Riconosciamo la Mayo Clinic Microscopy Cell Analysis Core Flow Cytometry Facility per l'assistenza allo smistamento FACS.

Tutte le procedure sperimentali sugli animali sono state eseguite sotto l'approvazione del Comitato istituzionale per la cura e l'uso degli animali della Mayo Clinic.
1. Preparazione della soluzione 
<ol><li>Preparare la soluzione di collagenasi al 2% (w/v) sciogliendo la collagenasi II 2 g nella soluzione salina bilanciata di Hanks da 100 mL (HBSS). Aliquota 200 μL ciascuno per ogni utilizzo.</li>
	<li>Preparare il mezzo di neutralizzazione mescolando 84 mL F-12 medium, 15 mL di siero di cavallo e 1 mL penicillina/streptomicina.</li>
	<li>Preparare il tampone di citometria a flusso sciogliendo 500 mg di albumina di siero bovino (BSA) e 400 μL di 0,5 M EDTA in 100 mL della salina tamponata con fosfato (DPBS) di Dulbecco.</li>
</ol>2. Dissezione del cuscinetto adiposo epididimale e della dissociazione tissutale
<ol><li>Eutanasia umana (isoflurane/lussazione cervicale) di un topo maschio. In questo protocollo è stato utilizzato un mouse FVB di quattro mesi.</li>
	<li>Applicare/spruzzare il 70% di etanolo sull'addome ed esporre la cavità addominale inferiore utilizzando forbici e forcep pulite.</li>
	<li>Individuare il cuscinetto grasso epididimico (prossimale/attaccato ai teste). Tenere la giunzione tra teste e cuscinetto grasso epididimale con forcette smussate e tirare delicatamente per liberare il cuscinetto grasso epididimale.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere i teste tagliando con forbici e incubare il cuscinetto di grasso epididimale in 5 ml di HBSS integrato con 3% di BSA in un tubo conico da 50 ml a temperatura ambiente per 15 minuti.</li>
	<li>Centrifuga a 150 x g per 7 min a 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Prendere il cuscinetto di grasso epididimale galleggiante dal tubo conico da 50 ml e tritare finemente il tessuto usando forbici pulite.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 200 μL di collagenasi soluzione al 2% in 3,8 ml di HBSS in un tubo di coltura da 13 ml. Aggiungere il tessuto tritato e incubare in un'incubatrice rotante a 5 giri/min per 1 h a 37 °C. Invece di un incubatore rotante, l'incubatore di coltura cellulare a 37 °C può essere usato alternativamente con agitazioni occasionali.</li>
	<li>Trasferire l'intero contenuto in un tubo conico da 50 ml e aggiungere 10 ml di mezzo di neutralizzazione. Mescolare delicatamente invertendo il tubo 2-3 volte.</li>
	<li>Preparare un altro tubo conico da 50 ml dotato di un filtro a celle da 70 μm. Filtrare il tessuto digerito nel nuovo tubo utilizzando il filtro cellulare.</li>
	<li>Trasferire il flusso fino a un tubo conico da 15 ml e centrifugare a 350 x g per 10 min a 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere con cura i pellet di cellule supernatanti e resuspend con 5 mL di DPBS. Centrifuga a 350 x g per 10 min a 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Rimuovere con cura il supernatante e aggiungere 50 μL di tampone di citometria di flusso. Mescolare bene tubazione delicatamente e mantenere le cellule sul ghiaccio. A causa del volume del pellet cellulare e della piccola quantità di supernatante residuo, il volume totale di cellule nel buffer di citometria del flusso sarà maggiore di 50 μL (circa 100 μL).</li>
</ol>3. Etichettatura degli anticorpi e smistamento delle cellule attivate a fluorescenza (FACS)
<ol><li>Dopo aver mescolato bene le cellule con una tubazione delicata, trasferire 54 μL della sospensione cellulare in un tubo di microcentrifugo da 1,7 ml. Aggiungere 6 μL di reagente bloccante FcR e mescolare bene tubazione delicatamente. Incubare a 4 °C per 10 min. Salvare le cellule rimanenti dopo aver preso 54 μL e tenerle nel ghiaccio da utilizzare come controllo non macchiato nel passaggio 3.5 e nel passaggio 3.6.</li>
	<li>Durante l'incubazione nella fase 3.1, preparare un cocktail di anticorpi combinando 11 μL ciascuno di anticorpi anti-Sca1-APC, anti-Ter119-FITC, anti-CD31-FITC e anti-CD45-FITC in un tubo di microcentrifugo. Mescolare bene con una pipettazione delicata e mantenere il ghiaccio protetto dalla luce.</li>
