L&#39;autore ringrazia l&#39;Ufficio Brevetti dell&#39;Università di Padova, Dipartimento TESAF e Vitzani srl per il loro sostegno finanziario e tecnico che ha permesso lo sviluppo dello strumento, il Dr. Jonathan Cocking (UK) per la sua gentile collaborazione e la revisione linguistica, il Comune di Ponte San Nicolò PD per la gentile ospitalità durante le riprese video, ei revisori anonimi per i loro propositivo, suggerimenti dettagliati.

<ol><li> Effettuare trattamenti preferibilmente tra germogliamento e alla fine dell&#39;estate, in giornate di sole e ventilate, secondo le regole generali in albero endoterapia 17. </li><li> Indossare guanti, occhiali protettivi e qualsiasi altro dispositivo di sicurezza secondo le norme vigenti. </li><li> Acquisire familiarità con lo strumento, smontaggio e rimontaggio di esso. I suoi componenti principali vengono riportati in Figura 2. </li><li> Acquisire familiarità con il metodo descritto nelle seguenti procedure e video 2. Iniziare a praticare la tecnica di infusione con acqua in un albero non-potato con corteccia liscia, baldacchino completamente sviluppato e foglie molto larghe (cioè Platanus spp., Quercus spp.). </li><li> Utilizzare solo liquidi tossici (insetticidi, fungicidi, disidratanti, ecc) autorizzati per l&#39;iniezione albero in base alle leggi locali o nazionali, e diluito secondo le informazioni produttore (vedi etichetta). </li><li> Misurare la circonferenza (crf = diametro x 3.14) dell&#39;albero a baltezza reast e calcolare la quantità di soluzione in base alle informazioni tecniche fornite dal produttore del liquido (cioè se cfr è di 190 cm ed il dosaggio è di 0,7 ml / cm, un importo totale di 133 ml di liquido diluito verranno iniettati). </li><li> Calcolare il numero di porte da effettuarsi in base al diametro (diametro) o la circonferenza (crf) a petto, prevedendo 1 port/25-30 cm CRF e arrotondando il risultato al seguente unità (ossia 190 centimetri crf = 6,3 = 7 porte). </li><li> Ricalcolare la distanza tra le porte in base al numero finale di porte (ossia 190 centimetri / 7 porte = 27 cm) </li><li> Calcolare il volume finale di liquido / port (cioè 133 cc in totale / 7 porte = 19 ml / porto). </li><li> Quando si utilizzano le capsule pre-riempite, calcolare il numero di porte in base alle istruzioni del produttore. </li><li> Selezionare siti di inserzione equidistanti (cioè 7) lungo la circonferenza nei primi 150 cm da terra, preferendo leggermente convesso, smooth posizioni sopra razzi root. </li><li> Evitare qualsiasi parte con anomalie in grado di interferire con la dinamica linfa, al di sopra o al di sotto del sito di inserzione (cioè nodi, legno di decadimento, tagli di potatura). </li><li> Se necessario, lisciare superficialmente la corteccia con un coltello per consentire la guarnizione esterna per fare una perfetta tenuta con la corteccia. Se il sito è troppo ruvida o troppo curvo, spostare qualche cm di lato. </li><li> Scegliere una lama con una lunghezza compatibile sia con spessore corteccia e diametro dell&#39;albero e avvitarlo al corpo. In latifoglie, almeno 2 cm devono entrare i tessuti legnosi, in conifere e palme, pale più lunghe sono preferibili a superare i vasi in resina o causa dell&#39;anatomia monocotyledonae, rispettivamente. </li><li> Riempire una siringa monouso farmaceutica (la soluzione più economica ed efficace) di opportuno volume con la soluzione necessaria per una singola inserzione (cioè 17.14 ml), mantenendo lo stantuffo per almeno 3 cm di profondità (cioè una siringa da 20 ml). </li><li> Come un alternativo alla siringa, usare qualsiasi contenitore per preparazioni iniettabili albero (sacchetti di raccolta, siringhe riutilizzabili, capsule pre-riempite, serbatoi esterni) montaggio con il foro conico (standard femmina ago ipodermico) o il filetto da 1/8 &quot;che si trova sul braccio dello strumento . </li><li> Tenere il corpo saldamente con una mano, dirigendo la lama al centro dell&#39;albero. Bordo della lama deve essere diretto parallelamente alle fibre (ossia verticalmente). </li><li> Con l&#39;altra mano colpire il martello scorrevole sul corpo finché la guarnizione lattice esterno è completamente compresso. </li><li> Inserire la siringa nell&#39;apertura conica e delicatamente estrarre lo stantuffo: aria che è entrato strumento durante la percussione fluirà attraverso il liquido. La resistenza del pistone indica il perfetto inserimento della lama. Nota: con diversi accoppiamenti aria non può essere tirato fuori e il trattamento sarà più lento. </li><li> Attendere che l&#39;assorbimento totale. </li><li> Se l&#39;infusione è veloce (cioè 10 ml / 1 min), per diminuise il numero totale di porte riempire il contenitore prima che sia vuoto e ricalcolare il numero di porte. Nota: per garantire una buona distribuzione del liquido per la vela, almeno una porta / 40 cm lungo la circonferenza è suggerito. </li><li> Se l&#39;infusione dura troppo a lungo (più di 1 ml / min, ossia nelle giornate nuvolose o in conifere e palme), girare a modalità di iniezione luce, re-inserendo il pistone e l&#39;applicazione di una bassa pressione con il pollice, o collegare lo strumento ad una pressione serbatoio (ca. 1,5 bar; figure 3a e b). </li><li> Se l&#39;iniezione non avviene, rimandare il trattamento fino a quando prevalgono