Questa ricerca è stata finanziata e condotto sotto la sezione di valutazione sistemi di Everglades del South Florida Water Management District.

1. preparazione e trasporto a piantare posizione
<ol><li>Ottenere 2 o 3 piantine di gal (7 o 11 L) degli alberi autoctoni coltivati localmente (in vasi di plastica), commerciali borse di torba (misura 0,3 x 0,46 x 0,6 m3), arboree ed arbustive fertilizzante spikes, nastro adesivo, tubo di cloruro di polivinile (PVC) (2-3 m di lunghezza, ø 0,8 in (2,1 cm) programma 40), taglierina, sacchi della spazzatura e un asta di metallo della scatola o rebar (1 a 2 m di lunghezza, 1,3 cm di diametro) per perforare i sacchi di torba. Potenziali specie arboree applicabile alle Everglades sono Annona glabra, Ficus aurea, e Acer rubrum. Si consiglia vivamente di indossare guanti da lavoro.</li>
	<li>Determinare la posizione migliore per distribuire il pop-up, in genere in una zona alta dell'isola albero fantasma con almeno 0,3 m di torba restando di sopra il substrato roccioso dove inondazione sarebbe essere minimizzato durante la stagione umida.</li>
	<li>Mezzi di trasporto alberelli, sacchi di torba commerciale (uno per ogni Alberello), picchi di fertilizzante arboree ed arbustive (uno per ogni Alberello), nastro adesivo (numero di rotoli a seconda dei casi), tubo in PVC (due per ogni Alberello) e altri strumenti e materiali per la piantatura posizione (in genere mezzi airboat).</li>
</ol>2. pop-up Assemblea
Nota: Montare l'alberello in vaso e pop-up (passi 2.1-2.6) sulla barca prima di metterla in acqua sopra l'isola di albero (passaggio 3)
<ol><li>Far scorrere il pot di plastica fuori l'alberello radici e terreno pot e tagliare un grande buco sul fondo della pentola o rimuovere intero fondo di ogni piatto alberello usando un taglierino o forbici (Figura 1).</li>
	<li>Far scivolare la pentola con il fondo aperto sull'alberello radici e terreno di pot per l'inserimento del sacchetto di torba.</li>
	<li>Fare un 20-30 cm a forma di X taglio (leggermente più grande rispetto al diametro della pentola) nel sacchetto di torba al centro di quella che sarà la superficie superiore, utilizzando un taglierino.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere circa 2.000 a 5.000 cm3 (circa metà del volume del piatto) del contenuto del sacchetto di torba dall'apertura a forma di X e posto in un sacchetto di spazzatura per la rimozione.</li>
	<li>Impostare la pentola sconfinata con l'alberello all'interno della apertura/depressione a forma di X creata rimuovendo la torba dal sacchetto di torba. La pentola sconfinata dovrebbe essere circa a metà strada nell'apertura a forma di X, con i punti (triangoli) puntando contro i lati del piatto (Figura 2). Gli alberelli sono lasciati nei vasi per fornire ulteriore elevazione e supporto fisico.</li>
	<li>Fissare il piatto in luogo con parecchie bobine di nastro adesivo, nei dintorni della pentola e coprendo i triangoli di borsa. Questo vi appone i triangoli di borsa alla pentola (Figura 3) e tenere il piatto in posizione durante i prossimi 2-3 anni di crescita. Questo crea il pop-up.</li>
</ol>3. comparsa distribuzione
<ol><li>Impostare il pop-up nell'acqua. Entrare in acqua e spostare il galleggiante pop-up nel sito d'impianto.</li>
	<li>Legare il pop-up in luogo con due circa 2 a 3 m, lunghezze di tubo in PVC inserite attraverso il sacchetto su entrambi i lati di alberello, circa un terzo-a metà m del substrato (terreno sotto il sacchetto) (Figura 3).</li>
	<li>Forare le borse sulla parte superiore, inferiore e i lati da guida l'asta metallica (cemento armato) completamente attraverso la borsa, creazione di aperture (almeno quattro in alto/basso) e quattro in ogni lato per permettere all'acqua di entrare e di permettere alle radici di emergere (Figura 3). Il pop-up galleggerà per circa 6 mesi.</li>
	<li>Inserire uno spike di fertilizzante albero interamente nella parte superiore della borsa in uno dei punti indicati nella Figura 3.</li>
</ol>4. follow-up per la manutenzione, le misure e rimozione di materie plastiche
<ol><li>Tornare al sito come frequentemente in quanto ritenuto gli eventi necessari, particolarmente seguente grave tempesta e notare la condizione e la sopravvivenza e misurare l'altezza dell'albero e diametro basale di ogni albero rimanente su base annua.</li>
