Name: mass isolation and in vitro cultivation of intramolluscan stages of the human blood fluke schistosoma mansoni
Uploaded: 2018-01-14T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 5 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni at JoVE.com

Finanziato in parte dalla concessione NIH RO1AI015503. Topi infettati di schistosome erano forniti dal NIAID schistosomiasi Resource Center presso l'Istituto di ricerca biomedica (Rockville, MD) attraverso NIH-NIAID contratto HHSN272201000005I per la distribuzione attraverso le risorse della BEI.

Tutti cura degli animali e procedure sperimentali sono state approvate dal comitato di uso della University of Wisconsin-Madison sotto protocollo istituzionale Animal Care e non. V005717. Il seguente protocollo comporta lavorare in una struttura di livello 2 di biosicurezza (BSL2) per agenti patogeni umani, anche se nessuna delle fasi di schistosome raffigurate in questo protocollo sono infettiva per l'uomo o altri mammiferi. Seguire politiche istituzionali per la gestione degli agenti patogeni umani del gruppo di rischio 2 (RG2).
Nota: Usiamo topi femmina Swiss-Webster (6 - settimana vecchi) a causa della loro maggiore suscettibilità all'infezione10, ottenendo quindi più grandi oneri di uovo. Tucker et al. descrivere i protocolli di infezione mouse e lumaca utilizzati in questo modello sistema11. La Tabella materiali elenca tutte le attrezzature specifiche, materiali, reagenti e fonti animali necessari per svolgere questo protocollo sperimentale.
1. il trattamento dei fegati infetti
<ol><li>Eutanasia topi, post-infezione 6-7 settimane, da asfissia di CO2 (tasso di 10-30% del volume della camera al minuto). Topi di monitor per la cessazione della respirazione e battito cardiaco. Nota: In genere fino a 20 topi possono essere elaborati in un dato momento.</li>
	<li>Dopo aver trasferito eutanasizzati topi una cappa di biosicurezza, posizionare il mouse sulle loro spalle e spruzzare loro superfici ventrale con etanolo al 70%. Lasciate macerare per 1 min.</li>
	<li>Pizzicare e tirare la pelle dell'addome più basso e tagliare tutta la base della pelle pizzicata più vicina all'addome con forbici chirurgiche sterili. Tirare la pelle tagliata anteriormente (cioè, verso la testa) per rivelare il fegato. Si noti che il fegato dovrebbe essere ampliato e screziato dovuto una risposta granulomatosa indotta da uovo (Figura 2A).</li>
	<li>Rimuovere il fegato e posizionarlo in un becher contenente 200 mL di sterile 1,2% NaCl soluzione contenente pen/strep.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi da 1.3 e 1.4 con topi restanti. Nota: Venti topi sono generalmente trattati in un solo raccolto.</li>
	<li>Posizionare i fegati in una capsula di Petri sterile e rimuovere non-fegato grasso/connettivo con pinze sterili.</li>
	<li>Trasferimento fegatini tagliati/puliti in una bottiglia sterile 250 mL Centrifuga contenente ~ 200 mL di soluzione sterile di NaCl 1,2% con penna/strep.</li>
	<li>Vigorosamente agitare il flacone contenente i fegati e, utilizzando una pipetta monouso sterile, rimuovere la superficie in eccesso schiuma/detriti galleggianti. Lentamente versare fuori la soluzione salina rimanente in un contenitore o affondare contenenti candeggina 1% (disinfettante).</li>
	<li>Aggiungi ~ 200 mL di soluzione salina fresca per i fegati e ripetere il passaggio 1.8 tre volte di più.</li>
</ol>2. fegato isolamento di estrazione e miracidial
<ol><li>Inserire i fegatini in una tazza piccola sterili in acciaio inox frullatore e aggiungere ~ 2 mL di soluzione di 1,2% di NaCl (Figura 2B).</li>
	<li>Coprire la tazza con un foglio e una capsula di Petri di evitare fuoriuscite e mescolare per 1 min dall'alternarsi di bassa e alta velocità (20 s bassa velocità/10 s ad alta velocità; ripetizione) (Figura 2).</li>
	<li>Distribuire uniformemente la sospensione del fegato blended in bottiglie sterili 250 mL centrifuga (per 20 fegati utilizzano 4 bottiglie).</li>
	<li>Aggiungere soluzione fisiologica sterile con antibiotici a ~ 200 mL bottiglia/volume totale. Pesare/equilibrio bottiglie prima della centrifugazione.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare i fegati mescolati a 290 x g per 15 min a 4 oC. delicatamente versare i surnatanti in un contenitore con candeggina prima dello smaltimento.</li>
	<li>Ripetere i passaggi da 2.4-2.5 una volta. Essere sicuri Risospendere accuratamente sedimento del fegato prima della centrifugazione.</li>
	<li>Dopo aver scartato l'ultima soluzione fisiologica lavare (passo 2,6), aggiungere 200 mL di acqua sterile stagno con penna/strep al tessuto del fegato pellettato, agitare per risospendere il sedimento e trasferire la sospensione in un pallone volumetrico da sterilizzata a 1-L che è stato completamente rivestito di alluminio lamina, fatta eccezione per la parte superiore 3 cm del collo (Figura 2D). Nota: Utilizzare due bottiglie (= 10 fegati) per 1-L fiaschetta. Laghetto d'acqua simula l'ambiente d'acqua dolce naturale necessaria per stimolare miracidial Cova da uova.</li>
