrazione da 1-1.000 nM per ogni composto di prova mantenendo la stessa composizione della matrice come i campioni di cui sopra. Quantificare la concentrazione del composto di prova nei campioni provenienti dalle camere donatori e riceventi utilizzando un metodo LC-MS. </li><li> Calcola la frazione non legata ( f u ) of farmaco nella matrice diluito utilizzando l&#39;equazione 1. Calcolare il f u in matrice diluito con l&#39;equazione 2 (D = fattore di diluizione di 10). 14 <img alt="equazione 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55559/55559eq1.jpg" /> <img alt="equazione 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55559/55559eq2.jpg" /></li><li> Controllare il recupero (bilancio di massa) di ciascun composto usando l&#39;equazione 3 per identificare i composti con la stabilità / metabolismo / non specifici problemi vincolanti. NOTA: Il recupero di solito cade tra il 70% e il 130%. 15 <img alt="equazione 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/55559/55559eq3.jpg" /></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sacchettini, J. C., Rubin, E. J., Freundlich, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drugs+versus+bugs:+in+pursuit+of+the+persistent+predator+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">Drugs versus bugs: in pursuit of the persistent predator Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 6 (1), 41-52 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+and+dormant+tubercle+bacilli+and+latent+tuberculosis.">Persistent and dormant tubercle bacilli and latent tuberculosis.</a> Front Biosci. 1 (9), 1136-1156 (2004).</li><li>Aber, V. R., Nunn, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+term+chemotherapy+of+tuberculosis.+Factors+affecting+relapse+following+short+term+chemotherapy.">Short term chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Factors affecting relapse following short term chemotherapy.</a> Bull Int Union Tuberc. 53 (4), 276-280 (1978).</li><li>Chang, K. C., Leung, C. C., Yew, W. W., Ho, S. C., Tam, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+nested+case-control+study+on+treatment-related+risk+factors+for+early+relapse+of+tuberculosis.">A nested case-control study on treatment-related risk factors for early relapse of tuberculosis.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 170 (10), 1124-1130 (2004).</li><li>Dartois, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+path+of+anti-tuberculosis+drugs:+from+blood+to+lesions+to+mycobacterial+cells.">The path of anti-tuberculosis drugs: from blood to lesions to mycobacterial cells.</a> Nature Rev Microbiol. 12 (3), 159-167 (2014).</li><li>Prideaux, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+association+between+sterilizing+activity+and+drug+distribution+into+tuberculosis+lesions.">The association between sterilizing activity and drug distribution into tuberculosis lesions.</a> Nat Med. 21 (10), 1223-1227 (2015).</li><li>Sarathy, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prediction+of+Drug+Penetration+in+Tuberculosis+Lesions.">Prediction of Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions.</a> ACS Infect Dis. 2 (8), 552-563 (2016).