Wir würdigen die Mayo Clinic Microscopy Cell Analysis Core Flow Cytometry Facility für Unterstützung bei der FACS-Sortierung.

Alle tierexperimentellen Verfahren wurden unter Genehmigung des Mayo Clinic Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee durchgeführt.
1. Lösungsvorbereitung 
<ol><li>Bereiten Sie Kollagenase 2% (w/v) Lösung durch Auflösen von Kollagenase II 2 g in 100 ml Hanks' ausgewogene Salzlösung (HBSS). Aliquot 200 l für jede Verwendung.</li>
	<li>Vorbereiten Sie neutralisationsmedium durch Mischen von 84 ml F-12 medium, 15 ml Pferdeserum und 1 ml Penicillin/Streptomycin.</li>
	<li>Vorbereiten Sie den Puffer für die Durchflusszytometrie, indem Sie 500 mg Rinderserumalbumin (BSA) und 400 l 0,5 M EDTA in 100 ml Phosphat-gepufferter Kochchen (DPBS) von Dulbecco auflösen.</li>
</ol>2. Dissektion des epididymalen Fettpolsters und der Gewebedissoziation
<ol><li>Humane euthanize (Isoflurane/zervikale Dislokation) eine männliche Maus. In diesem Protokoll wurde eine vier Monate alte FVB-Maus verwendet.</li>
	<li>70% Ethanol auf den Bauch auftragen/sprühen und die untere Bauchhöhle mit sauberer Schere und Zange aussetzen.</li>
	<li>Suchen Sie epididymales Fettpolster (proximal/an Hoden befestigt). Halten Sie die Kreuzung zwischen Hoden und epididymale Fettpad mit stumpfer Zange und ziehen Sie sanft, um das epididymale Fettpolster zu befreien.</li>
	<li>Entfernen Sie die Tests durch Schneiden mit einer Schere und inkubieren epididymalen Fettpolster in 5 ml HBSS ergänzt mit 3% BSA in einem 50 ml konischen Rohr bei Raumtemperatur für 15 min.</li>
	<li>Zentrifuge bei 150 x g für 7 min bei 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Nehmen Sie das schwimmende epididymale Fettpolster aus dem 50 ml konischen Rohr und zerkleinern Sie das Gewebe mit einer sauberen Schere.</li>
	<li>Fügen Sie 200 l Kollagennase 2% Lösung in 3,8 ml HBSS in einem 13 ml Kulturrohr hinzu. Das gehackte Gewebe hinzufügen und in einem rotierenden Inkubator bei 5 Umdrehungen pro Minute für 1 h bei 37 °C brüten. Anstelle eines rotierenden Inkubators kann der Zellkultur-Inkubator bei 37 °C alternativ mit gelegentlichen Rührungen verwendet werden.</li>
	<li>Den gesamten Inhalt in ein 50 ml konisches Rohr übertragen und 10 ml Neutralisationsmedium hinzufügen. Mischen Sie sanft, indem Sie das Rohr 2-3 mal invertieren.</li>
	<li>Bereiten Sie ein weiteres 50 ml konisches Rohr vor, das mit einem 70 m Zellsieb ausgestattet ist. Filtern Sie das verdaute Gewebe mit dem Zellsieb in das neue Rohr.</li>
	<li>Übertragen Sie den Durchfluss in ein 15 ml kegelförmiges Rohr und zentrifugieren bei 350 x g für 10 min bei 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Entfernen Sie vorsichtig den Überstand und setzen Sie Zellpellets mit 5 ml DPBS wieder auf. Zentrifuge bei 350 x g für 10 min bei 4 °C.</li>
	<li>Entfernen Sie vorsichtig den Überstand und fügen Sie 50 L Durchflusszytometriepuffer hinzu. Gut mischen, indem Sie sanft pfeifen und Zellen auf Eis halten. Aufgrund des Volumens der Zellpellets und der geringen Menge an Restüberstand wird das Gesamtvolumen der Zellen im Durchflusszytometriepuffer größer als 50 l (ca. 100 l) sein.</li>
</ol>3. Antikörperkennzeichnung und Fluoreszenz-aktivierte Zellsortierung (FACS)
<ol><li>Nach dem Mischen der Zellen gut mit sanfter Pipettierung 54 l der Zellsuspension in ein 1,7 ml Mikrozentrifugenrohr übertragen. Fügen Sie 6 l FcR blockierendes Reagenz hinzu und mischen Sie sie gut, indem Sie sanft pipetieren. Bei 4 °C für 10 min inkubieren. Speichern Sie alle übrig gebliebenen Zellen nach der Einnahme von 54 l und halten Sie sie im Eis, um sie als unbefleckte Kontrolle in Schritt 3.5 und Schritt 3.6 zu verwenden.</li>