condizioni fisiologiche e climatiche adatte. </li><li> Quando il contenitore è vuoto, attendere che il liquido restante per uscire la lama (8-10 sec), rimuovere la siringa ed estrarre la lama colpendo il martello nella direzione opposta. </li><li> Passare al porto successivo. </li><li> Utilizzare una cera inerte o gomma se la protezione della ferita è auspicabile o obbligatorio. NoTE: potatura o innesto gengive contenenti pesticidi può essere fitotossici per la cambium, rallentando la chiusura della ferita. </li><li> Nel caso di piante affette da malattie trasmissibili, disinfettare sia della lama e il corpo dopo il trattamento. Dove localmente accettabile, utilizzare alcool o acqua ossigenata. In caso di disinfezione termica, rimuovere sia il due guarnizioni in gomma interni e esterni e trattare separatamente, o sostituirli. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kielbaso, J. J., Ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Proc. of the Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1978).</li><li>Miller, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Symposium on Systemic Chemical Treatments in Tree Culture. , (1991).</li><li>Chen, R. F., Wang, H. H., Wang, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+and+metabolism+of+injected+glyphosate+in+lead+tree+(Leucaena+leucocephala).">Translocation and metabolism of injected glyphosate in lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala).</a> Weed Science. 57, 229-234 (2009).</li><li>Gentile, S., Valentino, D., Tamietti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+potassium+phosphyte+in+the+control+of+Chestnut+ink+disease.">Effectiveness of potassium phosphyte in the control of Chestnut ink disease.</a> Acta Hort. 866, 417-424 (2010).</li><li>Poltronieri, Y., Martinez, H. E. P., Cecon, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+zinc+and+its+forms+of+supply+on+production+and+quality+of+coffee+beans.">Effect of zinc and its forms of supply on production and quality of coffee beans.</a> J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 2431-2436 (2011).</li><li>Zuo, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+and+crop+management+strategies+to+prevent+iron+deficiency+in+crops.">Soil and crop management strategies to prevent iron deficiency in crops.</a> Plant and Soil. 339, 83-95 (2011).</li><li>Da Vinci, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Codex Atlanticus. , 12-76 (1478-1519).</li><li>Helton, A. W., Rohrbach, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translocation+of+twelve+fungicidal+compounds+injected+into+trees+of+Prunus+domestica.">Translocation of twelve fungicidal compounds injected into trees of Prunus domestica.</a> Phytopathology. 56, 933-939 (1966).</li><li>Jones, T. W., Gregory, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+apparatus+for+pressure+injection+of+solutions+into+trees.">An apparatus for pressure injection of solutions into trees.</a> USDA Forest Service Reserch Paper. 233, 1-9 (1971).</li><li>Reil, W. O., Beutel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pressure+machine+for+injecting+trees.">A pressure machine for injecting trees.</a> Calif. Agric. 30, 4-5 (1976).</li><li>Perry, T. O., Santamour, F. S., Stipes, R. J., Shear, T., Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+alternatives+to+tree+injection.">Exploring alternatives to tree injection.</a> J. Arb. 17, 217-226 (1991).</li><li>Shigo, A. L., Campana, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discolored+and+decayed+wood+associated+with+injection+wounds+in+American+elm.">Discolored and decayed wood associated with injection wounds in American elm.</a> J. Arb. 3, 230-235 (1977).</li><li>Neely, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wound+closure+rates+on+trees.">Wound closure rates on trees.</a> J. Arb. 14, 250-254 (1988).</li><li>Shang, Q., Liao, K., Liu, H., Zhao, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+on+Structure+of+Needle+Head+and+Seal+Mechanism+of+Tree+Trunk+Injection.">Study on Structure of Needle Head and Seal Mechanism of Tree Trunk Injection.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Montecchio, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BITE:+a+low+impact+tool+for+xylematic+injections.">BITE: a low impact tool for xylematic injections.</a> , (2012).</li><li>Antonini, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BITE,+un+nuovo+strumento+per+i+trattamenti+endoterapici+agli+alberi.">BITE, un nuovo strumento per i trattamenti endoterapici agli alberi.</a> Giardini e ambiente. 3, 70-73 (2013).</li><li>Chaney, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+physiology+related+to+chemical+movement+in+trees.">Anatomy and physiology related to chemical movement in trees.</a> J. Arb. 12, 85-91 (1988).</li><li>Cocking, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Report+on+the+22nd+AGM+of+the+European+Arboricultural+Council.">Report on the 22nd AGM of the European Arboricultural Council.</a> The ARB Magazine. 158, 27 (2012).</li><li>Strazzabosco, L., Klaudatos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separa+non+buca.">Separa non buca.</a> Acer. 2, 33-37 (2013).</li><li>Shigo, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modern Arboriculture. , (1991).</li></ol>