	<li>Dopo l'incubazione con reagente bloccante FcR per 10 min, aggiungere 40 μL del cocktail anticorpale e mescolare bene con pipettaggio delicato. Incubare a 4 °C per 10 min.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 500 μL di tampone di citometria di flusso integrato con 1 μg/mL di DAPI nelle celle macchiate. Mescolare bene con tubazioni delicate e celle filtranti utilizzando una provetta da 5 ml con tappo a scatto del filtro a celle. Tieni le cellule sul ghiaccio.</li>
	<li>Aggiungere 500 μL di tampone di citometria di flusso alle cellule rimanenti nel passaggio 3.1 e mescolare bene con una pipettazione delicata. Filtrare le celle utilizzando una provetta da 5 ml con tappo a scatto del filtro cellulare. Tenere queste cellule sul ghiaccio e utilizzarle come controllo non macchiato nel passaggio seguente.</li>
	<li>Porta le celle macchiate e il controllo non macchiato allo strumento di analisi o ordinamento FACS.<ol>
<li>Identificare e isolare la popolazione APC+/FITC-/DAPI- con strategie di gating mostrate nella figura 1. Queste celle rappresentano cellule Sca1+/Ter119-/CD31-/CD45. I detriti e gli aggregati cellulari sono esauriti utilizzando grafici a dispersione in avanti (FSC) e a dispersione laterale (SSC). Quindi, DAPI- la popolazione è gated, seguita da gating di APC+/ FITC- popolazione. I controlli non macchiati devono essere utilizzati per aiutare a impostare i parametri di gating.</li>
		<li>Raccogliere le cellule in 500 μL di tampone di citometria di flusso in un tubo di microcentrifugo da 1,5 ml. Andando avanti, tutte le procedure devono essere eseguite in condizioni sterili per ridurre al minimo una contaminazione. Circa 50.000 - 100.000 cellule vengono raccolte da un topo.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Contare le cellule usando un emocitometro per valutare la vitalità cellulare. Poiché gli aggregati cellulari possono interferire con ulteriori analisi a valle, viene valutata anche la presenza di aggregati cellulari per garantire una presenza minima (<5% del numero di cellule vitali) di questi aggregati.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+obesity+in+man:+cellular+character+of+the+adipose+tissue.">Experimental obesity in man: cellular character of the adipose tissue.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 50, 1005-1011 (1971).</li><li>Trayhurn, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+and+adipose+tissue+function+and+dysfunction+in+obesity.">Hypoxia and adipose tissue function and dysfunction in obesity.</a> Physiological Reviews. 93, 1-21 (2013).</li><li>Halberg, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-inducible+factor+1alpha+induces+fibrosis+and+insulin+resistance+in+white+adipose+tissue.">Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha induces fibrosis and insulin resistance in white adipose tissue.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 29, 4467-4483 (2009).</li><li>Upadhyay, J., Farr, O., Perakakis, N., Ghaly, W., Mantzoros, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity+as+a+Disease.">Obesity as a Disease.</a> Medical Clinics of North America. 102, 13-33 (2018).</li><li>Cawthorn, W. P., Scheller, E. L., MacDougald, O. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose+tissue+stem+cells+meet+preadipocyte+commitment:+going+back+to+the+future.">Adipose tissue stem cells meet preadipocyte commitment: going back to the future.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 53, 227-246 (2012).</li><li>Cho, D. S., Lee, B., Doles, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refining+the+adipose+progenitor+cell+landscape+in+healthy+and+obese+visceral+adipose+tissue+using+single-cell+gene+expression+profiling.">Refining the adipose progenitor cell landscape in healthy and obese visceral adipose tissue using single-cell gene expression profiling.</a> Life Science Alliance. 2, 201900561 (2019).</li><li>Burl, R. 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Il sequenziamento dell'RNA a singola cellula (scRNA-seq) sta rapidamente guadagnando trazione come un potente strumento per studiare contemporaneamente diverse popolazioni cellulari a livello di singola cellula. A causa degli elevati costi associati alla preparazione del campione e all'elevato sequenziamento della produttività, è imperativo ottimizzare gli input cellulari (alta vitalità e purezza) per aumentare la probabilità di successo sperimentale. Alcuni protocolli di preparazione cellulare si basano sulla rimozi...