	<li>Bereiten Sie während der Inkubation in Schritt 3.1 einen Antikörpercocktail zu, indem Sie jeweils 11 L Anti-Sca1-APC, Anti-Ter119-FITC, Anti-CD31-FITC und Anti-CD45-FITC-Antikörper in einem Mikrozentrifugenrohr kombinieren. Durch sanftes Pipettieren gut mischen und auf Eis vor Licht geschützt halten.</li>
	<li>Nach der Inkubation mit FcR-Blockierreagenz für 10 min, fügen Sie 40 l des Antikörper-Cocktails hinzu und mischen Sie gut durch sanfte Pipetten. Bei 4 °C für 10 min inkubieren.</li>
	<li>Fügen Sie den gebeizten Zellen 500 l Durchflusszytometriepuffer hinzu, der durch 1 g/ml DAPI ergänzt wird. Mischen Sie gut durch sanfte Pipettier- und Filterzellen mit einem 5 ml Reagenzglas mit Zellsieb-Snap-Cap. Halten Sie Zellen auf Eis.</li>
	<li>Fügen Sie den verbleibenden Zellen in Schritt 3.1 500 l Durchflusszytometriepuffer hinzu und mischen Sie sie gut durch sanfte Pipettierung. Filtern Sie Zellen mit einem 5 ml Reagenzglas mit Zellsieb-Snap-Cap. Halten Sie diese Zellen auf Eis und verwenden Sie als unbefleckte Kontrolle im folgenden Schritt.</li>
	<li>Nehmen Sie die gefärbten Zellen und die ungefärbte Kontrolle zum FACS-Analyse- oder Sortierinstrument.<ol>
<li>Identifizieren und isolieren Sie die APC+/FITC-/DAPI- Grundgesamtheit mit Gating-Strategien, die in Abbildung 1dargestellt sind. Diese Zellen stellen lebensfähige Sca1+/Ter119-/CD31-/CD45- Zellen dar. Trümmer und Zellaggregate werden mit Vorwärts- (FSC) und Side Scatter (SSC)-Plots aufgebraucht. Dann wird DAPI- Population abgegrenzt, gefolgt von gating von APC+/FITC- Population. Ungefärbte Kontrollen sollten verwendet werden, um bei der Festlegung von Gating-Parametern zu helfen.</li>
		<li>Sammeln Sie die Zellen in 500 l Durchflusszytometriepuffer in einem 1,5 ml Mikrozentrifugenrohr. In Zukunft sollten alle Verfahren unter sterilen Bedingungen durchgeführt werden, um eine Kontamination zu minimieren. Etwa 50.000 – 100.000 Zellen werden aus einer Maus gesammelt.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Zählen Sie Zellen mit einem Hämozytometer, um die Zelllebensfähigkeit zu bewerten. Da Zellaggregate weitere nachgelagerte Analysen stören können, wird auch das Vorhandensein von Zellaggregaten bewertet, um eine minimale Präsenz (<5% der lebensfähigen Zellzahl) dieser Aggregate zu gewährleisten.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deconstructing+Adipogenesis+Induced+by+beta3-Adrenergic+Receptor+Activation+with+Single-Cell+Expression+Profiling.">Deconstructing Adipogenesis Induced by beta3-Adrenergic Receptor Activation with Single-Cell Expression Profiling.</a> Cell Metabolism. 28, 300-309 (2018).</li><li>Hepler, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+functionally+distinct+fibro-inflammatory+and+adipogenic+stromal+subpopulations+in+visceral+adipose+tissue+of+adult+mice.">Identification of functionally distinct fibro-inflammatory and adipogenic stromal subpopulations in visceral adipose tissue of adult mice.</a> eLife. 7, 39636 (2018).</li><li>Merrick, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+mesenchymal+progenitor+cell+hierarchy+in+adipose+tissue.">Identification of a mesenchymal progenitor cell hierarchy in adipose tissue.</a> Science. 364, 2501 (2019).</li><li>Schwalie, P. 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Die Autoren haben nichts zu verraten.