	<li>Utilizzando acqua sterile dello stagno, riempire il matraccio a circa 3 cm sopra la lamina che copre il collo. Poi, senza ritardo (come miracidia presto cominciano a covare), rimuovere la schiuma residua e tessuto del fegato galleggiante alla superficie pipettando rapidamente fino ~ 12 mL di acqua di stagno contenente detriti e scartando in un separato scartare il tubo. Sostituire con acqua fresca e sterile dello stagno.</li>
	<li>Ripetere la pulizia passo 2.8, altre tre volte, verificare presenza di miracidia nel tubo di scartare. Cessare la ripetizione della fase di pulizia se miracidia appaiono nella soluzione di lavaggio.</li>
	<li>Dopo l'ultimo lavaggio, aggiungere lentamente ~ 12 mL di acqua calda sterile stagno (pre-riscaldato a 30 oC) per creare un gradiente di temperatura con acqua tiepida pulita e sterile sulla parte superiore. Nota: Ciò avviene meglio scaricando lentamente l'acqua lungo il lato del collo per evitare di miscelare boccetta.</li>
	<li>Posizionare una piccola capsula di Petri copertura sopra l'apertura della boccetta e brillare una luce brillante nella parte superiore del pallone sopra la pellicola di copertura per illuminare la superficie superiore dell'acqua. Nota: In genere, entro 5-10 min, nuoto miracidia, attirata dalla luce, si concentrerà in gran numero entro i primi 2-3 cm di acqua di stagno (Figura 3A).</li>
</ol>3. Miracidial raccolta e coltivazione
<ol><li>Quando miracidia hanno accumulato sulla superficie dopo 10 min, utilizzando una pipetta da trasferimento sterile, rimuovere ~ 8 mL di acqua di stagno e trasferirlo in una provetta sterile 15 mL centrifuga. Collocare la provetta contenente miracidia sul ghiaccio.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere posteriore 8 mL di acqua calda sterile stagno lungo l'interno del matraccio tarato e attendere altri 10 min.</li>
	<li>Utilizzando tubi di nuovi ogni volta, ripetere i passaggi da 3.1 e 3.2 altre tre volte. Dopo la raccolta dith 4, tenere il tubo finale in ghiaccio per 10 minuti consentire la miracidia a stabilirsi. Questo set di tubi comprende il primo raccolto.</li>
	<li>Centrifugare le provette contenenti miracidia a 290 x g per 1 min a 4 oC in una centrifuga refrigerata pre-raffreddata.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere immediatamente la maggior parte del surnatante (~ 7 mL) facendo attenzione a non disturbare il pellet di parassita (Figura 3B).</li>
	<li>Piscina tutti la miracidia da questo primo raccolto in un unico tubo, quindi sciacquare tutti i tubi originali con ~ 1 mL di acqua sterile stagno e aggiungere alla provetta del "pool".</li>
	<li>Consentire i parassiti a stabilirsi sul ghiaccio per ~ 5 min e centrifugare nuovamente i parassiti a 290 x g per 1 min a 4 oC.</li>
	<li>Con attenzione rimuovere il supernatante e aggiungere che 6-8 mL sterile Chernin equilibrata soluzione salina (CBSS +; Vedi tabella materiali) contenente pen/strep.</li>
	<li>Delicatamente sospendere la miracidia e aliquota in una piastra di coltura 24 pozzetti (1 mL per pozzetto), seguita dal tubo di risciacquo in 6-8 mL CBSS + e aggiungendo 1 mL di risciacquo in ciascun pozzetto. Incubare i parassiti a 26 oC in condizioni di normossia. Concentrazioni di miracidia isolato potranno variare, ma generalmente in media ~ 7000/mL.</li>
	<li>Se i parassiti sono ancora concentrato presso la sorgente di luce, ripetere i passaggi 3.1 a 3.9 per continuare la raccolta tardiva-cova miracidia ma aumentare l'intervallo di tempo tra le raccolte per 15-20 min. Nota: Questo nuovo set di tubi rappresenta la seconda raccolta. Tuttavia, poiché i numeri miracidial sono in genere Bassi, larve da tutte le provette di solito sono raggruppate in un'unica cultura ben contenenti 2 mL CBSS +.</li>
	<li>Alle 24 ore post-raccolta e coltivazione, Risospendere delicatamente sporocisti nei loro pozzi di pipettaggio.</li>
	<li>Attendere qualche minuto per consentire i parassiti a depositarsi sul fondo dei pozzetti. Una volta che si sono insediati, rimuovere con cautela il surnatante (~1.5 mL), che conterrà la maggior parte delle piastre epidermiche ciliate capannone da miracidia durante la trasformazione larvale. Questa "trasformazione" supernatante può essere scartata o incorporata in studi di follow-up di prodotti secretivi larvali.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 1,5 mL di fresco CBSS + in ciascun pozzetto e delicatamente pipetta per risospendere sporocisti. Ripetere il passaggio 3.12 se si desidera ulteriore lavaggio o cambiando in un supporto diverso.</li>
</ol>