	<li>Dopo 3 anni, tornare al sito con scatola frese/forbici e sacchi della spazzatura per rimuovere i vasi e la plastica dalla torba borsa e riciclano. La pentola e la plastica dal sacchetto (top e fianchi) vengono prontamente rimossi senza disturbare l'alberello; la plastica sotto il sacchetto di torba potrebbe non essere accessibile (Figura 4).</li>
	<li>Tornare al sito su base annuale per valutare la sopravvivenza e la crescita.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , (2002).</li><li>Wetzel, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+tree+islands+in+the+Florida+Everglades:+nutrient+redistribution+is+the+key.">Maintaining tree islands in the Florida Everglades: nutrient redistribution is the key.</a> Front Ecol Environ. 3 (7), 370-376 (2005).</li><li>Aich, S., Ewe, S. M. L., Gu, B., Dreschel, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+peat+loss+from+an+Everglades+tree+island,+Florida,+USA.">An evaluation of peat loss from an Everglades tree island, Florida, USA.</a> Mires and Peat. 14 (2014), 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E. A., Hill, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Everglades+tree+island+restoration:+testing+a+simple+tree+planting+technique+patterned+after+a+natural+process.">Everglades tree island restoration: testing a simple tree planting technique patterned after a natural process.</a> Restor Ecol. , (2017).</li><li>Stanturf, J. A., Conner, W. H., Gardiner, E. S., Schweitzer, C. J., Ezell, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognizing+and+Overcoming+Difficult+Site+Conditions+for+Afforestation+of+Bottomland+Hardwoods.">Recognizing and Overcoming Difficult Site Conditions for Afforestation of Bottomland Hardwoods.</a> Ecol Restor. 22 (3), 183-193 (2004).</li><li>Sharitz, R., Barton, C. D., DeSteven, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tree+Plantings+in+Depression+Wetland+Restorations+Show+Mixed+Success+(South+Carolina).">Tree Plantings in Depression Wetland Restorations Show Mixed Success (South Carolina).</a> Ecol Restor. 24 (2), 114-115 (2006).</li><li>Brandt, L. A., Portier, K. M., Kitchens, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+Change+in+Tree+Islands+in+Arthur+R.+Marshall+Loxahatchee+National+Wildlife+Refuge+from+1950-1991.">Patterns of Change in Tree Islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950-1991.</a> Wetlands. 20 (1), 1-14 (2000).</li><li>Armentano, T. V., Jones, D. T., Ross, M. S., Gamble, B. W., Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vegetation+pattern+and+process+in+tree+islands+of+the+southern+Everglades+and+adjacent+areas.">Vegetation pattern and process in tree islands of the southern Everglades and adjacent areas.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , 225-281 (2002).</li><li>Jones, D. T., Sah, J. P., Ross, M. S., Oberbauer, S. F., Hwang, B., Jayachandran, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+physiological+responses+of+twelve+tree+species+common+in+Everglades+tree+islands+to+simulated+hydrologic+regimes.">Growth and physiological responses of twelve tree species common in Everglades tree islands to simulated hydrologic regimes.</a> Wetlands. 26 (3), 830-844 (2006).</li><li>Stoffella, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+growth+responses+of+eight+Everglades+tree+species+along+an+experimental+hydrological+gradient+on+two+tree+island+types.">Survival and growth responses of eight Everglades tree species along an experimental hydrological gradient on two tree island types.</a> Appl Veg Sci. 13 (4), 439-449 (2010).</li><li>Aich, S., Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E., Sklar, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+a+geographic+information+system+(GIS)+to+document+research+in+an+Everglades+physical+Model.">The development of a geographic information system (GIS) to document research in an Everglades physical Model.</a> J Environ Sci Eng. 5 (2011), 289-302 (2011).</li><li>Weinbaum, S. A., Johnson, R. S., DeJong, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Causes+and+Consequences+of+Overfertilization+in+Orchards.">Causes and Consequences of Overfertilization in Orchards.</a> HortTechnology. 2 (1), 112-121 (1992).</li></ol>