</li><li>Waters, N. J., Jones, R., Williams, G., Sohal, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+rapid+equilibrium+dialysis+approach+for+the+measurement+of+plasma+protein+binding.">Validation of a rapid equilibrium dialysis approach for the measurement of plasma protein binding.</a> J Pharm Sci. 97 (10), 4586-4595 (2008).</li><li>Singh, J. K., Solanki, A., Maniyar, R. C., Banerjee, D., Shirsath, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Equilibrium+Dialysis+(RED):+an+In-vitro+High-Throughput+Screening+Technique+for+Plasma+Protein+Binding+using+Human+and+Rat+Plasma.">Rapid Equilibrium Dialysis (RED): an In-vitro High-Throughput Screening Technique for Plasma Protein Binding using Human and Rat Plasma.</a> J Bioequiv Availab. 14, 1-4 (2012).</li><li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unbound+drug+concentration+in+brain+homogenate+and+cerebral+spinal+fluid+at+steady+state+as+a+surrogate+for+unbound+concentration+in+brain+interstitial+fluid.">Unbound drug concentration in brain homogenate and cerebral spinal fluid at steady state as a surrogate for unbound concentration in brain interstitial fluid.</a> Drug Metab Dispos. 37 (4), 787-793 (2009).</li><li>Able, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Receptor+localization,+native+tissue+binding+and+ex+vivo+occupancy+for+centrally+penetrant+P2X7+antagonists+in+the+rat.">Receptor localization, native tissue binding and ex vivo occupancy for centrally penetrant P2X7 antagonists in the rat.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 162 (2), 405-414 (2011).</li><li>Subbian, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+pulmonary+cavitary+tuberculosis+in+rabbits:+a+failed+host+immune+response.">Chronic pulmonary cavitary tuberculosis in rabbits: a failed host immune response.</a> Open Biol. 1 (4), 1-14 (2011).</li><li>Via, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuberculous+Granulomas+are+Hypoxic+in+Guinea+pigs,+Rabbits,+and+Non-Human+Primates.">Tuberculous Granulomas are Hypoxic in Guinea pigs, Rabbits, and Non-Human Primates.</a> Infect Immun. 76 (6), 2333-2340 (2008).</li><li>Kalvass, J. C., Maurer, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+nonspecific+brain+and+plasma+binding+on+CNS+exposure:+implications+for+rational+drug+discovery.">Influence of nonspecific brain and plasma binding on CNS exposure: implications for rational drug discovery.</a> Biopharm Drug Dispos. 23 (8), 327-338 (2002).</li><li>Di, L., Umland, J. P., Trapa, P. E., Maurer, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+recovery+on+fraction+unbound+using+equilibrium+dialysis.">Impact of recovery on fraction unbound using equilibrium dialysis.</a> J Pharm Sci. 101 (3), 1327-1335 (2012).</li><li>Lenaerts, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Location+of+persisting+mycobacteria+in+a+Guinea+pig+model+of+tuberculosis+revealed+by+r207910.">Location of persisting mycobacteria in a Guinea pig model of tuberculosis revealed by r207910.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 51 (9), 3338-3345 (2007).</li><li>Prideaux, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-sensitivity+MALDI-MRM-MS+imaging+of+moxifloxacin+distribution+in+tuberculosis-infected+rabbit+lungs+and+granulomatous+lesions.">High-sensitivity MALDI-MRM-MS imaging of moxifloxacin distribution in tuberculosis-infected rabbit lungs and granulomatous lesions.</a> Anal Chem. 83 (6), 2112-2118 (2011).</li></ol>