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Miracidia di S. mansoni, isolato e manipolato come descritto nel presente documento, può infettare solo l'ospite intermedio di lumaca e pertanto non rappresentano un rischio biologico umano durante questa fase di sviluppo larvale. Tuttavia, per evitare l'accidentale esposizione/infezione di lumache, dovrebbe prestare attenzione per eseguire gli isolamenti miracidial in una posizione diversa dalle zone dove la specie di lumaca Biomphalaria sensibili possono essere presente o mantenuto. Una stanza separa...

L'essere umano sangue flukes Schistosoma spp., sono gli agenti causali della schistosomiasi, una malattia tropicale trascurata che affligge un stimato 230 milioni di persone in tutto il mondo1. La specie più diffusa, Schistosoma mansoni, è geograficamente distribuita in Sud America, l'arcipelago dei Caraibi, Medio Oriente e Africa sub-sahariana2. Il ciclo di vita di S. mansonie altri schistosomes, è complesso, che coinvolge un mammifero ospite definitivo e lumache d'acqua dolce del genere Biomphalaria che fungono da ospiti intermedi obbligati.
S. mansoni adulto maschio e femmina a vite senza fine coppie vivono nelle vene mesenteriche posteriore di riprodurre il mammifero ospite, determinando il rilascio di uova embrionate (ovuli) che sono alloggiati in piccole venule della mucosa intestinale. Uova quindi rotture attraverso le pareti del vaso, migrano attraverso il tessuto mucoso e alla fine inserire il lume intestinale dove essi sono annullate con le feci. Quando gli ovuli digitare tratteggio di larve d'acqua dolce e liberamente natante (miracidia), devono, in breve tempo, trovare una lumaca Biomphalaria adatta per infettare al fine di continuare il suo ciclo di vita. Questo processo di infezione coinvolge miracidial attaccamento alla superficie esterna di lumaca seguita da penetrazione attiva e voce della larva nell'ospite. Presto dopo l'entrata, il miracidium inizia a capannone relative piastre epidermiche ciliati esterni come si forma un sincizio che diventerà la nuova superficie esterna (tegumento) della prossima fase larvale, lo sporociste primario o madre. Attraverso la riproduzione asessuata, ogni sporociste primario produce e rilascia una seconda generazione di sporocisti, definiti secondari o sporocisti di figlia, che a sua volta, generano e rilasciare grandi quantità di intramolluscan fase finale, le cercarie di Fasciolopsis3 . Al momento della fuga dall'host lumaca, liberamente natante cercarie sono capaci di associare a e direttamente penetrando la pelle di un uomo o altri host mammiferi adatto. All'entrata in loro nuovo ospite, cercarie trasformano alla fase schistosomula parassitarie e invadono il sistema vascolare. Essi, a loro volta, migrare al polmone e quindi alla vena epatica dove maturano in vermi adulti, formano coppie maschili e femminile e viaggiare a vene mesenteriche per completare il loro ciclo di vita.
Successo intramolluscan o "fase di lumaca" sviluppo larvale schistosomes è essenziale per la continuazione del ciclo di trasmissione interumana host-to-host. Di fondamentale importanza è la seguente voce periodo del miracidium liberamente natante in host lumaca e la sua trasformazione iniziale alla fase primaria sporociste. A seconda della compatibilità fisiologica e immunologica tra ospite e parassita, è durante questa fase di sviluppo larvale che iniziale successo o il fallimento di stabilire infezioni è determinato4,5,6 . Lo sviluppo successivo di sporocisti primari in grado di produrre asessualmente sporocisti secondari, che quindi generano cercarie umani-infettivo, ulteriormente richiedono un ambiente di host fisiologico permissiva che fornisce per tutta crescita del parassita e riproduttiva ha bisogno.
Fin qui, piccolo è conosciuto circa il sottostante fisiologici, biochimici e processi molecolari controllare interazioni di schistosome-lumaca, soprattutto le molecole e vie coinvolte nella regolazione della riproduzione e sviluppo larvale o modulante risposta immune dell'ospite. Pronto accesso a un gran numero di questi stadi larvali in vitro condizioni di coltura che permettono la manipolazione sperimentale faciliterebbe notevolmente alla scoperta delle vie di sviluppo e meccanismi di fondo della crescita cellulare, differenziazione e riproduzione. Percorsi critici parassita o meccanismi, identificati attraverso la sperimentazione in vitro , quindi potrebbero essere utilizzati per interrompere la crescita/riproduzione larvale nell'host di lumaca, o per identificare meccanismi immuni dell'ospite lumaca coinvolti nel riconoscimento e nell'eliminazione di fasi miracidial o sporociste.
In questo articolo e il video di presentazione, forniamo una descrizione dettagliata di un metodo per isolare un numero elevato di nuotare liberamente S. mansoni miracidia per introduzione nella cultura in vitro che poi può essere sottoposto a follow-up sperimentale manipolazione (vedere la Figura 1 per una descrizione schematica del flusso di lavoro di protocollo). Anche se le procedure simili sono state descritte in precedenza7,8,9, abbiamo sentito che un protocollo dettagliato sarebbe utile per i ricercatori che desiderano impiegare questo modello per affrontare domande ancora senza risposta legate alla lo sviluppo larvale intramolluscan, proliferazione cellulare e interazioni immuni di schistosome-lumaca. Inoltre, questo approccio potrebbe essere facilmente adattato per l'isolamento delle uova da altri trematodi medicamente importanti quali vescica-dimora S. haematobium, distomi del fegato o trematodi del polmone.