Riferimenti brevetto dello strumento descritto sono PD2011A000245, EP2012/063680, WIPO WO/2013/010909.

Nonostante i vantaggi ambientali riconosciuti di albero di endoterapia, fino ad oggi il principale fattore limitante una più ampia diffusione di questo metodo è stata correlata agli effetti collaterali negativi dei fori utilizzati nei metodi di pressione tradizionali (chiusura della ferita cioè differite, infezioni parassitarie attraverso il foro, produzione di legno inattiva scolorito). In contrasto con altri metodi, quello descritto è previsto per funzionare in conformità fis...

In tempi recenti, il tronco endoterapia ha progressivamente sostituito i metodi tradizionali spruzzo di aria in piante legnose 1-6, ma questo non è un&#39;idea recente. Nel 15 ° secolo Leonardo Da Vinci descritto in dettaglio come egli fu in grado di intossicare le mele iniettando una soluzione di arsenico nel tronco di un albero di mele con buche profonde fatte con un succhiello 7. Poco è cambiato da allora: le sostanze chimiche facilmente reperibili in natura sono stati gradualmente sostituiti con i più efficaci principi attivi di sintesi (insetticidi, fungicidi, battericidi, fertilizzanti, fitoregolatori e disidratanti). Iniezioni a pressione atmosferica evoluto in alta pressione, e succhielli mano-driven sono state sostituite da moderni trapani batteria 8-10. Purtroppo, anche la punta più acuta bit lacrime e surriscalda il tessuto cambiale responsabile per la chiusura del foro. Di conseguenza, la chiusura della ferita è in ritardo e grandi sezioni dei tessuti legnosi adiacenti perdono il loro divertimentoctionality (&quot;legno scolorito&quot;) dal sito di iniezione a diversi metri sopra e sotto 11. Inoltre, i fori disconnesso possono essere facilmente colonizzati da batteri e funghi attratti dalla linfa sanguinamento e che portano al degrado interno-lungo termine, con una conseguente perdita di forza del legno e stabilità 12,13. Rendendosi conto che 1) un gruppo di fibre longitudinali separa secondo una biconvessa geometria lenticolare (Figura 1a), e 2) i movimenti di linfa nei vasi compiere principio di Bernoulli sulla dinamica dei fluidi, nel 2011 l&#39;Università di Padova ha progettato un nuovo 14 endoterapica libero-drill strumento con una lama essenziale lenticolare, biconvessa e cavo che entra nel bosco separa sue fibre. In questo modo, vasi xilematici interni sono raggiunti con il minimo attrito (Figura 1b), e la riduzione temporanea della loro sezione aumenta velocità linfa, accelerando l&#39;assorbimento di un liquido naturale esterno(Figura 1c, Video 1) 15,16.

