This research was supported by the Chung-Ang University research grant in 2022 (during Professor Jonghoon Choi&#39;s sabbatical leave).&#160;This research was also supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (No. RS-2023-00275006), and the Korea Environment Industry &#38; Technology Institute (KEITI) grant funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (No. 2022002980003). Clinical MRSA and P. aeruginosa were obtained from Chung-Ang University Hospital.

1. Preparation of the GO/Cu nanocomposites
NOTE: The size and morphology of Cu nanoparticles that grow on the GO nanosheets are determined by the degree of GO oxidation, the concentration of the Cu precursor, and the concentration of the reducing agent26.
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 10 mL of 1 mg/mL GO suspension in a glass bottle. Sonicate the GO suspension for 1 h until GO is well dispersed in distilled (DI) water.</li>
	<li>Prepare a 20 mM CuCl2 s...

Antibacterial Graphene Oxide/Copper Nanocomposites for Resistant Bacteria

<ol>
	<li>Doron, S., Gorbach, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+infections:+Overview.">Bacterial infections: Overview.</a> International Encyclopedia of Public Health. , 273-282 (2008).</li><li>Van Duin, D., Paterson, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multidrug-resistant+bacteria+in+the+community:+An+update.">Multidrug-resistant bacteria in the community: An update.</a> Infect Dis Clin North Am. 34 (4), 709-722 (2020).</li><li>Blair, J. M. A., Webber, M. A., Baylay, A. J., Ogbolu, D. O., Piddock, L. J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+antibiotic+resistance.">Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 13 (1), 42-51 (2015).</li><li>S&#225;nchez-L&#243;pez, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal-based+nanoparticles+as+antimicrobial+agents:+An+overview.">Metal-based nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents: An overview.</a> Nanomaterials (Basel). 10 (2), 292 (2020).</li><li>Makabenta, J. M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanomaterial-based+therapeutics+for+antibiotic-resistant+bacterial+infections.">Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 19 (1), 23-36 (2021).</li><li>Liang, X., Govindaraju, S., Yun, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+applicability+of+polyaniline+coated+gold+nanorods:+A+study+of+antibacterial+and+redox+activity.">Dual applicability of polyaniline coated gold nanorods: A study of antibacterial and redox activity.</a> BioChip J. 12 (2), 137-145 (2018).</li><li>Ni&#241;o-Mart&#237;nez, N., Salas Orozco, M. F., Mart&#237;nez-Casta&#241;&#243;n, G. A., Torres M&#233;ndez, F., Ruiz, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+bacterial+resistance+to+metal+and+metal+oxide+nanoparticles.">Molecular mechanisms of bacterial resistance to metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 20 (11), 2808 (2019).</li><li>Kim, J., Choi, Y., Park, J., Choi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gelatin-gallic+acid+microcomplexes+release+go/cu+nanomaterials+to+eradicate+antibiotic-resistant+microbes+and+their+biofilm.">Gelatin-gallic acid microcomplexes release go/cu nanomaterials to eradicate antibiotic-resistant microbes and their biofilm.</a> ACS Infect Dis. 9 (2), 296-307 (2023).</li><li>Jang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+antibiofilm+nanocomposites:+Ag/cu+bimetallic+nanoparticles+synthesized+on+the+surface+of+graphene+oxide+nanosheets.">Development of antibiofilm nanocomposites: Ag/cu bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized on the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets.</a> ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 12 (32), 35826-35834 (2020).</li><li>Jang, J., Choi, Y., Tanaka, M., Choi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+silver/graphene+oxide+nanocomposites+for+antibacterial+and+antibiofilm+applications.">Development of silver/graphene oxide nanocomposites for antibacterial and antibiofilm applications.</a> J Ind Eng Chem. 83, 46-52 (2020).</li><li>Bankier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+antibacterial+effects+of+metallic+nanoparticle+combinations.">Synergistic antibacterial effects of metallic nanoparticle combinations.</a> Sci Rep. 9 (1), 16074 (2019).</li><li>Mendes, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+action+and+target+mechanisms+of+zinc+oxide+nanoparticles+against+bacterial+pathogens.">Antibacterial action and target mechanisms of zinc oxide nanoparticles against bacterial pathogens.</a> Sci Rep. 12 (1), 2658 (2022).</li><li>Yoon, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biologically+benign+multi-functional+mesoporous+silica+encapsulated+gold/silver+nanorods+for+anti-bacterial+applications+by+on-demand+release+of+silver+ions.">Biologically benign multi-functional mesoporous silica encapsulated gold/silver nanorods for anti-bacterial applications by on-demand release of silver ions.</a> BioChip J. 13 (4), 362-369 (2019).</li><li>Slavin, Y. N., Asnis, J., H&#228;feli, U. O., Bach, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal+nanoparticles:+Understanding+the+mechanisms+behind+antibacterial+activity.">Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity.</a> J Nanobiotechnology. 15 (1), 65 (2017).</li><li>Ismail, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonochemical+synthesis+of+a+copper+reduced+graphene+oxide+nanocomposite+using+honey+and+evaluation+of+its+antibacterial+and+cytotoxic+activities.">Sonochemical synthesis of a copper reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite using honey and evaluation of its antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.