Die Sequenzierung der einzelnen Zell-RNA (scRNA-seq) gewinnt schnell an Zugkraft als leistungsstarkes Werkzeug, um gleichzeitig verschiedene Zellpopulationen auf Einzelzellebene zu untersuchen. Aufgrund der hohen Kosten im Zusammenhang mit der Probenvorbereitung und der Sequenzierung des hohen Durchsatzes ist es unerlässlich, die zellulären Eingänge (hohe Lebensfähigkeit und Reinheit) zu optimieren, um die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines experimentellen Erfolgs zu erhöhen. Einige Zellvorbereitungsprotokolle beruhen auf der...

Adipose-Gewebe spielt eine Schlüsselrolle im Energiestoffwechsel. Überschüssige Energie wird in Form von Lipiden gespeichert, und Fettgewebe ist in der Lage, signifikante Expansion oder Rückzug je nach Ernährungszustand und energetischen Bedarf. Die Ausweitung des Fettgewebes kann aus einer Erhöhung der Adipozytengröße (Hypertrophie) und/oder aus einer Erhöhung der Adipozytenzahl (Hyperplasie) resultieren; letzteres Verfahren streng reguliert durch Proliferation und Differenzierung der Fettvorläuferzellen1,2. Während der Fettleibigkeit, Fettgewebe übermäßig erweitert, und Gewebedysfunktion – einschließlich Hypoxie, Entzündung, und Insulinresistenz – entwickelt oft3,4. Diese Komplikationen sind Risikofaktoren für viele chronische Krankheiten wie Bluthochdruck, Diabetes, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Schlaganfall und Krebs5. Daher sind die Begrenzung der unkontrollierten Fettgewebeexpansion und die Milderung von Fettgewebepathologien oberste biomedizinische Forschungsprioritäten. Während der Fettgewebeexpansion vermehren sich die aus dem Fettgewebe abgeleiteten Stammzellen (ASCs) und differenzieren sich sequenziell in Präsipozyten (verpflichtete Vorläuferzellen) und dann in reife Adipozyten6. Jüngste einzellige RNA-Sequenzierungsstudien (scRNA-seq) zeigen, dass diese Adipose-Vorläuferzellpopulationen (APC) (ASCs und Preadipozyten) eine erhebliche molekulare und funktionelle Heterogenität7,8,9,10,11,12aufweisen. AsCs weisen beispielsweise eine reduzierte adipogene Differenzierungskapazität auf und weisen im Vergleich zu Denreadipozyten7auch höhere Proliferations- und Erweiterungsfähigkeiten auf. Weitere molekulare Unterschiede werden innerhalb der ASC- und Präsipozytenpopulationen berichtet, obwohl die funktionelle Relevanz dieser Unterschiede unklar bleibt7. Zusammen unterstreichen diese Daten die Komplexität des Fettvorläuferzellpools und unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, Tools zu entwickeln und zu standardisieren, um diese kritischen Zellpopulationen besser zu verstehen und zu manipulieren.
Dieses Protokoll beschreibt die Isolierung von hochlebensfähigen Sca1+ Fettvorläuferzellpopulationen von mausepididymalen Fettpolstern, die für empfindliche nachgeschaltete Analysen geeignet sind, einschließlich einzelliger Studien (ScRNA-Sequenzierung) und Zellkultur. Die Isolierung und Dissoziation von epididymalen Fettpolstern wurde wie zuvor beschrieben7,13 mit leichten Modifikationen durchgeführt, die die Lebensfähigkeit isolierter APCs verbessern. Kurz gesagt, dissoziierte Zellen von epididymalen Fettpolstern werden mit Antikörpern gegen Sca1, einem Marker für ASCs und Prereadipocyten6,7, und andere Lineage (Lin) Marker: Ter119 (Erythroid-Zellen), CD31 (Endothelzellen) und CD45 (Leukozyten) gefärbt. Viable Sca1+/Ter119-/CD31-/CD45-/DAPI- Zellen werden dann nach fluoreszenzaktivierter Zellsortierung (FACS) sortiert. Wichtig ist, dass dieses Protokoll durch erfolgreiche Isolierung und Analyse lebensfähiger Sca1+/Lin- Fettvorläuferzellen validiert wurde, die in einer kürzlich durchgeführten einzelzelligen RNA-Sequenzierungsstudie berichtet wurden, die funktionell heterogene Subpopulationen innerhalb von ASCs und Preadipozyten7identifizierte.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:799px;" width="799">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">1.7 mL microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">87003-294</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">13 mL culture tube</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-809-216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">188 271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">5 mL test tube with cell strainer snap cap</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-771-23</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">50 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">227 261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">70 &#181;m cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22-363-548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Anti-CD31-FITC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-102-519</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Anti-CD45-FITC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-102-491</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Anti-Sca1-APC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-102-833</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Anti-Ter119-FITC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-112-908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A-420-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Collagenase type II</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17101-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">F-12 medium</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11765-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">FcR blocking reagent</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-092-575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Hanks&#39; balanced salt solution (HBSS)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14025-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Horse serum</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16050-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:332px;">Propidium iodide solution</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-093-233</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of adipose progenitor cells from mouse epididymal adipose tissues