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			<td class="xl63" height="21" style="height:15.75pt;width:162pt" width="216">BITE</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:290pt" width="387">Vitzani srl, Perarolo di Cadore, Italy</td>
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a venturi effect can help cure our trees

In piante legnose, succo xilematico si muove verso l&#39;alto attraverso i vasi a causa di un gradiente decrescente di potenziale idrico della falda al fogliame. Secondo questi fattori e le loro dinamiche, piccole quantità di liquidi compatibili con sap (cioè antiparassitari) possono essere iniettati nel sistema xilema, raggiungendo il loro obiettivo dall&#39;interno. Questo metodo endoterapica, chiamato &quot;iniezione tronco&quot; o &quot;tronco infusione&quot; (a seconda che l&#39;utente fornisce una pressione esterna o no), limita le sostanze chimiche applicate solo all&#39;interno della struttura di destinazione, così da rendere particolarmente utile in situazioni urbane. I principali fattori limitanti più ampio uso dei metodi tradizionali di perforazione sono riportate effetti collaterali negativi dei fori che devono essere praticati attorno alla circonferenza del tronco per accedere ai vasi dello xilema sotto la corteccia. L&#39;Università di Padova (Italia) ha recentemente sviluppato uno strumento manuale, privo di trapano con una piccola, alama traforata che entra nel tronco separando le fibre legnose con minimo attrito. Inoltre, la lama sagomata lenticolare riduce sezione trasversale delle imbarcazioni, all&#39;aumentare della velocità linfa e consentendo l&#39;assorbimento di un liquido naturale esterno fino alle foglie, quando il tasso di traspirazione è sostanziale. Porte parzialmente chiudi subito dopo la rimozione della lama a causa della naturale elasticità e turgore dei tessuti vegetali, e l&#39;attività cambial completa il processo di guarigione in poche settimane.

Grazie alle sue piccole dimensioni e la forma unica, la lama lenticolare non rimuove cambiale e legnoso tessuti, e se confrontato con fori tradizionali, la ferita è visibilmente più piccolo (figura 4a). Di solito, i bordi del foro sono lentamente compartimenti stagni da tessuti cambiale (Figura 4b1), spesso a causa di surriscaldamento durante la perforazione. Al contrario, dopo aver trattato lo stesso albero con una lama lenticolare, le fibre legnose tornano alla loro forma precedente...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees at JoVE.com

A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Rispetto ai tradizionali metodi foro-based, molti dei quali richiedono dell&#39;albero da forare, utensili con lame lenticolari trasformano le basi del endoterapia facilitare la chiusura della ferita e consentendo l&#39;assorbimento naturale delle soluzioni.

Un effetto Venturi può aiutare a curare i nostri alberi

In woody plants, xylem sap moves upwards through the vessels due to a decreasing gradient of water potential from the groundwater to the foliage. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

17.7K Views.  Unversity of Padova.  Rispetto ai tradizionali metodi foro-based, molti dei quali richiedono dell'albero da forare, utensili con lame lenticolari trasformano le basi del endoterapia facilitare la chiusura della ferita e consentendo l'assorbimento naturale delle soluzioni. 