Quest'opera è stata eseguita sotto finanziamento e la supervisione del South Florida Water Management District, un'agenzia dello stato della Florida. Florida gode di un diritto di vasto pubblico record. Questo documento è conforme a quello legge e considerati parte del pubblico record.

Questo approccio proposto al reimpianto isole albero consente l'aumento in elevazione e distribuzione degli alberi da un idroscivolante senza la costruzione di strade, necessari per portare il riempimento in ogni sito. Questo riduce al minimo i costi e la dispersione dell'attuazione albero isola impianti.
Un problema con questa tecnica è i problemi estetici e ambientali associati mettendo una grande quantità di tubo in PVC, sacchetti di plastica e vasi di plastica su una caratteristica di pa...

Ricolonizzazione naturale delle isole di albero Everglade degradati da alberi di specie autoctone è possibile attraverso la dispersione dei semi, se ci sono nelle vicinanze di isole con una diversità di specie di albero1,2. Secondo Sklar e van der Valk1 ripristino si è notevolmente abbassato albero isole può essere possibile, "per aumentare l'elevazione delle loro teste, anche se tali sforzi sarebbe costosi e laborioso." Attualmente, ci sono pochissimi alberi (auspicabili) nativi presenti vicino alle isole di albero (noto anche come "fantasma") degradate in Everglades Water Conservation Area (WCA)-2A (uno dei cinque WCAs creato per immagazzinare acqua per e prevenire le inondazioni del circostante urbano e zone agricole) per fornire i semi necessari per ricolonizzare l'albero degradato isole3.
Per aumentare l'elevazione di un isola albero abbassato per il rimboschimento, riempimento appropriato avrebbe dovuto essere trasportato all'isola. Ciò richiederebbe la costruzione di strade per i camion o la creazione di corsi d'acqua per le chiatte, portando a gravi danni alle Everglades a un grande costo finanziario. Una tecnica semplice, a basso costo è necessario per ripopolare le isole albero degradato con alberi di specie autoctone che forniranno elevazione (ridurre hydroperiod) e migliorare la sopravvivenza sotto l'idrologia variabile endemico del Everglades4.
Le dimensioni di questi pop-up permette la facilità di trasporto al luogo che pianta. Ciò fornisce un vantaggio rispetto al riempimento delle zone convenzionali e piantagione di alberi che possono richiedere strade essere costruito per il trasporto. Questa tecnica riduce l'impatto ecologico delle attività di piantagione di alberi. Inoltre, questi pop-up hanno la capacità di galleggiare per l'iniziali sei mesi dopo la distribuzione, per consentire l'istituzione di alberello. Sotto scenari di piantagione di alberi convenzionali, gli alberi potrebbero verificarsi inondazioni lo sforzo aumentato durante stabilimento se aumentano i livelli di acqua.
Una serie di disegni sono stata testata ed è stato determinato che una maggiore altezza di pop-up (orientamento di borsa), uno spike di fertilizzante di albero per aggiungere sostanze nutrienti e piantare il pop-up con un singolo alberello realizzato la migliore configurazione per la distribuzione su un Everglade degradato albero isola4. Anche se altri ricercatori descrivono la piantumazione di alberi per il ripristino delle zone boschive umide zone5,6, a nostra conoscenza, nessuna delle tecniche d'impianto descritte aggiunto elevazione per ridurre hydroperiod.