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chernin&#039;s balanced salt solution (CBSS+)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 1L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>2.8 g sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Dissolve salts, except calcium chloride, and&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.15 g of potassium chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5405</td><td>sugars in 800 mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>0.07 g sodium phosphate, dibasic anhydrous</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S374-500</td><td>Dissolve calcium chloride separately in 200&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.45 g magnesium sulfate heptahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M1880</td><td>mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>0.53 g calcium chloride dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>4160</td><td>Slowly add calcium soln to the salt/sugar soln with&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.05 g sodium bicarbonate&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S233-3</td><td>with constant mixing</td></tr><tr><td>1 g glucose</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>152527</td><td>Adjust to pH 7.2 and filter sterilize using a&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1 g trehalose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T0167</td><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m disposable bottle-top filter</td></tr><tr><td>10 mL 100X penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add filtered penicillin and streptomycin soln&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Incomplete Bge&amp;nbsp; medium (Ibge)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 900 mL solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>220 mL Schneider&amp;rsquo;s Drosophila medium modified</td><td>Lonza</td><td>04-351Q</td><td>Mix Schneider&#039;s medium with 680 mL ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>4.5 g lactalbumin enzymatic hydrolysate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L9010</td><td>Add lactalbumin hydrolysate and galactose</td></tr><tr><td>1.3 g galactose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G0625</td><td>Adjust to pH 7.2 and filter sterilize using a 0.22 &amp;micro;m&lt;br/&gt; pre-sterilized disposable bottle-top filter</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Complete Bge medium (cBge)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;For 100 mL of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>90 mL Incomplete Bge medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>To heat-inactivate FBS: Incubate thawed FBS in&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>9 mL heat-inact. fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Optima)</td><td>Atlanta Biologicals</td><td>S12450</td><td>waterbath at 60&amp;deg;C for 1 hr while gently&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1 mL 100X penicillin/streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>swirling the bottle every 10 min&lt;br/&gt; Aliquot heat-inactivated FBS into 15-mL tubes&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; and store at -20&amp;deg;C.&amp;nbsp; Mix medium + FBS and&lt;br/&gt; filter sterilize using a 0.22 &amp;micro;m pre-sterilized&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; disposable bottle-top filter&amp;nbsp;&lt;br/&gt; Add penicillin and streptomycin prior to use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Pond water (stock solution)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1L of stock solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>12.5 g calcium carbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C64-500</td><td>Mix all salts in 1L of ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>1.25 g magnesium carbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M27-500</td><td>Note that the salts will not have completely&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>1.25 g&amp;nbsp; sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>dissolved.&amp;nbsp; Shake vigorously to suspend&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>0.25 g&amp;nbsp; potassium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P5405</td><td>salts prior to making the working soln&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Pond water (working solution)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1.5L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>0.8 mL stock solution pond water (shake prior use) in&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Mix stock to ddH2O</td></tr><tr><td>1500 mL of ddH2O</td><td></td><td></td><td>Sterilize pond water by autoclaving (slow&amp;nbsp;cycle)</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL of 100X penicillin/streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add penicillin and streptomycin prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Saline solution (1.2% NaCl)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td>&lt;strong&gt;1.5L of solution&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>18 g sodium chloride in 1500 mL of ddH2O</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td>Autoclave saline solution to sterilize</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 mL of 100X penicillin/ streptomycin</td><td>Hyclone</td><td>SV30010</td><td>Add penicillin and streptomycin prior use</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Additional equipment and material:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>7-L mouse euthanizing chamber</td><td></td><td></td><td>Following approved IACUC protocol no. V001551</td></tr><tr><td>Mice</td><td>Taconic Biosciences</td><td></td><td>Swiss-Webster, female, 6-wk old, murine&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; tank and regulator</td><td></td><td></td><td>pathogen-free</td></tr><tr><td>24-well tissue culture plate</td><td>TPP</td><td>92424</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1-L volumetric flasks</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Light source (150W)</td><td>Chiu Tech Corp</td><td>Model F0-150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge, refrigerated, swinging bucket</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>Model 5810R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge bottles (250 mL)</td><td>Nalgene</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15-mL centrifuge tubes, sterile</td><td>Corning</td><td>430053</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile disposable transfer pipets&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1371120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.22 &amp;micro;m pre-sterilized disposable bottle-top filter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>SCGPS05RE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stainless steel blender</td><td>Waring Commercial</td><td>Model 51BL31</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blender cup, 100 mL capacity</td><td>Waring Commercial</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inverted compound microscope</td><td>Nikon Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eclipse TE300</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mass isolation and in vitro cultivation of intramolluscan stages of the human blood fluke schistosoma mansoni