Video: A Venturi Effect Can Help Cure Our Trees

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with specific functions (e.g. carbon sequestration, soil quality improvements, or contaminant sorption). In 2013, the International Biochar Initiative (IBI) made publically available their Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines (Version 1.1) which set standards for physical and chemical characteristics for biochar. Six biochars made from three different feedstocks and at two temperatures were analyzed for characteristics related to their use as a soil amendment. The protocol describes analyses of the feedstocks and biochars and includes: cation exchange capacity (CEC), specific surface area (SSA), organic carbon (OC) and moisture percentage, pH, particle size distribution, and proximate and ultimate analysis. Also described in the protocol are the analyses of the feedstocks and biochars for contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and mercury as well as nutrients (phosphorous, nitrite and nitrate and ammonium as nitrogen). The protocol also includes the biological testing procedures, earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on the quality assurance / quality control (QA/QC) results of blanks, duplicates, standards and reference materials, all methods were determined adequate for use with biochar and feedstock materials. All biochars and feedstocks were well within the criterion set by the IBI and there were little differences among biochars, except in the case of the biochar produced from construction waste materials. This biochar (referred to as Old biochar) was determined to have elevated levels of arsenic, chromium, copper, and lead, and failed the earthworm avoidance and germination assays. Based on these results, Old biochar would not be appropriate for use as a soil amendment for carbon sequestration, substrate quality improvements or remediation.

Biochar is a carbon-rich material used as a soil amendment with the ability to sustainably sequester carbon, improve substrate quality and sorb contaminants. This protocol describes the 17 analytical methods used for the characterization of biochar, which is required prior to large scale implementation of these amendments in the environment.

Fisica, chimica e caratterizzazione biologica di Six Biochars Prodotti per il risanamento dei siti contaminati

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

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Ambiente

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

Rimozione di Oligoelementi per Cupric nanoparticelle di ossido di uranio da<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Recupero Bleed Acqua e il suo effetto sulla vitalità cellulare

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

An Aquatic Microbial Metaproteomics Workflow: From Cells to Tryptic Peptides Suitable for Tandem Mass Spectrometry-based Analysis

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and metabolism. Although powerful, metagenomics alone can only elucidate functional potential. On the other hand, metaproteomics enables the description of the expressed in situ metabolism and function of a community. Here we describe a protocol for cell lysis, protein and DNA isolation, as well as peptide digestion and extraction from marine microbial cells collected on a cartridge filter unit (such as the Sterivex filter unit) and preserved in an RNA stabilization solution (like RNAlater). In mass spectrometry-based proteomics studies, the identification of peptides and proteins is performed by comparing peptide tandem mass spectra to a database of translated nucleotide sequences. Including the metagenome of a sample in the search database increases the number of peptides and proteins that can be identified from the mass spectra. Hence, in this protocol DNA is isolated from the same filter, which can be used subsequently for metagenomic analysis.

This protocol is for the extraction and concentration of protein and DNA from microbial biomass collected from seawater, followed by the generation of tryptic peptides suitable for tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis.

Un flusso di lavoro metaproteomica Aquatic microbica: dalle celle ai Trittico Peptidi per l&#39;analisi basata su spettrometria di massa tandem

Meta-omic technologies such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics can aid in the understanding of microbial community structure and ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse grown cotton. TSSM is a polyphagous pest which occurs on a variety of field and horticultural crops. It often becomes an early season pest of cotton in damaging proportions as opposed to being a late season innocuous pest in the mid-southern United States. Evaluation of acaricides is important for maintaining the efficacy of and preventing resistance to the currently available arsenal of chemicals and newly developed control agents. Enumeration of spider mites for efficacy evaluations is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, subjective visual damage rating is commonly used to assess density of spider mites. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is the most widely used statistic to describe the spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation canopy to assess plant stress and health consequent to spider mite infestations. Results demonstrated that a multispectral optical sensor is an effective tool in distinguishing varying levels of infestation caused by T. urticae on early season cotton. This remote sensing technique may be used in lieu of a visual rating to evaluate insecticide treatments.