Questa procedura imita la formazione di isole di albero di Everglades che derivano dalla torba che si stacca dalla roccia e galleggia alla superficie di galleggiamento. Piante montane possono stabilire per formare un'isola flottante o "pop-up" albero che alla fine si muove e si deposita sulla superficie torba e diventa quello che viene definita un "batteria" albero isola1,7.
Specie di albero di Everglades albero isola hanno tolleranze diverse inondazioni per crescita e sopravvivenza8,9,10. In uno studio controllato, Jones et al hanno dimostrato l'importanza di hydroperiod per la sopravvivenza di Everglades albero isola specie9. Stoffella et al. trovato che relativa elevazione (alla superficie dell'acqua) ha avuto effetti varianti e profondi sulla sopravvivenza della specie di albero nativo piantato e crescita, a causa di tolleranza specifica di ogni specie alle inondazioni10. Specie di albero può essere selezionata per le condizioni specifiche presenti. L'albero piantare tecnica descritta qui può fornire rialzamento supplementare e, di conseguenza, fonti di semi di albero in regioni precedentemente boschive che hanno perso l'elevazione e ora sono soggetti a un ambiente di inondazione che è dannoso per alberi di specie autoctone.
Precedentemente regioni boscose che esperienza estesa hydroperiods possono beneficiare di questo metodo per reintrodurre la specie legnosa a queste aree. Questa tecnica fornisce elevazione, riducendo così il hydroperiod. Inoltre, gli alberi saranno costruire terreno (biomassa radice e foglie) e fornire una fonte di semi per costante colonizzazione dell'area.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>One or Two Gallon Native Tree Saplings in plastic pots.</td>
			<td>Local Native Plant Nurseries</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Obtain native tree saplings grown from locally obtained seed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Commercial Peat Bags. 5 cubic ft.</td>
			<td>Lambert</td>
			<td>Lambert Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss (6649801115)</td>
			<td>Product description: Lambert peat moss is an excellent soil amendment because of its capacity to retain water, aerate the soil and it is completely natural. All of Lambert&#39;s peat moss packages carry the OMRI (Organic Material Review Institute) logo, which indicates that they are approved for use in organic production. Size: 5.5 cu.ft.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vigoro Tree Spikes (Tree and Shrub Fertilizer Spikes, 15-Count)</td>
			<td>Vigoro, Swiss Farms Products Inc.</td>
			<td>Model # 154205</td>
			<td>GUARANTEED ANALYSIS (%) TOTAL IN PRODUCT (ppm): Total Nitrogen (N) 12.0000; Available Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) 5.0000; Soluble Potash (K2O) 7.0000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC Pipe: 1/2 in schedule 40</td>
			<td>JM Eagle</td>
			<td>Model # 67447</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct Tape, 1-7/8 in x 12 yds</td>
			<td>MSC Industrial Supply</td>
			<td>Gorilla Heavy-Duty Duct Tape, Model# 60012</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal Rod (Rebar 1.3 cm diameter, 1.2 m long)</td>
			<td>Weyerhaeuser</td>
			<td>Model # 35616</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Box Cutter</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>Model # STHT10273</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Work Gloves</td>
			<td>Firm Grip</td>
			<td>Model # 3101-96</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trash Bags (42 gallon)</td>
			<td>HUSKY</td>
			<td>Model # HK42WC050B</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple planting technique for re-establishing trees where frequent inundation occurs