Il tessuto adiposo gioca un ruolo chiave nel metabolismo energetico. L'energia in eccesso viene immagazzinata sotto forma di lipidi e il tessuto adiposo è in grado di espansione o retrazione significativa a seconda dello stato nutrizionale e della domanda energetica. L'espansione del tessuto adiposo può derivare da un aumento delle dimensioni degli adipocite (ipertrofia) e/o da un aumento del numero di adipocite (iperplasia); quest'ultimo processo strettamente regolato dalla proliferazione e differenziazione delle cellule progenitrici adipose1,2. Durante l'obesità, il tessuto adiposo si espande eccessivamente e la disfunzione tissutale - tra cui ipossia, infiammazione e resistenza all'insulina -si sviluppa spesso 3,4. Queste complicanze sono fattori di rischio per molte malattie croniche tra cui ipertensione, diabete, malattie cardiovascolari, ictus e cancro5. Pertanto, limitare l'espansione incontrollata dei tessuti adiposi e mitigare le patologie tissutali adipose sono le principali priorità di ricerca biomedica. Durante l'espansione del tessuto adiposo, le cellule staminali derivate dai tessuti adiposi residenti (ASC) proliferano e si differenziano in sequenza in preadipociti (cellule progenitrici impegnate) e quindi in adipociti maturi6. Recenti studi di sequenziamento dell'RNA a singola cellula (scRNA-seq) mostrano che queste popolazioni di cellule progenitrici adipose (APC) (ASC e preadipociti) mostrano una sostanziale eterogeneità molecolare e funzionale7,8,9,10,11,12. Ad esempio, gli ASC mostrano una ridotta capacità di differenziazione adipogenica, ma presentano anche maggiori capacità di proliferazione ed espansione, rispetto ai preadipociti7. Ulteriori differenze molecolari sono riportate all'interno delle popolazioni ASC e preadipocite, anche se la rilevanza funzionale di queste differenze rimane poco chiara7. Insieme, questi dati evidenziano la complessità del pool di cellule progenitrici adipose e sottolineano la necessità di sviluppare e standardizzare strumenti per comprendere e manipolare meglio queste popolazioni di cellule critiche.
Questo protocollo descrive in dettaglio l'isolamento delle popolazioni di cellule progenitrici ad alta vitalità Sca1+ adipose dalle pastiglie di grasso epididimomale del topo adatte per analisi sensibili a valle, tra cui studi a cella singola (sequenziamento scRNA) e coltura cellulare. L'isolamento e la dissociazione dei cuscinetti di grasso epididimali è statoeseguito come descritto in precedenza 7,13 con lievi modifiche che migliorano la vitalità delle APC isolate. In breve, le cellule dissociate dai cuscinetti adiposi epididimali sono macchiate di anticorpi contro Sca1, un marcatore sia per gli ASC che per i preadipociti6,7e altri marcatori di lignaggio (Lin): Ter119 (cellule erythroid), CD31 (cellule endoteliali) e CD45 (leucociti). Sca1+/Ter119-/CD31-/CD45-/DAPI- le celle vengono quindi ordinate in base all'ordinamento cellulare attivato a fluorescenza (FACS). È importante sottolineare che questo protocollo è stato convalidato da un riuscito isolamento e analisi di cellule progenitrici sca1+/lin- adipose praticabili riportate in un recente studio di sequenziamento dell'RNA a singola cellula che ha identificato sottopopolazioni funzionalmente eterogenee all'interno di ASC e preadipociti7.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:799px;" width="799">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">1.7 mL microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">87003-294</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">13 mL culture tube</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-809-216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">188 271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">5 mL test tube with cell strainer snap cap</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-771-23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">50 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">227 261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">70 &#181;m cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22-363-548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Anti-CD31-FITC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-102-519</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Anti-CD45-FITC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-102-491</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Anti-Sca1-APC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-102-833</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Anti-Ter119-FITC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-112-908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-420-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Collagenase type II</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17101-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">F-12 medium</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11765-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">FcR blocking reagent</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-092-575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Hanks&#39; balanced salt solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14025-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Horse serum</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16050-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Propidium iodide solution</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-093-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of adipose progenitor cells from mouse epididymal adipose tissues