This manuscript describes a multispectral optical sensor that effectively detected damage to early season cotton artificially infested with varying densities of the two-spotted spider mite populations.

Valutazione Remote Sensing of Two-macchiato Danni ragnetto su Greenhouse Cotton

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled Earth-system processes. Such knowledge is imperative in improving predictions of hydro-biogeochemical cycles, especially under climate change scenarios. We present an experimental method, designed to capture sub-surface heterogeneity of an initially homogeneous soil system. This method is based on destructive sampling of a soil lysimeter designed to simulate a small-scale hillslope. A weighing lysimeter of one cubic meter capacity was divided into sections (voxels) and was excavated layer-by-layer, with sub samples being collected from each voxel. The excavation procedure was aimed at detecting the incipient heterogeneity of the system by focusing on the spatial assessment of hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological properties of the soil. Representative results of a few physicochemical variables tested show the development of heterogeneity. Additional work to test interactions between hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological signatures is planned to interpret the observed patterns. Our study also demonstrates the possibility of carrying out similar excavations in order to observe and quantify different aspects of soil-development under varying environmental conditions and scale.

This study presents an excavation method for investigating subsurface hydrological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of a soil lysimeter. The lysimeter simulates an artificial hillslope which was initially under homogeneous condition and had been subjected to approximately 5,000 mm of water over eight cycles of irrigation in an 18-month period.

Terreno lisimetro scavo per accoppiate idrologici, geochimiche e microbiologiche Investigations

Studying co-evolution of hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the subsurface of natural landscapes can enhance the understanding of coupled ...

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify the pollination effectiveness of each pollinator for visited flowers. Pollinator observations have been one of the most common methods to identify pollinators, and bagging and cage experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of specific pollinators. In a previous study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea, its effective pollinators, the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor, and its reproductive strategies were not identified. This study reports the observation that small bees visited flowers that were partially opened (breaking buds). To the best of our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been reported previously. Further, this study investigates the hypothesis that small bees can pollinate at that flowering stage. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments in pollination ecology using L. sanguinea var. sanguinea. Pollinator observations and digital video showed the visitation frequencies of each floral visitor. Bagging and cage experiments revealed that these flowers could be pollinated fully and that breaking-bud pollination could be important for the pollination of this plant species. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, and recent developments, including laboratory experiments, are described.

Field Experiments of Pollination Ecology: The Case of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea

To reveal the pollinator effectiveness of a given plant species, multiple methods of field experiments have been developed. This study demonstrates the basic methods of field experiments for pollination ecology using the case study of Lycoris sanguinea var. sanguinea and the novel pollination mechanism, breaking-bud pollination.

Gli esperimenti sul campo di Ecologia: il caso di<em&gt; Sanguinea Lycoris</em&gt; Var.<em&gt; sanguinea</em

Plant-pollinator interactions have been studied for approximately one hundred years. During that time, many field methods have been developed to clarify ...

Evaluating the Effect of Environmental Chemicals on Honey Bee Development from the Individual to Colony Level

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be brought back to the beehive after the bees have foraged on flowers that have been sprayed with pesticides. Pesticide contaminated food can be exchanged between workers which then feed larvae and therefore can potentially affect the development of honey bees. Thus, residual pesticides in the environment can become a chronic damaging factor to honey bee populations and gradually lead to colony collapse. In the presented protocol, honey bee feeding methods are described and applied to either an individual honey bee or to a colony. Here, the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen (PPN), which is widely used to control pest insects and is harmful to the development of honey bee larvae and pupae, is used as the pesticide. The presenting procedure can be applied to other potentially harmful chemicals or honeybee pathogens for further studies.

Herein we present a method to feed pesticide contaminated food to both an individual honey bee and a beehive colony. The procedure evaluates the pesticide effect on individual honey bees by in vivo feeding of basic larval diet and also on the natural condition of beehive colony.

Valutare l&#39;effetto delle sostanze chimiche ambientali su Honey Bee sviluppo dall&#39;individuo alla colonia Livello

The presence of pesticides in the beekeeping environment is one of the most serious problems that impacts the life of a honey bee. Pesticides can be ...