Molte delle isole di albero di Everglades hanno perso elevazione nel secolo scorso e la maggior parte di loro alberi sono morti tale che ora sono ricoperti di piante erbacee. Questo protocollo descrive un albero semplice, economico, tecnica necessaria per il ripristino degradati Everglade albero isole di impianto. Il design è modellato dopo un processo di Everglades naturale che crea isole di torba galleggianti, che permette di albero sopravvivenza e la crescita in condizioni allagate e spesso conduce allo sviluppo di isole di albero. Borse di torba commercialmente disponibili sono stati utilizzati come mezzo per la crescita e la creazione di piantine in vaso nativo. La configurazione a comparsa galleggiato inizialmente e fornito rialzamento supplementare per ridurre al minimo il inundation, con un alberello di specie nativa singolo albero e un picco di fertilizzante di singolo albero. Durante uno studio di 3 anni che coinvolge 105 pop-up, la maggior parte delle piante è sopravvissuto (80%) e molti hanno prosperato. Determinare se questa tecnica può stabilire alberi su un'isola di albero degradato richiederà studi più lunghi e prove sul campo.

Lo studio utilizza questa tecnica4 è stata condotta all'interno di un 0,32 km2 modello fisico Everglades11, su un crinale per simulare test su un'isola di albero fantasma. Durante questo studio, due orientamenti per altezza del sacchetto (basso: 0,3 m, alta: 0,46 m), con uno contro due alberelli a sacchetto in crescita, sono stati testati come pure l'uso di punte di fertilizzante di albero per promuovere la sopravvivenza e la cre...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs at JoVE.com

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Questo protocollo descrive un tecnica per ripristino degradati Everglades albero isole che esperienza inondazione di piantagione di alberi e di soluzione semplici e convenienti. Il design crea un'isola (a comparsa) che galleggia inizialmente e aggiunge elevazione per promuovere la crescita in condizioni allagate e sopravvivenza dell'albero.

Una semplice tecnica di impianto per ristabilire gli alberi dove si verifica frequente Inundation

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

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Environment

6.1K Views.  South Florida Water Management District. Questo protocollo descrive un tecnica per ripristino degradati Everglades albero isole che esperienza inondazione di piantagione di alberi e di soluzione semplici e convenienti. Il design crea un'isola (a comparsa) che galleggia inizialmente e aggiunge elevazione per promuovere la crescita in condizioni allagate e sopravvivenza dell'albero.

Video: A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Technique for Studying Arthropod and Microbial Communities within Tree Tissues

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms. Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear young, feed, or hide from natural enemies or harsh environmental conditions outside of the tree. Organisms that persist within the phloem habitat are difficult to observe given their location under bark. We provide a technique to preserve intact phloem and prepare it for experimentation with invertebrates and microorganisms. The apparatus is called a &#8216;phloem sandwich&#8217; and allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms. This technique has resulted in a better understanding of the feeding behaviors, life-history traits, reproduction, development, and interactions of organisms within tree phloem. The strengths of this technique include the use of inexpensive materials, variability in sandwich size, flexibility to re-open the sandwich or introduce multiple organisms through drilled holes, and the preservation and maintenance of phloem integrity. The phloem sandwich is an excellent educational tool for scientific discovery in both K-12 science courses and university research laboratories.

We provide a technique to preserve intact tree phloem and prepare it for observation. We create an apparatus called a phloem sandwich that allows for the introduction and observation of arthropods, microbes, and other organisms that inhabit phloem tissues.

Tecnica per lo Studio artropodi e comunità microbiche all&#39;interno Albero tessuti

Phloem tissues of pine are habitats for many thousands of organisms.  Arthropods and microbes use phloem and cambium tissues to seek mates, lay eggs, rear ...

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A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. According to these factors and their dynamics, small amounts of sap-compatible liquids (i.e. pesticides) can be injected into the xylem system, reaching their target from inside. This endotherapic method, called &#34;trunk injection&#34; or &#34;trunk infusion&#34; (depending on whether the user supplies an external pressure or not), confines the applied chemicals only within the target tree, thereby making it particularly useful in urban situations. The main factors limiting wider use of the traditional drilling methods are related to negative side effects of the holes that must be drilled around the trunk circumference in order to gain access to the xylem vessels beneath the bark.
The University of Padova (Italy) recently developed a manual, drill-free instrument with a small, perforated blade that enters the trunk by separating the woody fibers with minimal friction. Furthermore, the lenticular shaped blade reduces the vessels&#39; cross section, increasing sap velocity and allowing the natural uptake of an external liquid up to the leaves, when transpiration rate is substantial. Ports partially close soon after the removal of the blade due to the natural elasticity and turgidity of the plant tissues, and the cambial activity completes the healing process in few weeks.

Compared to the more traditional hole-based methods, most of which require the tree to be drilled, tools with lenticular blades transform the basics of endotherapy easing the closure of the wound and allowing the natural uptake of the solutions.

Un effetto Venturi può aiutare a curare i nostri alberi

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.)