L'obesità e i disturbi metabolici come diabete, malattie cardiache e cancro sono tutti associati a un drammatico rimodellamento dei tessuti adiposi. Le cellule progenitrici adipose residenti nei tessuti (APC) svolgono un ruolo chiave nell'omeostasi dei tessuti adiposi e possono contribuire alla patologia tissutale. L'uso crescente di tecnologie di analisi a singola cellula , tra cui il sequenziamento dell'RNA a singola cellula e la proteomica a singola cellula, sta trasformando il campo delle cellule staminali / progenitrici consentendo una risoluzione senza precedenti dei cambiamenti di espressione delle singole cellule nel contesto dei cambiamenti a livello di popolazione o tessuto. In questo articolo, forniamo protocolli dettagliati per sezionare il tessuto adiposo epididimale del topo, isolare le singole cellule derivate dai tessuti adiposi ed eseguire lo smistamento delle cellule attivate a fluorescenza (FACS) per arricchire per uno Sca1+/ CD31-/CD45-/Ter119- APC praticabile. Questi protocolli consentiranno agli investigatori di preparare APC di alta qualità adatti per analisi a valle come il sequenziamento dell'RNA a cella singola.

In questo esperimento sono stati utilizzati topi FVB maschi di quattro mesi. Dopo l'esclusione di detriti e doppietti utilizzando appezzamenti FSC/SSC, le cellule vitali (DAPI- popolazione) sono state gated, seguite dalla selezione di APC+/FITC- popolazione (Figura 1). I gate DAPI, APC e FITC sono stati disegnati in base al controllo non macchiato. Le strategie di gating sono mostrate nella figura 1.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Adipose Progenitor Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissues at JoVE.com

Preparation of Adipose Progenitor Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissues

Presentiamo un metodo semplice per isolare le cellule progenitrici adipose altamente vitali dalle pastiglie di grasso epididimale del topo utilizzando lo smistamento delle cellule attivato a fluorescenza.

Preparazione di cellule progenitrici adipose dai tessuti adiposi epididimali del topo

Obesity and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, are all associated with dramatic adipose tissue remodeling. Tissue-resident ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.5K Views.  Mayo Clinic. Presentiamo un metodo semplice per isolare le cellule progenitrici adipose altamente vitali dalle pastiglie di grasso epididimale del topo utilizzando lo smistamento delle cellule attivato a fluorescenza.

Video: Preparation of Adipose Progenitor Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissues

Manual Isolation of Adipose-derived Stem Cells from Human Lipoaspirates

In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue that they initially termed Processed Lipoaspirate Cells or PLA cells. Since then, these stem cells have been renamed as Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs and have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Thousands of articles now describe the use of ASCs in a variety of regenerative animal models, including bone regeneration, peripheral nerve repair and cardiovascular engineering. Recent articles have begun to describe the myriad of uses for ASCs in the clinic. The protocol shown in this article outlines the basic procedure for manually and enzymatically isolating ASCs from large amounts of lipoaspirates obtained from cosmetic procedures. This protocol can easily be scaled up or down to accommodate the volume of lipoaspirate and can be adapted to isolate ASCs from fat tissue obtained through abdominoplasties and other similar procedures.