</a> Front Mol Biosci. 9, 995853 (2022).</li><li>Tu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remarkable+antibacterial+activity+of+reduced+graphene+oxide+functionalized+by+copper+ions.">Remarkable antibacterial activity of reduced graphene oxide functionalized by copper ions.</a> Adv Funct Mater. 31 (13), 2008018 (2021).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+a+molecular+understanding+of+the+antibacterial+mechanism+of+copper-bearing+titanium+alloys+against+staphylococcus+aureus.">Toward a molecular understanding of the antibacterial mechanism of copper-bearing titanium alloys against staphylococcus aureus.</a> Adv Healthc Mater. 5 (5), 557-566 (2016).</li><li>Yang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+antibacterial+stable+reduced+graphene+oxide+nanocomposites+loaded+with+cuprous+oxide+nanoparticles.">Long-term antibacterial stable reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites loaded with cuprous oxide nanoparticles.</a> J Colloid Interface Sci. 533, 13-23 (2019).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graphene+oxide/copper+nanoderivatives-modified+chitosan/hyaluronic+acid+dressings+for+facilitating+wound+healing+in+infected+full-thickness+skin+defects.">Graphene oxide/copper nanoderivatives-modified chitosan/hyaluronic acid dressings for facilitating wound healing in infected full-thickness skin defects.</a> Int J Nanomedicine. 15, 8231-8247 (2020).</li><li>Mao, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graphene+oxide-copper+nanocomposites+suppress+cariogenic+streptococcus+mutans+biofilm+formation.">Graphene oxide-copper nanocomposites suppress cariogenic streptococcus mutans biofilm formation.</a> Int J Nanomedicine. 16, 7727-7739 (2021).</li><li>Ravikumar, V., Mijakovic, I., Pandit, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+activity+of+graphene+oxide+contributes+to+alteration+of+key+stress-related+and+membrane+bound+proteins.">Antimicrobial activity of graphene oxide contributes to alteration of key stress-related and membrane bound proteins.</a> Int J Nanomedicine. 17, 6707-6721 (2022).</li><li>Afreen, G., Shoeb, M., Upadhyayula, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+reactive+oxygen+species+generated+from+rgo/cds+qd+heterostructure+for+photodegradation+and+disinfection+of+pollutants+in+waste+water.">Effectiveness of reactive oxygen species generated from rgo/cds qd heterostructure for photodegradation and disinfection of pollutants in waste water.</a> Mater Sci Eng C. 108, 110372 (2020).</li><li>Yang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+graphene+oxide/copper+synergistic+antibacterial+coating+for+medical+titanium+substrate.">Fabrication of graphene oxide/copper synergistic antibacterial coating for medical titanium substrate.</a> J Colloid Interface Sci. 638, 1-13 (2023).</li><li>Rajapaksha, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+properties+of+graphene+oxide-copper+oxide+nanoparticle+nanocomposites.">Antibacterial properties of graphene oxide-copper oxide nanoparticle nanocomposites.</a> ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2 (12), 5687-5696 (2019).</li><li>Sachdeva, C., Satyamoorthy, K., Murali, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+interplay+in+skin+and+chronic+wounds.">Microbial interplay in skin and chronic wounds.</a> Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 9 (3), 21-31 (2022).</li><li>Ramos, M. K., Zarbin, A. J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graphene/copper+oxide+nanoparticles+thin+films+as+precursor+for+graphene/copper+hexacyanoferrate+nanocomposites.">Graphene/copper oxide nanoparticles thin films as precursor for graphene/copper hexacyanoferrate nanocomposites.</a> Appl Surf Sci. 515, 146000 (2020).</li><li>Fivenson, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+the+gram-negative+outer+membrane+in+bacterial+shape+determination.">A role for the gram-negative outer membrane in bacterial shape determination.</a> PNAS. 120 (35), e2301987120 (2023).</li><li>Wu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Copper-containing+mesoporous+bioactive+glass+scaffolds+with+multifunctional+properties+of+angiogenesis+capacity,+osteostimulation+and+antibacterial+activity.">Copper-containing mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds with multifunctional properties of angiogenesis capacity, osteostimulation and antibacterial activity.</a> Biomater. 34 (2), 422-433 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graphene+oxide-copper+nanocomposite-coated+porous+cap+scaffold+for+vascularized+bone+regeneration+via+activation+of+hif-1&#945;.">Graphene oxide-copper nanocomposite-coated porous cap scaffold for vascularized bone regeneration via activation of hif-1&#945;.</a> Adv Healthc Mater. 5 (11), 1299-1309 (2016).</li><li>Labauve, A. E., Wargo, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+laboratory+maintenance+of+pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Growth and laboratory maintenance of pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Curr Protoc Microbiol. 25 (1), 6E.1.1-6E.1.8 (2012).</li><li>Lin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+icmf3+locus+is+involved+in+multiple+adaptation-+and+virulence-related+characteristics+in+pseudomonas+aeruginosa+pao1.">The icmf3 locus is involved in multiple adaptation- and virulence-related characteristics in pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1.</a> Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 5, 70 (2015).</li></ol>