Beech bark disease (BBD) results in high levels of initial mortality, leaving behind survivor trees that are greatly weakened and deformed.&#160;The disease is initiated by feeding activities of the invasive beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, which creates entry points for infection by one of the Neonectria species of fungus.&#160;Without scale infestation, there is little opportunity for fungal infection. Using scale eggs to artificially infest healthy trees in heavily BBD impacted stands demonstrated that these trees were resistant to the scale insect portion of the disease complex1.&#160;Here we present a protocol that we have developed, based on the artificial infestation technique by Houston2, which can be used to screen for scale-resistant trees in the field and in smaller potted seedlings and grafts.&#160;The identification of scale-resistant trees is an important component of management of BBD through tree improvement programs and silvicultural manipulation.

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.

Beech bark disease is initiated by feeding activities of the beech scale insect that create fungal entry points in the bark.&#160;Trees that are resistant to the scale insect are also disease resistant.&#160;Here we present the protocol we have developed to screen individual beech trees for beech scale resistance.

Una tecnica a Screen Faggio americano per la Resistenza al Beech cocciniglia (<em&gt; Cryptococcus fagisuga</em&gt; Lind.)

Beech bark disease (BBD) results in high levels of initial mortality, leaving behind survivor trees that are greatly weakened and deformed.&#160;The ...

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

Protocollo sperimentale per eterogeneità del terreno manipolazione Plant-indotta

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

Un metodo semplice per Automated fase solida estrazione di campioni di acqua per l&#39;analisi immunologiche di piccole inquinanti

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Administering and Detecting Protein Marks on Arthropods for Dispersal Research

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ecological interactions. Arthropods are usually tracked in nature by tagging them with a unique mark and then re-collecting them over time and space to determine their dispersal capabilities. In addition to actual physical tags, such as colored dust or paint, various types of proteins have proven very effective for marking arthropods for ecological research. Proteins can be administered internally and/or externally. The proteins can then be detected on recaptured arthropods with a protein-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here we describe protocols for externally and internally tagging arthropods with protein. Two simple experimental examples are demonstrated: (1) an internal protein mark introduced to an insect by providing a protein-enriched diet and (2) an external protein mark topically applied to an insect using a medical nebulizer. We then relate a step-by-step guide of the sandwich and indirect ELISA methods used to detect protein marks on the insects. In this demonstration, various aspects of the acquisition and detection of protein markers on arthropods for mark-release-recapture, mark-capture, and self-mark-capture types of research are discussed, along with the various ways that the immunomarking procedure has been adapted to suit a wide variety of research objectives.

Proteins are often used to mark arthropods for dispersal research. Methods for administering internal and external protein marks on arthropods are demonstrated. Protein mark detection techniques, either through indirect or sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), are also illustrated.

Amministrazione e Rilevamento di segni di proteine ​​su artropodi per Dispersione ricerca

Monitoring arthropod movement is often required to better understand associated population dynamics, dispersal patterns, host plant preferences, and other ...

A Simple Approach to Manipulate Dissolved Oxygen for Animal Behavior Observations

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal behavior questions. The protocol described here provides a simple, reproducible, and controlled method to manipulate DO to study behavioral response in aquatic organisms resulting from hypoxic and anoxic conditions. While performing degasification of water with nitrogen is commonly used in laboratory settings, no explicit method for ecological (aquatic) application exists in the literature, and this protocol is the first to describe a protocol to degasify water to observe organismal response. This technique and protocol were developed for direct application for aquatic macroinvertebrates; however, small fish, amphibians, and other aquatic vertebrates could be easily substituted. It allows for easy manipulation of DO levels ranging from 2 mg/L to 11 mg/L with stability for up to a 5 min animal-observation period. Beyond a 5 min observation period water temperatures began to rise, and at 10 min DO levels became too unstable to maintain. The protocol is scalable to the study organism, reproducible, and reliable, allowing for rapid implementation into introductory teaching labs and high-level research applications. The expected results of this technique should relate dissolved oxygen changes to behavioral responses of organisms.

This article describes a simple and reproducible protocol to manipulate dissolved oxygen conditions in a laboratory setting for animal behavior studies. This protocol may be used in both teaching and research laboratory settings to evaluate organismal response of macroinvertebrates, fishes, or amphibians to changes in dissolved oxygen concentration.

Un approccio semplice per manipolare ossigeno disciolto per Osservazioni Comportamento animale

The ability to manipulate dissolved oxygen (DO) in a laboratory setting has significant application to investigate a number of ecological and organismal ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Terreno lisimetro scavo per accoppiate idrologici, geochimiche e microbiologiche Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

La calibrazione e l'uso di capacitanza sensori per monitorare il contenuto di acqua di staminali in alberi

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...