Non ci sono interessi finanziari concorrenti.

lesioni necrotiche polmonari e cavità in pazienti infettati tuberculosis contengono sottopopolazioni di batteri che sono recalcitranti al trattamento farmacologico. I nuclei caseosi di queste strutture sono particolarmente responsabili per ospitare queste persistenti in un ambiente extracellulare. 16 la distribuzione favorevole di agenti anti-batterici in questi luoghi remoti si crede di essere un importante determinante di efficacia della tubercolosi farmaco. Prima della convalida di questo pro...

Il trattamento della malattia della tubercolosi polmonare richiede una distribuzione efficace di farmaci in diversi tipi di lesioni. Le lesioni e le cavità nocrotiche contengono centri caseosi che ospitano sottopopolazioni di batteri tolleranti o &quot;persistenti&quot;. 1 , 2 La malattia cavitaria è associata a tassi di cura inferiori e prognosi scarsa. 3 , 4 Precedenti studi hanno mostrato, utilizzando tecniche quantitative e di imaging, che la capacità di penetrare nel caso è significativamente diversa da una classe di medicinali all&#39;altra. 5 , 6 Questi metodi richiedono tuttavia l&#39;uso di modelli di infezione animale che sono lenti e noiosi. È stato progettato un dosaggio in vitro che misura il legame di farmaci al caso caso ex vivo . Questo legame è stato trovato a correlare inversamente con la penetrazione di farmaci nei granulomi casiosi e, di conseguenza, èUtilizzato come strumento predittivo. 7 La dialisi di equilibrio è considerata come l&#39;approccio standard gold standard per studi di legame proteico plasmatico. Il dispositivo rapido di dialisi di equilibrio (RED) fornisce un sistema veloce, facile da usare e affidabile per eseguire tali analisi. 8 Il dispositivo è costituito da due componenti: inserti monouso, monouso composti da due camere separate da un cilindro verticale di membrana semipermeabile; E piastre base riutilizzabili che possono contenere fino a 48 inserti alla volta. La membrana di dialisi ha un cut-off di peso molecolare di 8 kDa (MWCO) che è l&#39;ideale per studi di legame con farmaci e macromolecole. L&#39;elevato rapporto superficie / volume del compartimento della membrana consente una rapida dialisi e un equilibratura. Sia gli inserti che la piastra di base sono stati convalidati per un minimo legame non specifico. La combinazione del dispositivo RED con tecniche bioanalitiche fornisce accurate stime delle frazioni non legate di farmaci in pLasma. 8, 9 Sebbene originariamente progettato per misurare proteine ​​plasmatiche, il dispositivo RED è stato utilizzato in vari tessuti studi di binding utilizzando omogenati. 10, 11 In questo protocollo, si misurano farmaco legame caseum, i detriti necrotici asportato dalle lesioni necrotiche e cavità di conigli tubercolosi infettati. La natura acellulare e non vascolare di materiale caseoso è facilissimo omogeneizzare in una sospensione omogenea che è compatibile con il saggio. Dato che caseum è noioso da produrre e difficili da trovare, il protocollo è anche stato convalidato per l&#39;uso con una matrice surrogata che viene preparato da macrofagi schiumosi. THP-1 derivate da monociti macrofagi vengono indotte con acido oleico di accumulare più corpi lipidiche che conferiscono loro aspetto &#39;schiumosa&#39;. Queste cellule lipidiche-caricati vengono raccolte eelaborati per produrre una matrice che usiamo come surrogato caseum. Questo studio ha dimostrato che farmaci legame a questa matrice surrogata correla bene con legame caseum, mimando efficacemente il processo in vivo che ostacola la penetrazione farmaco nel nucleo caseosa di granulomi e cavità.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="960">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">New Zealand White Rabbits</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Covance</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">HN878 Mycobacterium tuberculosis</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">BEI Resources</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">NR-13647&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Ketathesia (Ketamine) 100mg/mL C3N</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">56344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Anased (Xylazine) 100mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Henry Schein Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">33198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Euthasol (pentobarbital sodium and phenytoin sodium) Solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Virbac</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">710101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">THP-1 monocytic cell line</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC TIB-202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">175cm&#178; TC-Treated Flask (T175)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T-3400-175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RPMI 1640 media w/o glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT-15-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hyclone Fetal Bovine Serum, Gamma irradiated&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3091003IR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hyclone L-glutamine, 200mM</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SH3003401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cellstar TC dish, 145x20mm, vented</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T-2881-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phorbol 12-myristate13-acetate (PMA)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP685-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>E6758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oleic acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ICN15178101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce RED Device Reusable Base Plate</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PI-89811</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce RED Device Inserts, 50/box&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PI-89809</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pierce RED insert removal tool&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>89812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Adhesive plate seal</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-408-240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS, pH7.4, 10 X 500 mL (Gibco)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Life Technologies&#160;</td>
			<td>10010-049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>472301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>34998</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>34860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Verapamil hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>V4629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Diclofenac sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>93484</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-250-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Ethanol, 200 proof</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>04-355-451</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">2010 Geno/Grinder</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">SPEX SamplePrep</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">2010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Bead Mill Homogenizer Accessory, Metal Bulk Beads</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-340-158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">484R Cobalt 60 Irradiator</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">JL Shepard</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">7810-484-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">INCYTO&#160;C-Chip Disposable Hemacytometers</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">22-600-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Upright Light Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">DM1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Binary Liquid Chromatography system</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">1260</td>
			<td>Multi-compenent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:443px;">Mass spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">AB Sciex</td>
			<td>4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro caseum binding assay that predicts drug penetration in tuberculosis lesions