Umani sangue trematodi, Schistosoma spp., hanno un ciclo di vita complesso che coinvolge fasi dello sviluppo sessuale e asessuale all'interno di un lumaca intermedi e di mammifero ospite finale, rispettivamente. La capacità di isolare e sostenere le fasi del ciclo di vita diverso in condizioni di coltura in vitro ha notevolmente facilitato le indagini dei meccanismi cellulari, biochimici e molecolari che regolano l'host, la sviluppo e la crescita del parassita interazioni farmacologiche. Trasmissione della schistosomiasi richiede la riproduzione asessuata e lo sviluppo di più stadi larvali all'interno dell'host lumaca; dal miracidium infettiva, attraverso sporocisti primarie e secondarie, alla fase finale cercarial che è infettivo agli esseri umani. In questa carta presentiamo un protocollo passo-passo per massa schiusa e isolamento di Schistosoma mansoni miracidia da uova ottenute dai fegati di topi infetti e la loro successiva introduzione in coltura in vitro . Si prevede che il protocollo dettagliato incoraggerà nuovi ricercatori per partecipare e ampliare questo importante settore della ricerca di schistosome.

La stragrande maggioranza dei miracidia in genere vi sono state raccolte nei primi due "raccolti". Incubazione di miracidia isolato in CBSS + innesca il processo di trasformazione di miracidium-a-sporociste (Figura 4A- C). Entro la prima ora seguente trasferimento alla cultura pozzetti contenente CBSS +, la maggior parte di cessare miracidia nuoto (Figura 4A). A 6 h nella cultura, miracidia stanno attivamente spa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni at JoVE.com

Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

Questo articolo descrive un protocollo per l'isolamento axenica su larga scala e la raccolta di nuotare liberamente miracidia del trematode umano sangue Schistosoma mansoni e la loro successiva elaborazione per l'introduzione in coltura in vitro .

Massa isolamento e coltivazione In Vitro delle fasi Intramolluscan del trematode umano sangue Schistosoma Mansoni

Human blood flukes, Schistosoma spp., have a complex life cycle that involves asexual and sexual developmental phases within a snail intermediate and ...

mass-isolation-vitro-cultivation-intramolluscan-stages-human-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

9.1K Views.  University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine. Questo articolo descrive un protocollo per l'isolamento axenica su larga scala e la raccolta di nuotare liberamente miracidia del trematode umano sangue Schistosoma mansoni e la loro successiva elaborazione per l'introduzione in coltura in vitro .

Video: Mass Isolation and In Vitro Cultivation of Intramolluscan Stages of the Human Blood Fluke Schistosoma Mansoni

Protocol for Production of a Genetic Cross of the Rodent Malaria Parasites

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to successful identification of genes or loci underlying various traits in malaria parasites of rodents1-3 and humans4-6. The malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii is one of many malaria species isolated from wild African rodents and has been adapted to grow in laboratories. This species reproduces many of the biologic characteristics of the human malaria parasites; genetic markers such as microsatellite and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers have also been developed for the parasite7-9. Thus, genetic studies in rodent malaria parasites can be performed to complement research on Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we demonstrate the techniques for producing a genetic cross in P. yoelii that were first pioneered by Drs. David Walliker, Richard Carter, and colleagues at the University of Edinburgh10.

Genetic crosses in P. yoelii and other rodent malaria parasites are conducted by infecting mice Mus musculus with an inoculum containing gametocytes of two genetically distinct clones that differ in phenotypes of interest and by allowing mosquitoes to feed on the infected mice 4 days after infection. The presence of male and female gametocytes in the mouse blood is microscopically confirmed before feeding. Within 48 hrs after feeding, in the midgut of the mosquito, the haploid gametocytes differentiate into male and female gametes, fertilize, and form a diploid zygote (Fig. 1). During development of a zygote into an ookinete, meiosis appears to occur11. If the zygote is derived through cross-fertilization between gametes of the two genetically distinct parasites, genetic exchanges (chromosomal reassortment and cross-overs between the non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes; Fig. 2) may occur, resulting in recombination of genetic material at homologous loci. Each zygote undergoes two successive nuclear divisions, leading to four haploid nuclei. An ookinete further develops into an oocyst. Once the oocyst matures, thousands of sporozoites (the progeny of the cross) are formed and released into mosquito hemoceal. Sporozoites are harvested from the salivary glands and injected into a new murine host, where pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stage development takes place. Erythrocytic forms are cloned and classified with regard to the characters distinguishing the parental lines prior to genetic linkage mapping. Control infections of individual parental clones are performed in the same way as the production of a genetic cross.