In 2001, researchers at UCLA described the isolation of a population of adult stem cells, termed Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs, from adipose tissue. This article outlines the isolation of ASCs from lipoaspirates using a manual, enzymatic digestion protocol using collagenase.

Isolamento Manuale di cellule staminali derivate da tessuto adiposo da lipoaspirato umani

In 2001, researchers at the University of  California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult  stem cells from liposuctioned ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Differentiation Capacity of Human Aortic Perivascular Adipose Progenitor Cells

Adipose tissue is a rich source of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Adipogenic differentiation of progenitor cells is a major mechanism driving adipose tissue expansion and dysfunction in response to obesity. Understanding changes to perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is thus clinically relevant in metabolic disease. However, previous studies have been predominately performed in the mouse and other animal models. This protocol uses human thoracic PVAT samples collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Adipose tissue from the ascending aorta was collected and used for explantation of the stromal vascular fraction. We previously confirmed the presence of adipose progenitor cells in human PVAT with the capacity to differentiate into lipid-containing adipocytes. In this study, we further analyzed the differentiation potential of cells from the stromal vascular fraction, presumably containing multi-potent progenitor cells. We compared PVAT-derived cells to human bone marrow MSC for differentiation into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Following 14 days of differentiation, specific stains were utilized to detect lipid accumulation in adipocytes (Oil red O), calcific deposits in osteogenic cells (Alizarin Red), or glycosaminoglycans and collagen in chondrogenic cells (Masson&#8217;s Trichrome). While bone marrow MSC efficiently differentiated into all three lineages, PVAT-derived cells had adipogenic and chondrogenic potential, but lacked robust osteogenic potential.

The goal of this protocol is to test the ability of progenitor cells derived from human perivascular adipose tissue to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Differentiation was compared to mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow, which is known to differentiate into adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte lineages.

Capacità di differenziazione delle cellule progenitrici umane aortica perivascolare adiposo

Adipose tissue is a rich source of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic ...

Identification and Dissection of Diverse Mouse Adipose Depots

Adipose tissues are complex organs with a wide array of functions, including storage and mobilization of energy in response to local and global needs, uncoupling of metabolism to generate heat, and secretion of adipokines to regulate whole-body homeostasis and immune responses. Emerging research is identifying important regional differences in the developmental, molecular, and functional profiles of adipocytes located in discrete depots throughout the body. Different properties of the depots are medically relevant since metabolic diseases often demonstrate depot-specific effects. This protocol will provide investigators with a detailed anatomic atlas and dissection guide for the reproducible and accurate identification and excision of diverse mouse adipose tissues. Standardized dissection of discrete adipose depots will allow detailed comparisons of their molecular and metabolic characteristics and contributions to local and systemic pathologic states under various nutritional and environmental conditions.

Adipocytes exist in discrete depots and have diverse roles within their unique microenvironments. As regional differences in adipocyte character and function are uncovered, standardized identification and isolation of depots is crucial for advancement of the field. Herein, we present a detailed protocol for the excision of various mouse adipose depots.

Identificazione e dissezione dei diversi depositi di adiposi del mouse

Adipose tissues are complex organs with a wide array of functions, including storage and mobilization of energy in response to local and global needs, ...

Isolation and Identification of Vascular Endothelial Cells from Distinct Adipose Depots for Downstream Applications

Vascular endothelial cells lining the wall of the vascular system play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including vascular tone regulation, barrier functions, and angiogenesis. Endothelial cell dysfunction is a hallmark predictor and major driver for the progression of severe cardiovascular diseases, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The ability to isolate and perform analyses on endothelial cells from various vascular beds in their native form will give insight into the processes of cardiovascular disease. This protocol presents the procedure for the dissection of mouse subcutaneous and mesenteric adipose tissues, followed by isolation of their respective arterial vasculature. The isolated arteries are then digested using a specific cocktail of digestive enzymes focused on liberating functionally viable endothelial cells. The digested tissue is assessed by flow cytometry analysis using CD31+/CD45&#8722; cells as markers for positive endothelial cell identification. Cells can be sorted for immediate downstream functional assays or used to generate primary cell lines. The technique of isolating and digesting arteries from different vascular beds will provide options for researchers to evaluate freshly isolated vascular cells&#160;from arteries of interest and allow them to perform a wide range of functional tests on specific cell types.