L&#39;eradicazione della malattia di tubercolosi richiede regimi farmacologici che possono penetrare negli strati multipli di lesioni polmonari complesse. La distribuzione dei farmaci nei corpi caseosi delle cavità e delle lesioni è particolarmente cruciale perché ospitano sottopopolazioni di batteri tolleranti ai farmaci comunemente indicati come persistenti. I metodi esistenti per la misura della penetrazione di farmaci nelle lesioni della tubercolosi comportano costi costosi e che richiedono molto tempo gli studi farmacocinetici in vivo accoppiati a tecniche bioanalitiche o di imaging. La misura in vitro della legame di farmaci a macromolecole di caso è stata proposta come un&#39;alternativa a tali tecniche in quanto tale legame ostacola la diffusione passiva delle molecole di farmaco attraverso il caso. La dialisi di equilibrio rapido è un sistema veloce e affidabile per eseguire studi di legame tra proteine ​​plasmatiche e tessuti. In questo protocollo abbiamo usato un dispositivo rapido di dialisi di equilibrio (RED) per misurare il legame dei farmaci a homogenati del casoDalle lesioni e dalle cavità dei conigli infetti da tubercolosi. Il protocollo descrive anche come generare una matrice surrogata da macrofagi THP-1 caricati da lipidi da utilizzare in sostituzione del caso. Questo test di associazione di caso / surrogato è uno strumento importante nella scoperta di droga della tubercolosi e può essere adattato per aiutare a studiare la distribuzione dei farmaci nelle lesioni o negli ascessi causati da altre malattie.

Usando questo protocollo, abbiamo testato centinaia di composti di sviluppo della droga della tubercolosi per la loro efficacia prevista a penetrare nel caso. La figura 1 mostra i concetti base del test RED. La membrana di dialisi degli inserti RED permette alle piccole molecole non legate di diffondere dal pozzo del donatore al pozzo del ricevitore, raggiungendo infine un equilibrio tra i due compartimenti. Piccole molecole che sono legate a macromolecole come proteine ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions at JoVE.com

An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions

Qui si descrive un metodo rapido equilibrio di dialisi (RED) per misurare farmaco legame caseum da lesioni tubercolosi polmonare e cavità. Il protocollo viene utilizzato anche con una matrice macrofagi derivato schiumosa che è un surrogato efficace caseum.

Un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Test di rilascio di Caseum che prevede la penetrazione di farmaci nelle lesioni della tubercolosi

The eradication of tuberculosis disease requires drug regimens that can penetrate the multiple layers of complex pulmonary lesions. Drug distribution in ...

an-vitro-caseum-binding-assay-that-predicts-drug-penetration

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacology

Immunology and Infection

Unit 1

An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics

Introduction to Respiratory System Drugs

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.6K Views.  Rutgers.  Qui si descrive un metodo rapido equilibrio di dialisi (RED) per misurare farmaco legame caseum da lesioni tubercolosi polmonare e cavità. Il protocollo viene utilizzato anche con una matrice macrofagi derivato schiumosa che è un surrogato efficace caseum. 

Video: An In Vitro Caseum Binding Assay that Predicts Drug Penetration in Tuberculosis Lesions

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms are community-associated bacteria attached to a surface and encased in a matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix is multifaceted, including facilitating nutrient acquisition, and offers significant protection against environmental stresses (e.g. host immune responses). In an effort to acquire a better understanding as to how the bacteria within a biofilm respond to environmental stresses we have used a protocol wherein we visualize bacterial biofilms which have formed in an 8-well chamber slide. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Live/Dead stain and examined using a confocal microscope to characterize the relative biofilm size, and structure under varying incubation conditions. Z-stack images were collected via confocal microscopy and analyzed by COMSTAT. This protocol can be used to help elucidate the mechanism and kinetics by which biofilms form, as well as identify components that are important to biofilm structure and stability.

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

This article describes the procedure for the formation and visualization of a bacterial biofilm grown within an 8-well chamber slide

Nella formazione di biofilm in vitro in un 8-bene scorrere Camera

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Facilitating Drug Discovery: An Automated High-content Inflammation Assay in Zebrafish