Genetic crosses of rodent malaria parasites are performed by feeding two genetically distinct parasites to mosquitoes. Recombinant progeny are cloned from mouse blood after allowing mosquitoes to bite infected mice. This video shows how to produce genetic crosses of Plasmodium yoelii and is applicable to other rodent malaria parasites.

Protocollo per la produzione di un incrocio fra i roditori parassiti della malaria

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

Schistosome parasites are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a chronically debilitating disease that affects over 200 million people globally and ranks second to malaria among parasitic diseases in terms of public health and socio-economic impact (1-4). Schistosome parasites are trematode worms with a complex life cycle interchanging between a parasitic life in molluscan and mammalian hosts with intervening free-swimming stages. Briefly, free-swimming cercariae infect a mammalian host by penetrating the skin with the aid of secreted proteases, during which time the cercariae lose their tails, transforming into schistosomules. The schistosomules must now evade the host immune system, develop a gut for digestion of red blood cells, and migrate though the lungs and portal circulation en route to their final destination in the hepatic portal system and eventually the mesenteric veins (for S. mansoni) where male and female worms pair and mate, producing hundreds of eggs daily. Some of the eggs are excreted from the body into fresh water, where the eggs hatch into free-swimming miracidia (5-10). The miracidia infect specific snail species and transform into mother and daughter sporocysts, which in turn, produce infective cercariae, completing the life cycle. Unfortunately, the entire schistosome life cycle cannot be cultured in vitro, but infective cercariae can be transformed into schistosomules, and the schistosomules can be cultured for weeks for the analysis of schistosome development in vitro or microarray analysis. In this protocol, we provide a visual description of cercarial transformation and in vitro culturing of schistosomules. We shed infectious cercariae from the snail host Biomphalaria glabrata and manually transform them into schistosomules by detaching their tails using an emulsifying double-ended needle. The in vitro cercarial transformation and schistosomules culture techniques described avoid the use of a mammalian host, which simplifies visualization of schistosomes and facilitates the collection of the parasite for experimental analysis. in vitro transformation and culturing techniques of schistosomes have been done for years (11, 12), but no visual protocols have been developed that are available to the entire community.

Cercarial Transformation and in vitro Cultivation of Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

We describe an in vitro method for culturing schistosomula of the flatworm parasite Schistosoma mansoni, via the harvesting and transformation of infective cercariae from the fresh water snail intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata.

Trasformazione e cercarie In vitro La coltivazione di Schistosoma mansoni Schistosomules

Schistosome parasites are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a chronically debilitating disease that affects over 200 million people globally and ...

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe pathology, including liver fibrosis and splenomegaly, is caused by the immune response to the parasite eggs rather than the parasite itself 2. Parasite eggs induce a Th2 response characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, the alternative activation of macrophages and the recruitment of eosinophils. Here, we describe injection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs as a model to examine parasite-specific Th2 cytokine responses in the lung and draining lymph nodes, the formation of pulmonary granulomas surrounding the egg, and airway inflammation. 
Following intraperitoneal sensitization and intravenous challenge, S. mansoni eggs are transported to the lung via the pulmonary arteries where they are trapped within the lung parenchyma by granulomas composed of lymphocytes, eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages 3-6. Associated with granuloma formation, inflammation in the broncho-alveolar spaces, expansion of the draining lymph nodes and CD4 T cell activation can be observed. Here we detail the protocol for isolating Schistosoma mansoni eggs from infected livers (modified from 7), sensitizing and challenging mice, and recovering the organs (broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL), lung and draining lymph nodes) for analysis. We also include representative histologic and immunologic data and suggestions for additional immunologic analysis. 
Overall, this method provides an in vivo model to investigate helminth-induced immunologic responses in the lung, which is broadly applicable to the study of Th2 inflammatory diseases including helminth infection, fibrotic diseases, allergic inflammation and asthma. Advantages of this model for the study of type 2 inflammation in the lung include the reproducibility of a potent Th2 inflammatory response in the lung and draining lymph nodes, the ease of assessment of inflammation by histologic examination of the granulomas surrounding the egg, and the potential for long-term storage of the parasite eggs.

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Schistosoma mansoni eggs are potent stimulators of the T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response, characteristic of parasite infection, asthma and allergic inflammation. This protocol utilizes S. mansoni egg injection to generate a CD4 Th2 cytokine-induced inflammatory response in the lung, characterized by lung granuloma formation around the egg, eosinophilia and macrophage alternative activation.

Con ovuli<em&gt; Schistosoma mansoni</em&gt; Come<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Modello di elminti-indotta infiammazione polmonare

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe ...