Forced Flowering in Mandarin Trees under Phytotron Conditions

Phytotron has been widely used to assess the effect of numerous parameters on the development of many species. However, less information is available on how to achieve fast profuse flowering in young fruit trees with this plant growth chamber. This study aimed to outline the design and performance of a fast clear methodology to force flowering in young mandarin trees (cv. Nova and cv. Clemenules) and to analyze the influence of induction intensity on inflorescence type. The combination of a short water stress period with simulated spring conditions (day 13 h, 22 &#176;C, night 11 h, 12 &#176;C) in the phytotron allowed flowers to be obtained only after 68-72 days from the time the experiment began. Low-temperature requirements were adequately replaced with water stress. Floral response was proportional to water stress (measured as the number of fallen leaves): the greater the induction, the larger the quantity of flowers. Floral induction intensity also influenced inflorescence type and dates for flowering. Details on artificial lighting (lumens), photoperiod, temperatures, plant size and age, induction strategy and days for each stage are provided. Obtaining flowers from fruit trees at any time, and also several times a year, can have many advantages for researchers. With the methodology proposed herein, three, or even four, flowering periods can be forced each year, and researchers should be able to decide when, and they will know, the duration of the entire process. The methodology can be useful for: flower production and in vitro pollen germination assays; experiments with pests that affect early fruit development stages; studies on fruit physiological alterations. All this can help plant breeders to shorten times to obtain male and female gametes to perform forced-crosses.

Here, we present a protocol to force flowering in mandarin trees under phytotron conditions. Water stress, high illuminance and a simulated spring photoperiod allowed viable flowers to be obtained in a short period of time. This methodology allows researchers to have several flowering periods in 1 year.

Fioritura forzata in alberi di mandarino in condizioni di Phytotron

Phytotron has been widely used to assess the effect of numerous parameters on the development of many species. However, less information is available on ...

Una semplice tecnica di impianto per ristabilire gli alberi dove si verifica frequente Inundation

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Tecnica per lo Studio artropodi e comunità microbiche all'interno Albero tessuti

Un effetto Venturi può aiutare a curare i nostri alberi

Una tecnica a Screen Faggio americano per la Resistenza al Beech cocciniglia (

Protocollo sperimentale per eterogeneità del terreno manipolazione Plant-indotta

Un metodo semplice per Automated fase solida estrazione di campioni di acqua per l'analisi immunologiche di piccole inquinanti

Amministrazione e Rilevamento di segni di proteine su artropodi per Dispersione ricerca

Un approccio semplice per manipolare ossigeno disciolto per Osservazioni Comportamento animale

Terreno lisimetro scavo per accoppiate idrologici, geochimiche e microbiologiche Investigations

La calibrazione e l'uso di capacitanza sensori per monitorare il contenuto di acqua di staminali in alberi

Fioritura forzata in alberi di mandarino in condizioni di Phytotron

Una semplice tecnica di impianto per ristabilire gli alberi dove si verifica frequente Inundation

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Tecnica per lo Studio artropodi e comunità microbiche all'interno Albero tessuti

Un effetto Venturi può aiutare a curare i nostri alberi

Una tecnica a Screen Faggio americano per la Resistenza al Beech cocciniglia (

Protocollo sperimentale per eterogeneità del terreno manipolazione Plant-indotta

Un metodo semplice per Automated fase solida estrazione di campioni di acqua per l'analisi immunologiche di piccole inquinanti

Amministrazione e Rilevamento di segni di proteine ​​su artropodi per Dispersione ricerca

Un approccio semplice per manipolare ossigeno disciolto per Osservazioni Comportamento animale

Terreno lisimetro scavo per accoppiate idrologici, geochimiche e microbiologiche Investigations

La calibrazione e l'uso di capacitanza sensori per monitorare il contenuto di acqua di staminali in alberi

Fioritura forzata in alberi di mandarino in condizioni di Phytotron

Amministrazione e Rilevamento di segni di proteine su artropodi per Dispersione ricerca