Zebrafish larvae are particularly amenable to whole animal small molecule screens1,2 due to their small size and relative ease of manipulation and observation, as well as the fact that compounds can simply be added to the bathing water and are readily absorbed when administered in a &lt;1% DMSO solution. Due to the optical clarity of zebrafish larvae and the availability of transgenic lines expressing fluorescent proteins in leukocytes, zebrafish offer the unique advantage of monitoring an acute inflammatory response in vivo. Consequently, utilizing the zebrafish for high-content small molecule screens aiming at the identification of immune-modulatory compounds with high throughput has been proposed3-6, suggesting inflammation induction scenarios e.g. localized nicks in fin tissue, laser damage directed to the yolk surface of embryos7 or tailfin amputation3,5,6. The major drawback of these methods however was the requirement of manual larva manipulation to induce wounding, thus preventing high-throughput screening. Introduction of the chemically induced inflammation (ChIn) assay8 eliminated these obstacles. Since wounding is inflicted chemically the number of embryos that can be treated simultaneously is virtually unlimited. Temporary treatment of zebrafish larvae with copper sulfate selectively induces cell death in hair cells of the lateral line system and results in rapid granulocyte recruitment to injured neuromasts. The inflammatory response can be followed in real-time by using compound transgenic cldnB::GFP/lysC::DsRED26,9 zebrafish larvae that express a green fluorescent protein in neuromast cells, as well as a red fluorescent protein labeling granulocytes.
In order to devise a screening strategy that would allow both high-content and high-throughput analyses we introduced robotic liquid handling and combined automated microscopy with a custom developed software script. This script enables automated quantification of the inflammatory response by scoring the percent area occupied by red fluorescent leukocytes within an empirically defined area surrounding injured green fluorescent neuromasts. Furthermore, we automated data processing, handling, visualization, and storage all based on custom developed MATLAB and Python scripts.
In brief, we introduce an automated HC/HT screen that allows testing of chemical compounds for their effect on initiation, progression or resolution of a granulocytic inflammatory response. This protocol serves a good starting point for more in-depth analyses of drug mechanisms and pathways involved in the orchestration of an innate immune response. In the future, it may help identifying intolerable toxic or off-target effects at earlier phases of drug discovery and thereby reduce procedural risks and costs for drug development.

Here we describe a novel high-content chemically induced inflammation assay aiming at the identification of immune-modulatory bioactives. We have successfully combined automated microscopy with custom developed software scripts enabling automated quantification of the inflammatory response as well as further data processing, analysis, mining, and storage.

Facilitare Drug Discovery: un sistema automatico di alta Tenore infiammazione in Zebrafish

Zebrafish larvae are particularly amenable to whole animal small molecule screens1,2 due to their small size and relative ease of manipulation and ...

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

The vascular endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by host mediators or directly by conserved microbial components or host-derived danger molecules. Activated ECs express cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules that mobilize, activate and retain leukocytes at the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive, and adhere to the endothelium through a variety of adhesion molecules present on the surfaces of both cells. The main functions of neutrophils are to directly eliminate microbial threats, promote the recruitment of other leukocytes through the release of additional factors, and initiate wound repair. Therefore, their recruitment and attachment to the endothelium is a critical step in the initiation of the inflammatory response. In this report, we describe an in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay using calcein AM-labeled primary human neutrophils to quantitate the extent of microvascular endothelial cell activation under static conditions. This method has the additional advantage that the same samples quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry can also be visualized directly using fluorescence microscopy for a more qualitative assessment of neutrophil binding.

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Neutrophil adherence to the activated endothelium at sites of infection is an integral component of the host's inflammatory response. Described in this report is a neutrophil binding assay that allows for the in vitro quantitation of primary human neutrophil binding to endothelial cells activated by inflammatory mediators under static conditions.

Quantitative<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Assay misurare Adesione neutrofili attivati ​​per primarie umane endoteliali microvascolari in condizioni statiche

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the respective immune response to each single pathogen and may thereby affect pathogenesis and disease outcome. Coinfected patients may also respond differentially to anti-infective interventions. Coinfection between tuberculosis as caused by mycobacteria and the malaria parasite Plasmodium, both of which are coendemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, has not been studied in detail. In order to approach the challenging but scientifically and clinically highly relevant question how malaria-tuberculosis coinfection modulate host immunity and the course of each disease, we established an experimental mouse model that allows us to dissect the elicited immune responses to both pathogens in the coinfected host. Of note, in order to most precisely mimic naturally acquired human infections, we perform experimental infections of mice with both pathogens by their natural routes of infection, i.e. aerosol and mosquito bite, respectively.

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

Tuberculosis and malaria are two of the most prevalent infections in humans and major causes of morbidity and mortality in impoverished populations in the tropics. We established an experimental model system to study outcome of malaria-tuberculosis coinfection in mice after challenge with both pathogens via their natural route of infection.