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

Cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by Echinococcus granulosus, a small tapeworm harbored in the intestine of canines. There is an urgent need for applied genetic research to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis and disease control and prevention. However, the lack of an effective gene evaluation system impedes direct interpretation of the functional genetics of cestode parasites, including the Echinococcus species. The present study demonstrates the potential of lentiviral gene transient transduction in the metacestode and strobilated forms of E. granulosus. Protoscoleces (PSCs) were isolated from hydatid cysts and transferred to specific biphasic culture media to develop into strobilated worms. The worms were transfected with harvested third-generation lentivirus, along with HEK293T cells as a transduction process control. A pronounced fluorescence was detected in the strobilated worms over 24 h and 48 h, indicating transient lentiviral transduction in E. granulosus. This work presents the first attempt at lentivirus-based transient transduction in tapeworms and demonstrates the promising outcomes with potential implications in experimental studies on flatworm biology.

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

We describe a rapid transient transduction technique in different developmental stages of Echinococcus granulosus using third-generation lentiviral vectors.

Trasduzione transitoria delle forme strobilate di Echinococcus granulosus

Cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by Echinococcus granulosus, a small tapeworm ...

Genetica

Establishment and Optimization of a High Throughput Setup to Study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum Infection as a Model for Drug Discovery

Zebrafish are becoming a valuable tool in the preclinical phase of drug discovery screenings as a whole animal model with high throughput screening possibilities. They can be used to bridge the gap between cell based assays at earlier stages and in vivo validation in mammalian models, reducing, in this way, the number of compounds passing through to testing on the much more expensive rodent models. In this light, in the present manuscript is described a new high throughput pipeline using zebrafish as in vivo model system for the study of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum infection. This setup allows the generation and analysis of large number of synchronous embryos homogenously infected. Moreover the flexibility of the pipeline allows the user to easily implement other platforms to improve the resolution of the analysis when needed. The combination of the zebrafish together with innovative high throughput technologies opens the field of drug testing and discovery to new possibilities not only because of the strength of using a whole animal model but also because of the large number of transgenic lines available that can be used to decipher the mode of action of new compounds.

Establishment and Optimization of a High Throughput Setup to Study Staphylococcus epidermidis and Mycobacterium marinum Infection as a Model for Drug Discovery

This video article describes the high throughput pipeline that has been successfully established to infect and analyze large numbers of zebrafish embryos providing a new powerful tool for compound testing and drug discovery using a whole animal vertebrate organism.

Istituzione e Ottimizzazione di un programma di installazione High Throughput per studiare<em&gt; Staphylococcus epidermidis</em&gt; E<em&gt; Mycobacterium marinum</em&gt; Infezione come modello per Drug Discovery

Zebrafish are becoming a valuable tool in the preclinical phase of drug discovery screenings as a whole animal model with high throughput screening ...

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly motile parasite not only reaches the liver to invade hepatocytes and transform into erythrocyte-infective form. It also migrates into the skin and to the proximal lymph node draining the injection site, where it can be recognized and degraded by resident and/or recruited myeloid cells. Intravital imaging reported the early recruitment of brightly fluorescent Lys-GFP positive leukocytes in the skin and the interactions between sporozoites and CD11c+ cells in the draining lymph node. We present here an efficient procedure to recover, identify and enumerate the myeloid cell subsets that are recruited to the mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of immunizing doses of sporozoites in a murine model. Phenotypic characterization using multi-parametric flow cytometry provides a reliable assay to assess early dynamic cellular changes during inflammatory response to Plasmodium infection.

Myeloid Cell Isolation from Mouse Skin and Draining Lymph Node Following Intradermal Immunization with Live Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

We describe here a protocol for isolating myeloid cells from mouse skin and draining lymph node following intradermal injection of Plasmodium sporozoites. Flow cytometry of collected cells provides a reliable assay to characterize the skin and draining lymph node inflammatory response to the parasite.

Mieloide isolamento delle cellule da topo pelle e drenante linfonodi seguito intradermica immunizzazione con vivo attenuato<em&gt; Plasmodium</em&gt; sporozoiti

Malaria infection begins when the sporozoite stage of Plasmodium is inoculated into the skin of a mammalian host through a mosquito bite. The highly ...

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant viruses may be potentially pathogenic for many species of protists. They belong to the recently described order of Megavirales. The new lineage Faustovirus that has been isolated from sewage samples is distantly related to the mammalian pathogen African swine fever virus. This virus is also specific to its amoebal host, Vermamoeba vermiformis, a protist common in health care water systems. It is crucial to continue isolating new Faustovirus genotypes in order to enlarge its genotype collection and study its pan-genome. We developed new strategies for the isolation of additional strains by improving the use of antibiotic and antifungal combinations in order to avoid bacterial and fungal contaminations of the amoeba co-culture and favoring the virus multiplication. We also implemented a new starvation medium to maintain V. vermiformis in optimal conditions for viruses co-culture. Finally, we used flow cytometry rather than microscopic observation, which is time-consuming, to detect the cytopathogenic effect. We obtained two isolates from sewage samples, proving the efficiency of this method and thus widening the collection of Faustoviruses, to better understand their environment, host specificity and genetic content.