This protocol details a method for the dissection of mouse adipose depots and the isolation and digestion of respective arteries to liberate and then identify the endothelial cell population. Freshly isolated cells used in downstream applications will advance the understanding of vascular cell biology and the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction.

Isolamento e identificazione di cellule endoteliali vascolari da depositi adiposi distinti per applicazioni a valle

Vascular endothelial cells lining the wall of the vascular system play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including vascular tone ...

Isolamento e caratterizzazione di cellule staminali derivate dal tessuto adiposo

Isolation and Identification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue of Sprague Dawley Rats

Adult mesenchymal cells have revolutionized molecular and cell biology in recent decades. They can differentiate into different specialized cell types, in addition to their great capacity for self-renewal, migration, and proliferation. Adipose tissue is one of the least invasive and most accessible sources of mesenchymal cells. It has also been reported to have higher yields compared to other sources, as well as superior immunomodulatory properties. Recently, different procedures for obtaining adult mesenchymal cells from different tissue sources and animal species have been published. After evaluating the criteria of some authors, we standardized a methodology that is applicable to different purposes and easily reproducible. A pool of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from perirenal and epididymal adipose tissue allowed us to develop primary cultures with optimal morphology and functionality. The cells were observed adhered to the plastic surface for 24 h, and exhibited a fibroblast-like morphology, with prolongations and a tendency to form colonies. Flow cytometry (FC) and immunofluorescence (IF) techniques were used to assess the expression of the membrane markers CD105, CD9, CD63, CD31, and CD34. The ability of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to differentiate into the adipogenic lineage was also assessed using a cocktail of factors (4 &#181;M insulin, 0.5 mM 3-methyl-iso-butyl-xanthine, and 1 &#181;M dexamethasone). After 48 h, a gradual loss of fibroblastoid morphology was observed, and at 12 days, the presence of lipid droplets positive to oil red staining was confirmed. In summary, a procedure is proposed to obtain optimal and functional ASC cultures for application in regenerative medicine.

Autore in primo piano: Isolamento e identificazione di cellule staminali mesenchimali derivate dal tessuto adiposo di ratti Sprague Dawley  

This protocol describes a methodology for isolating and identifying adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from Sprague Dawley rats.

Isolamento e identificazione di cellule staminali mesenchimali derivate dal tessuto adiposo di ratti Sprague Dawley

Adult mesenchymal cells have revolutionized molecular and cell biology in recent decades. They can differentiate into different specialized cell types, in ...

Coltura di preadipociti isolati da tessuto adiposo perivascolare murino

Isolation, Culture, and Adipogenic Induction of Stromal Vascular Fraction-derived Preadipocytes from Mouse Periaortic Adipose Tissue

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is an adipose tissue depot that surrounds blood vessels and exhibits the phenotypes of white, beige, and brown adipocytes. Recent discoveries have shed light on the central role of PVAT in regulating vascular homeostasis and participating in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive understanding of PVAT properties and regulation is of great importance for the development of future therapies. Primary cultures of periaortic adipocytes are valuable for studying PVAT function and the crosstalk between periaortic adipocytes and vascular cells. This paper presents an economical and feasible protocol for the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of stromal vascular fraction-derived preadipocytes from mouse periaortic adipose tissue, which can be useful for modeling adipogenesis or lipogenesis in vitro. The protocol outlines tissue processing and cell differentiation for culturing periaortic adipocytes from young mice. This protocol will provide the technological cornerstone at the bench side for the investigation of PVAT function.

Autore in primo piano: Il significato dell'isolamento, della coltura e dell'induzione adipogenica dei preadipociti derivati da SVF dal tessuto adiposo perivascolare di topo 

Here, we describe the isolation, culture, and adipogenic induction of stromal vascular fraction-derived preadipocytes from mouse periaortic adipose tissue, allowing for the study of perivascular adipose tissue function and its relationship with vascular cells.