Un modello sperimentale per studiare la tubercolosi, la malaria coinfezione sulla trasmissione naturale di Mycobacterium tuberculosis E Plasmodium berghei</i

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the ...

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx can result in colonization and is considered a prerequisite for pneumococcal infections such as pneumonia and otitis media. In vitro adherence assays can be used to study the attachment of pneumococci to epithelial cell monolayers and to investigate potential interventions, such as the use of probiotics, to inhibit pneumococcal&#160;colonization.&#160;The protocol described here is used to investigate the effects of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius on the adherence of pneumococci to the human epithelial cell line CCL-23 (sometimes referred to as HEp-2 cells). The assay involves three main steps: 1) preparation of epithelial and bacterial cells, 2) addition of bacteria to epithelial cell monolayers, and 3) detection of adherent pneumococci by viable counts (serial dilution and plating) or quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). This technique is relatively straightforward and does not require specialized equipment other than a tissue culture setup. The assay can be used to test other probiotic species and/or potential inhibitors of pneumococcal colonization and can be easily modified to address other scientific questions regarding pneumococcal adherence and invasion.

Investigating the Effects of Probiotics on Pneumococcal Colonization Using an In Vitro Adherence Assay

In vitro adherence assays can be used to study the attachment of Streptococcus pneumoniae to epithelial cell monolayers and to investigate potential interventions such as the use of probiotics for inhibiting pneumococcal colonization.

Indagare gli effetti dei probiotici sul pneumococcico colonizzazione utilizzo di un<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Aderenza Assay

Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) to the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx can result in colonization and is considered a ...

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments. An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification, target size selection, target labeling, and microarray hybridization within a single solution and into a single microfluidic chamber. A batch processing method is demonstrated with a 9-plex asymmetric master mix and low-density gel element microarray for genotyping multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The protocol described here can be completed in 6 hr and provide correct genotyping with at least 1,000 cell equivalents of genomic DNA. Incorporating on-chip wash steps is feasible, which will result in an entirely closed amplicon method and system. The extent of multiplexing with an amplification microarray is ultimately constrained by the number of primer pairs that can be combined into a single master mix and still achieve desired sensitivity and specificity performance metrics, rather than the number of probes that are immobilized on the array. Likewise, the total analysis time can be shortened or lengthened depending on the specific intended use, research question, and desired limits of detection. Nevertheless, the general approach significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user by reducing the number of manually intensive and time-consuming processing steps, and provides a simplified biochemical and microfluidic path for translating microarray-based diagnostics into routine clinical practice.

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

An amplification microarray combines asymmetric PCR amplification and microarray hybridization into a single chamber, which significantly streamlines microarray workflow for the end user. Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource environments.

Dimostrazione di un multi-resistente ai farmaci<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em&gt; Amplificazione Microarray

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource ...

A Reference Broth Microdilution Method for Dalbavancin In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria that Grow Aerobically

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is performed to assess the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against various bacteria. The AST results, which are expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are used in research for antimicrobial development and monitoring of resistance development and in the clinical setting for antimicrobial therapy guidance. Dalbavancin is a semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide antimicrobial agent that was approved in May 2014 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused by Gram-positive organisms. The advantage of dalbavancin over current anti-staphylococcal therapies is its long half-life, which allows for once-weekly dosing. Dalbavancin has activity against Staphylococcus aureus (including both methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA] and methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), coagulase-negative staphylococci, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus anginosus group, &#946;-hemolytic streptococci and vancomycin susceptible enterococci. Similar to other recent lipoglycopeptide agents, optimization of CLSI and ISO broth susceptibility test methods includes the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent when preparing stock solutions and polysorbate 80 (P80) to alleviate adherence of the agent to plastic. Prior to the clinical studies and during the initial development of dalbavancin, susceptibility studies were not performed with the use of P-80 and MIC results tended to be 2-4 fold higher and similarly higher MIC results were obtained with the agar dilution susceptibility method. Dalbavancin was first included in CLSI broth microdilution methodology tables in 2005 and amended in 2006 to clarify use of DMSO and P-80. The broth microdilution (BMD) procedure shown here is specific to dalbavancin and is in accordance with the CLSI and ISO methods, with step-by-step detail and focus on the critical steps added for clarity.