A Rapid Strategy for the Isolation of New Faustoviruses from Environmental Samples Using Vermamoeba vermiformis

We describe here the latest advances in viral isolation for the characterization of new genotypes of Faustovirus, a new asfarvirus-related lineage of giant viruses. This protocol can be applied to the high throughput isolation of viruses, especially giant viruses infecting amoeba.

Una strategia rapido per l&#39;isolamento di nuovi Faustoviruses da campioni ambientali Utilizzando<em&gt; vermiformis Vermamoeba</em

The isolation of giant viruses is of great interest in this new era of virology, especially since these giant viruses are related to protists. Giant ...

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of heterogeneous vesicles, whose size range between 40 and 1,000 nm. Accumulated evidence indicated that EVs play important regulatory roles in pathogen-host interactions. A deep understanding of schistosome EVs should provide insights into the mechanisms underlying schistosome-host interactions, enabling development of novel strategies against schistosomiasis. Here, we aim to further study EVs functions in schistosomes by presenting a protocol for the isolation and characterization of EVs from adult Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). EVs were isolated from in vitro culture medium using centrifugation combined with a commercial exosome isolation kit. The isolated S. japonicum EVs (SjEVs) typically possess a diameter of 100 - 400 nm, and are characterized by transmission electronic microscopy and western blotting. The usage of PKH67 dye-labeled SjEVs has demonstrated that SjEVs are internalized by the recipient cells. Overall, our protocol provides an alternative method for isolating EVs from adult schistosomes; the isolated SjEVs may be suitable for functional analysis.

Isolation and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles from Adult Schistosoma japonicum

Here, we present a protocol to describe extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolation in in vitro cultured medium from adult Schistosoma japonicum.

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di vescicole extracellulari da adulto Schistosoma japonicum

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by a variety of cells into the extracellular microenvironment. EVs represent a population of ...

Isolation And Dendritic Cell-Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Echinococcus granulosus

The secretion of extracellular vesicles by cestodes is crucial for enabling cellular communication not only among parasites but also with host tissues. In particular, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) act as nano-carriers transferring natural antigens, which are critical in host immunomodulation and parasite survival. This article presents a step-by-step protocol to isolate sEVs from larval stage cultures of Echinococcus granulosus and analyzes their uptake by dendritic cells obtained from murine bone marrow, which acquire adhesion and antigen presentation capacity during their maturation after one week of in vitro culture. This article provides comprehensive information for generating, purifying, and quantifying sEVs using ultracentrifugation alongside parallel analyses of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, a detailed experimental protocol is outlined for isolating and cultivating mouse bone marrow cells and driving their differentiation into dendritic cells using Flt3L. These dendritic cells can present antigens to na&#239;ve T cells, thereby modulating the type of immune response in vivo. Thus, alternative protocols, including confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, are proposed to check the acquired maturational phenotype of dendritic cells previously exposed to parasitic sEVs. Finally, it is worth noting that the described protocol can be applied as a whole or in individual parts to carry out parasite in vitro culture, isolate extracellular vesicles, generate bone marrow-derived dendritic cell cultures, and perform uptake assays with these cells.

Here, we describe in vitro culture conditions, isolation, and increased generation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Echinococcus granulosus. The small EVs were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The uptake by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their phenotypic modulation were studied using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.

Isolamento e captazione delle cellule dendritiche di piccole vescicole extracellulari da Echinococcus granulosus

The secretion of extracellular vesicles by cestodes is crucial for enabling cellular communication not only among parasites but also with host tissues. In ...

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a &#39;whole mount&#39; tissue preparation, or developmental stage (such as an embryo or larva) of interest. WMISH is extremely powerful because it can significantly contribute to the functional characterization of complex metazoan genomes, a challenge that is becoming more of a bottleneck with the deluge of next generation sequence data. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the technique much time is often needed to optimize the various parameters inherent to WMISH experiments for novel model systems; subtle differences in the cellular and biochemical properties between tissue types and developmental stages mean that a single WMISH method may not be appropriate for all situations. We have developed a set of WMISH methods for the re-emerging gastropod model Lymnaea stagnalis that generate consistent and clear WMISH signals for a range of genes, and across all developmental stages. These methods include the assignment of larvae of unknown chronological age to an ontogenetic window, the efficient removal of embryos and larvae from their egg capsules, the application of an appropriate Proteinase-K treatment for each ontogenetic window, and hybridization, post-hybridization and immunodetection steps. These methods provide a foundation from which the resulting signal for a given RNA transcript can be further refined with probe specific adjustments (primarily probe concentration and hybridization temperature).

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

Massa isolamento e coltivazione In Vitro delle fasi Intramolluscan del trematode umano sangue Schistosoma Mansoni

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