Adipositas und Stoffwechselstörungen wie Diabetes, Herzerkrankungen und Krebs sind alle mit einer dramatischen Umgestaltung des Fettgewebes verbunden. Geweberesidente Fettvorläuferzellen (APCs) spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Adipinengewebehomöostase und können zur Gewebepathologie beitragen. Der zunehmende Einsatz von Einzelzellanalysetechnologien – einschließlich einzelliger RNA-Sequenzierung und einzelliger Proteomik – transformiert das Stamm-/Vorläuferzellfeld, indem es eine beispiellose Auflösung einzelner Zellexpressionsänderungen im Kontext populations- oder gewebeweiter Veränderungen ermöglicht. In diesem Artikel stellen wir detaillierte Protokolle zur Sezieren von Mausepididymalfettgewebe bereit, isolieren einzelne Fettgewebe-abgeleitete Zellen und führen fluoreszenzaktivierte Zellsortierung (FACS) durch, um für lebensfähige Sca1+/CD31-/CD45-/Ter119- APCs anzureichern. Diese Protokolle ermöglichen es den Forschern, hochwertige APCs vorzubereiten, die für nachgelagerte Analysen wie die sequenziumierende RNA-Sequenzierung einzelner Zellen geeignet sind.

In diesem Experiment wurden vier Monate alte männliche FVB-Mäuse verwendet. Nach dem Ausschluss von Schutt und Doublets mit FSC/SSC-Plots wurden lebensfähige Zellen (DAPI- Population) abgezäut, gefolgt von der Auswahl von APC+/FITC- Population (Abbildung 1). DAPI-, APC- und FITC-Gates wurden basierend auf der ungefärbten Steuerung gezeichnet. Gating-Strategien sind in Abbildung 1dargestellt.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Adipose Progenitor Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissues at JoVE.com

Preparation of Adipose Progenitor Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissues

Wir präsentieren eine einfache Methode, um hochlebensfähige Fettvorläuferzellen von mausepididymalen Fettpolstern mit fluoreszenzaktivierter Zellsortierung zu isolieren.

Herstellung von Adipose-Progenitorzellen aus Maus-Epididymal-Adipose-Geweben

Obesity and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, are all associated with dramatic adipose tissue remodeling. Tissue-resident ...

preparation-adipose-progenitor-cells-from-mouse-epididymal-adipose

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

5.5K Aufrufe.  Mayo Clinic. Wir präsentieren eine einfache Methode, um hochlebensfähige Fettvorläuferzellen von mausepididymalen Fettpolstern mit fluoreszenzaktivierter Zellsortierung zu isolieren.

Serie: Preparation of Adipose Progenitor Cells from Mouse Epididymal Adipose Tissues

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

Generation der Mäuse aus induzierten pluripotenten Stammzellen

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Forschung

Biologie

Manual Isolation of Adipose-derived Stem Cells from Human Lipoaspirates

In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue that they initially termed Processed Lipoaspirate Cells or PLA cells. Since then, these stem cells have been renamed as Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs and have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Thousands of articles now describe the use of ASCs in a variety of regenerative animal models, including bone regeneration, peripheral nerve repair and cardiovascular engineering. Recent articles have begun to describe the myriad of uses for ASCs in the clinic. The protocol shown in this article outlines the basic procedure for manually and enzymatically isolating ASCs from large amounts of lipoaspirates obtained from cosmetic procedures. This protocol can easily be scaled up or down to accommodate the volume of lipoaspirate and can be adapted to isolate ASCs from fat tissue obtained through abdominoplasties and other similar procedures.