A Reference Broth Microdilution Method for Dalbavancin In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Bacteria that Grow Aerobically

Here, we present a protocol for determination of dalbavancin susceptibility of clinically relevant Gram-positive bacteria using a broth microdilution reference methodology.

Un riferimento brodo di microdiluizione per Dalbavancina<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Test della Sensibilità di batteri che crescono aerobico

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is performed to assess the in vitro activity of antimicrobial agents against various bacteria. The AST results, ...

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. Regulatory systems that utilize intracellular cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) as a second messenger are one such class of target. c-di-GMP is a signaling molecule found in almost all bacteria that acts to regulate an extensive range of processes including antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and virulence. The understanding of how c-di-GMP signaling controls aspects of antibiotic resistant biofilm development has suggested approaches whereby alteration of the cellular concentrations of the nucleotide or disruption of these signaling pathways may lead to reduced biofilm formation or increased susceptibility of the biofilms to antibiotics. We describe a simple high-throughput bioreporter protocol, based on green fluorescent protein (GFP), whose expression is under the control of the c-di-GMP responsive promoter cdrA, to rapidly screen for small molecules with the potential to modulate c-di-GMP cellular levels in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). This simple protocol can screen upwards of 3,500 compounds within 48 hours and has the ability to be adapted to multiple microorganisms.

Establishment of a High-throughput Setup for Screening Small Molecules That Modulate c-di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

This article describes the high-throughput assay that has been successfully established to screen large libraries of small molecules for their potential ability to manipulate cellular levels of cyclic di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing a new powerful tool for antibacterial drug discovery and compound testing.

Creazione di una configurazione high-throughput screening per piccole molecole che modulano c-di-GMP Segnalazione di<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em

Bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics has driven research attempts to identify new drug targets in recently discovered regulatory pathways. ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to effectiveness in the clinical setting. This is likely due to a lack of consideration for the physiologically relevant cellular penetration barriers that exist in the infected host. We recently established an alternative infection model that generates large macrophage aggregate structures containing densely packed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) at its core, which was suitable for drug susceptibility testing. This infection model is inexpensive, rapid, and most importantly BSL-2 compatible. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures that would produce macrophage-passaged Mtb for drug susceptibility testing. In particular, we demonstrate how this infection system could be directly adapted to the 96-well plate format showing throughput capability for the screening of compound libraries against Mtb. Overall, this assay is a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery toolbox due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

New models and assays that would improve the early drug development process for next-generation anti-tuberculosis drugs are highly desirable. Here, we describe a quick, inexpensive, and BSL-2 compatible assay to evaluate drug efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can be easily adapted for high-throughput screening.

Un test compatibile high-throughput per valutare Drug efficacia contro macrofagi diversi passaggi<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are relevant to the treatment of different pathologies, including cancers. The development of biosimilar mAbs by pharmaceutical companies is a market opportunity, but it is also a strategy to increase drug accessibility and reduce therapy-associated costs. The protocols detailed here describe the evaluation of target binding and CDC induction by rituximab in Daudi cells. These two functions require different structural regions of the antibody and are relevant to the clinical effect induced by rituximab. The protocols allow the side-to-side comparison of a reference rituximab and a marketed rituximab biosimilar. The evaluated products showed differences both in target binding and CDC induction, suggesting that there are underlying physicochemical differences and highlighting the need to analyze the impact of those differences in the clinical setting. The methods reported here constitute simple and inexpensive in vitro models for the evaluation of the activity of rituximab biosimilars. Thus, they can be useful during biosimilar development, as well as for quality control in biosimilar production. Furthermore, the presented methods can be extrapolated to other therapeutic mAbs.

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

This protocol describes the in vitro comparison of two key functional characteristics of rituximab: target binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) induction. The methods were employed for a side-to-side comparison between reference rituximab and a rituximab biosimilar. These assays can be employed during biosimilar development or as a quality control in their production.

Metodi in vitro per il confronto obiettivo vincolante e CDC induzione Tra terapeutiche Anticorpi: Applicazioni nel Analisi Biosimilarity

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are relevant to the treatment of different pathologies, including cancers. The development of biosimilar mAbs by ...