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with herbaceous plants. This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique needed for restoring degraded Everglade tree islands. The design is patterned after a natural Everglades process that creates floating peat islands, which allows tree survival and growth in flooded conditions and often leads to the development of tree islands. Commercially available peat bags were used as the medium for the growth and establishment of potted native tree saplings. The pop-up configuration floated initially and provided additional elevation to minimize inundation, with a single native tree species sapling and a single tree fertilizer spike. During a 3 year study involving 105 pop-ups, most plants survived (80%) and many thrived. Determining whether this technique can establish trees on a degraded tree island will require longer studies and extensive field tests.

This protocol describes a simple, cost-effective tree planting technique for restoring degraded Everglades tree islands that experience inundation. The design creates an island (pop-up) which floats initially and adds elevation to promote tree survival and growth under flooded conditions.

Una semplice tecnica di impianto per ristabilire gli alberi dove si verifica frequente Inundation

Many of the Everglades tree islands have lost elevation over the past century and most of their trees have died such that they are now covered with ...

The Effect of the Application of Thyme Essential Oil on Microbial Load During Meat Drying

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food safety and to extend the shelf life of meat and meat products, the use of either synthetic or natural preservatives have been applied to control and eliminate foodborne bacteria. A growing interest in the application of natural food additives for meat has increased. Microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, contaminate meat and meat products, causing foodborne illnesses. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the meat conservation process. However, the use of essential oils when the meat is being dried has not been deeply studied. In this regard, there is an opportunity to increase the value of dried meat and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses by applying essential oils during the drying process. In this protocol, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil (TEO) during meat drying, specifically in vapor form directly in a drying chamber. For evaluation, we use Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) to detect the number of harmful bacteria in the treated samples compared to raw samples. The preliminary results show that this method is a viable and alternative option to synthetic preservatives and that it significantly reduces microbial load in dried meat.

Microorganisms such as Escherichia coli that contaminate meat products cause foodborne illnesses. The use of essential oils in the meat drying process has not been deeply studied. Here, we present a novel method of applying thyme essential oil to meat during drying to reduce the microbial load in dried meat.

L'effetto dell'applicazione dell'olio essenziale di timo sulla carica microbica durante l'essiccazione della carne

Meat is a high protein meal that is used in the preparation of jerky, a popular food snack, where preservation and safety are important. To assure food ...

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus area. Biomass capacitance plays an integral role in the avoidance of hydraulic impairment to transpiration. However, high temporal resolution measurements of dynamic changes in the hydraulic capacitance of large trees are rare. Here, we present procedures for the calibration and use of capacitance sensors, typically used to monitor soil water content, to measure the volumetric water content in trees in the field. Frequency domain reflectometry-style observations are sensitive to the density of the media being studied. Therefore, it is necessary to perform species-specific calibrations to convert from the sensor-reported values of dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content. Calibration is performed on a harvested branch or stem cut into segments that are dried or re-hydrated to produce a full range of water contents used to generate a best-fit regression with sensor observations. Sensors are inserted into calibration segments or installed in trees after pre-drilling holes to a tolerance fit using a fabricated template to ensure proper drill alignment. Special care is taken to ensure that sensor tines make good contact with the surrounding media, while allowing them to be inserted without excessive force. Volumetric water content dynamics observed via the presented methodology align with sap flow measurements recorded using thermal dissipation techniques and environmental forcing data. Biomass water content data can be used to observe the onset of water stress, drought response and recovery, and has the potential to be applied to the calibration and evaluation of new plant-level hydrodynamics models, as well as to the partitioning of remotely sensed moisture products into above- and belowground components.

The hydraulic capacitance of biomass is a key component of the vegetation water budget, which serves as a buffer against short and long-term drought stresses. Here, we present a protocol for the calibration and use of soil moisture capacitance sensors to monitor water content in the stems of large trees.

La calibrazione e l'uso di capacitanza sensori per monitorare il contenuto di acqua di staminali in alberi

Water transport and storage through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is critical to the terrestrial water cycle, and has become a major research focus ...