In 2001, researchers at UCLA described the isolation of a population of adult stem cells, termed Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs, from adipose tissue. This article outlines the isolation of ASCs from lipoaspirates using a manual, enzymatic digestion protocol using collagenase.

Manuelle Isolierung von Fettgewebe gewonnene Stammzellen aus menschlichen Lipoaspirates

In 2001, researchers at the University of  California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult  stem cells from liposuctioned ...

Differentiation Capacity of Human Aortic Perivascular Adipose Progenitor Cells

Adipose tissue is a rich source of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Adipogenic differentiation of progenitor cells is a major mechanism driving adipose tissue expansion and dysfunction in response to obesity. Understanding changes to perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is thus clinically relevant in metabolic disease. However, previous studies have been predominately performed in the mouse and other animal models. This protocol uses human thoracic PVAT samples collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Adipose tissue from the ascending aorta was collected and used for explantation of the stromal vascular fraction. We previously confirmed the presence of adipose progenitor cells in human PVAT with the capacity to differentiate into lipid-containing adipocytes. In this study, we further analyzed the differentiation potential of cells from the stromal vascular fraction, presumably containing multi-potent progenitor cells. We compared PVAT-derived cells to human bone marrow MSC for differentiation into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Following 14 days of differentiation, specific stains were utilized to detect lipid accumulation in adipocytes (Oil red O), calcific deposits in osteogenic cells (Alizarin Red), or glycosaminoglycans and collagen in chondrogenic cells (Masson&#8217;s Trichrome). While bone marrow MSC efficiently differentiated into all three lineages, PVAT-derived cells had adipogenic and chondrogenic potential, but lacked robust osteogenic potential.

The goal of this protocol is to test the ability of progenitor cells derived from human perivascular adipose tissue to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Differentiation was compared to mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow, which is known to differentiate into adipocyte, osteocyte, and chondrocyte lineages.

Differenzierung-Kapazität des menschlichen Aortenklappe perivaskuläre Fettgewebe Vorläuferzellen

Adipose tissue is a rich source of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) capable of differentiating into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic ...

Identification and Dissection of Diverse Mouse Adipose Depots

Adipose tissues are complex organs with a wide array of functions, including storage and mobilization of energy in response to local and global needs, uncoupling of metabolism to generate heat, and secretion of adipokines to regulate whole-body homeostasis and immune responses. Emerging research is identifying important regional differences in the developmental, molecular, and functional profiles of adipocytes located in discrete depots throughout the body. Different properties of the depots are medically relevant since metabolic diseases often demonstrate depot-specific effects. This protocol will provide investigators with a detailed anatomic atlas and dissection guide for the reproducible and accurate identification and excision of diverse mouse adipose tissues. Standardized dissection of discrete adipose depots will allow detailed comparisons of their molecular and metabolic characteristics and contributions to local and systemic pathologic states under various nutritional and environmental conditions.

Adipocytes exist in discrete depots and have diverse roles within their unique microenvironments. As regional differences in adipocyte character and function are uncovered, standardized identification and isolation of depots is crucial for advancement of the field. Herein, we present a detailed protocol for the excision of various mouse adipose depots.

Identifizierung und Zerlegung von diversen Maus-Adipose-Depots

Adipose tissues are complex organs with a wide array of functions, including storage and mobilization of energy in response to local and global needs, ...

Assessment of Vascular Tone Responsiveness using Isolated Mesenteric Arteries with a Focus on Modulation by Perivascular Adipose Tissues

Altered vascular tone responsiveness to pathophysiological stimuli contributes to the development of a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endothelial dysfunction represents a major culprit for the reduced vasodilatation and enhanced vasoconstriction of arteries. Adipose (fat) tissues surrounding the arteries play important roles in the regulation of endothelium-dependent relaxation and/or contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells. The cross-talks between the endothelium and perivascular adipose tissues can be assessed ex vivo using mounted blood vessels by a wire myography system. However, optimal settings should be established for arteries derived from animals of different species, ages, genetic backgrounds and/or pathophysiological conditions.

The protocol describes the use of wire myography to evaluate the transmural isometric tension of mesenteric arteries isolated from mice, with special consideration of the modulation by factors released from endothelial cells and perivascular adipose tissues.

Bewertung der Reaktion der Gefäß-Tone mit isolierten mesenterischen Arterien mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der Modulation durch Perivascular Adipose Tissues

Altered vascular tone responsiveness to pathophysiological stimuli contributes to the development of a wide range of cardiovascular and metabolic ...

Exploring Adipose Tissue Structure by Methylsalicylate Clearing and 3D Imaging

Obesity is a major worldwide public health issue that increases the risk to develop cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes, and liver diseases. Obesity is characterized by an increase in adipose tissue (AT) mass due to adipocyte hyperplasia and/or hypertrophia, leading to profound remodeling of its three-dimensional structure. Indeed, the maximal capacity of AT to expand during obesity is pivotal to the development of obesity-associated pathologies. This AT expansion is an important homeostatic mechanism to enable adaptation to an excess of energy intake and to avoid deleterious lipid spillover to other metabolic organs, such as muscle and liver. Therefore, understanding the structural remodeling that leads to the failure of AT expansion is a fundamental question with high clinical applicability. In this article, we describe a simple and fast clearing method that is routinely used in our laboratory to explore the morphology of mouse and human white adipose tissue by fluorescent imaging. This optimized AT clearing method is easily performed in any standard laboratory equipped with a chemical hood, a temperature-controlled orbital shaker and a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, the chemical compounds used are readily available. Importantly, this method allows one to resolve the 3D AT structure by staining various markers to specifically visualize the adipocytes, the neuronal and vascular networks, and the innate and adaptive immune cells distribution.

Here, we describe a simple, inexpensive and fast clearing method to resolve the 3D structure of both mouse and human white adipose tissue using a combination of markers to visualize vasculature, nuclei, immune cells, neurons, and lipid-droplet coat proteins by fluorescent imaging.

Untersuchung der Adipose-Gewebestruktur durch Methylsalicylat-Clearing und 3D-Bildgebung

Obesity is a major worldwide public health issue that increases the risk to develop cardiovascular diseases, type-2 diabetes, and liver diseases. Obesity ...

Isolation, Proliferation and Differentiation of Rhesus Macaque Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Adipose tissue provides a rich and accessible source of multipotent stem cells, which are able to self-renew. These adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) provide a consistent ex vivo cellular system that are functionally like that of in vivo adipocytes. Use of ADSCs in biomedical research allows for cellular investigation of adipose tissue metabolic regulation and function. ADSC differentiation is necessary for adequate adipocyte expansion, and suboptimal differentiation is a major mechanism of adipose dysfunction. Understanding changes in ADSC differentiation is crucial to understanding the development of metabolic dysfunction and disease. The protocols described in this manuscript, when followed, will yield mature adipocytes that can be used for several in vitro functional tests to assess ADSC metabolic function, including but not limited to assays measuring glucose uptake, lipolysis, lipogenesis, and secretion. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) are physiologically, anatomically, and evolutionarily similar to humans and as such, their tissues and cells have been used extensively in biomedical research and for development of treatments. Here, we describe ADSC isolation using fresh subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue obtained from 4&#8211;9-year old rhesus macaques. Adipose tissue samples are enzymatically digested in collagenase followed by filtration and centrifugation to isolate ADSCs from the stromal vascular fraction. Isolated ADSCs are proliferated in stromal media followed by approximately 14&#8211;21 days of differentiation using a cocktail of 0.5 &#956;g/mL dexamethasone, 0.5 mM isobutyl methylxanthine, and 50 &#956;M indomethacin in stromal media. Mature adipocytes are observed at approximately 14 days of differentiation. In this manuscript, we describe protocols for ADSC isolation, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. Although, we have focused on ADSCs from rhesus macaque adipose tissue, these protocols can be utilized for adipose tissue obtained from other animals with minimal adjustments.

In this article, we describe isolation of rhesus macaque derived adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) using an enzymatic tissue digestion protocol. Next, we describe ADSC proliferation which includes cell detachment, counting and plating. Lastly, ADSC differentiation is described using specific adipogenic inducing agents. Additionally, we describe staining techniques to confirm differentiation.

Isolierung, Proliferation und Differenzierung von Rhesusaffen-Fettstammzellen

Adipose tissue provides a rich and accessible source of multipotent stem cells, which are able to self-renew. These adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) ...

Visualization and Quantification of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues in Mice using [18F]FDG Micro-PET/MR Imaging

Brown and beige adipocytes are now recognized as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic syndromes. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods are essential to provide critical insights into these thermogenic adipose depots. Here, the protocol presents a PET/MR imaging-based method to evaluate the activity of brown and beige adipocytes in mouse interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (iWAT). Visualization and quantification of the thermogenic adipose depots were achieved using [18F]FDG, the non-metabolizable glucose analog, as the radiotracer, when combined with the precise anatomical information provided by MR imaging. The PET/MR imaging was conducted 7 days after cold acclimation and quantitation of [18F]FDG signal in different adipose depots was conducted to assess the relative mobilization of thermogenic adipose tissues. Removal of iBAT substantially increased cold-evoked [18F]FDG uptake in iWAT of the mice.

Visualization and Quantification of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissues in Mice using [18F]FDG Micro-PET/MR Imaging

Functional imaging and quantitation of thermogenic adipose depots in mice using a micro-PET/MR imaging-based approach.

Visualisierung und Quantifizierung von braunem und beigem Fettgewebe in Mäusen mittels [18F]FDG Micro-PET/MR Imaging

Brown and beige adipocytes are now recognized as potential therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic syndromes. Non-invasive molecular imaging methods ...

Isolation and Identification of Vascular Endothelial Cells from Distinct Adipose Depots for Downstream Applications

Vascular endothelial cells lining the wall of the vascular system play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including vascular tone regulation, barrier functions, and angiogenesis. Endothelial cell dysfunction is a hallmark predictor and major driver for the progression of severe cardiovascular diseases, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The ability to isolate and perform analyses on endothelial cells from various vascular beds in their native form will give insight into the processes of cardiovascular disease. This protocol presents the procedure for the dissection of mouse subcutaneous and mesenteric adipose tissues, followed by isolation of their respective arterial vasculature. The isolated arteries are then digested using a specific cocktail of digestive enzymes focused on liberating functionally viable endothelial cells. The digested tissue is assessed by flow cytometry analysis using CD31+/CD45&#8722; cells as markers for positive endothelial cell identification. Cells can be sorted for immediate downstream functional assays or used to generate primary cell lines. The technique of isolating and digesting arteries from different vascular beds will provide options for researchers to evaluate freshly isolated vascular cells&#160;from arteries of interest and allow them to perform a wide range of functional tests on specific cell types.

This protocol details a method for the dissection of mouse adipose depots and the isolation and digestion of respective arteries to liberate and then identify the endothelial cell population. Freshly isolated cells used in downstream applications will advance the understanding of vascular cell biology and the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction.

Isolierung und Identifizierung vaskulärer Endothelzellen aus unterschiedlichen Fettdepots für Downstream-Anwendungen

Vascular endothelial cells lining the wall of the vascular system play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including vascular tone ...

Differentiation and Imaging of Brown Adipocytes from the Stromal Vascular Fraction of Interscapular Adipose Tissue from Newborn Mice

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is only present in mammals and has a thermogenic function. Brown adipocytes are characterized by a multilocular cytoplasm with multiple lipid droplets, a central nucleus, a high mitochondrial content, and the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). BAT has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and its associated metabolic disorders due to its ability to dissipate metabolic energy as heat. To investigate BAT function and regulation, brown adipocyte culturing is indispensable. The present protocol optimizes tissue processing and cell differentiation for culturing brown adipocytes from newborn mice. Additionally, procedures for the imaging of differentiated adipocytes with both confocal immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy are shown. In the brown adipocytes differentiated with the techniques described herein, the major defining features of classical BAT are preserved, including high UCP1 levels, increased mitochondrial mass, and very close physical contact between the lipid droplets and mitochondria, making this method a valuable tool for BAT studies.

Preadipocytes are isolated from the stromal vascular fraction of interscapular brown adipose tissue from newborn mice and differentiated into cells that accumulate lipid droplets, express molecular markers, and show the mitochondrial morphology of mature brown adipocytes. These cells are further analyzed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy.

Differenzierung und Bildgebung von braunen Adipozyten aus der stromalen vaskulären Fraktion des interscapularen Fettgewebes von neugeborenen Mäusen

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is only present in mammals and has a thermogenic function. Brown adipocytes are characterized by a multilocular cytoplasm with ...