Herein, we report a low-cost and simple method for preparing GO nanosheets deposited with Cu nanoparticles, which would be a potentially efficient method for eradicating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The critical step in synthesizing GO/Cu nanocomposites is thoroughly dispersing GO and CuCl2 in the solution and maintaining an elevated temperature while mixing them. Further, the redox step must be conducted quickly because the reducing agent causes a reduction reaction as soon as it comes in contact with water...

Bacterial infections have a significant impact on public health. Pathogenic bacteria, in particular, can evade the body&#39;s protective mechanisms and cause diseases1. Antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics has precipitated the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Currently, nosocomial infections attributable to antibiotic-resistant bacteria have caused notable complications in healthcare facilities2. Unfortunately, bacteria have resistance mechanisms for all current antibiotics3. Therefore, developing new antibiotics is essential,&#160;though&#160;there is also a high probability that resistance mechanisms will emerge.
Metal nanoparticles have emerged as promising agents for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria because of their effective antibacterial properties4,5,6. It is difficult for bacteria to develop resistance mechanisms against metal nanoparticles because they do not bind to any specific bacterial receptors7. In particular, silver, copper, and zinc oxide nanoparticles are the focus of extensive research because of their remarkable antibacterial efficacy8,9,10,11,12,13. The toxicity of metal nanoparticles toward bacteria is attributed to three primary mechanisms: 1) the release of metal ions, 2) the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as &#8226;OH and &#8226;O2&#8722;, and 3) physical interaction and attachment4,14.
In this study, graphene oxide/copper (GO/Cu) nanocomposites were developed as an antimicrobial agent. Copper (Cu) efficiently kills pathogens that encounter its surface and interferes with bacterial gene replication. However, it is an essential microelement in the human body, and it is less toxic to mammalian cells because it has homeostatic mechanisms that regulate the concentrations of Cu inside the cells4. When Cu nanoparticles are oxidized, they generate Cu ions, which have a relatively high affinity for negatively charged bacteria15,16. Cu ions bind to the cellular structures (e.g., proteins, membranes, and DNA), disrupting cell functions17. By synthesizing Cu nanoparticles on the surface of graphene oxide (GO), the release rate of metal ions can be controlled18,19,20. GO also shows an antibacterial effect by preventing bacterial adhesion with a rough surface through oxidative stress or by forming ROS21,22. Moreover, GO/Cu nanocomposites release more ROS than GO through the chemical action of Cu2+, which damages bacterial proteins and DNA, leading to the death of bacteria23,24.
This paper outlines the protocol for synthesizing GO/Cu nanocomposites and introduces an antimicrobial testing approach against clinical bacteria MRSA and P. aeruginosa, the most common multidrug-resistant bacteria strains that cause nosocomial infections25. This protocol aims to introduce a facile chemical reduction method for synthesizing GO/Cu nanocomposites that can impede the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We use copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a precursor and reducing agent, respectively. The protocol also describes the specifics of applying these nanocomposites to bacteria using the microdilution broth method. To exclude errors due to the absorption interference of metal nanoparticles and make accurate evaluations, the antibacterial ability is evaluated using the colony counting method.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clinical MDR bacterial strains&#160;</td>
			<td>Chung-Ang University Hospital (Seoul, South Korea)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper(II) chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Duksan</td>
			<td>10125-13-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM)</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphene oxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>796034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Borohydride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JEM-2100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptic Soy Agar</td>
			<td>BD difco</td>
			<td>236950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptic Soy Broth</td>
			<td>BD difco</td>
			<td>211825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of antibacterial graphene oxide/copper nanocomposites

Antibiotics are currently the most used antibacterial treatment for killing bacteria. However, bacteria develop resistance when continually overexposed to antibiotics. Developing&#160;antimicrobial agents that can replace existing antibiotics is essential because antibiotic-resistant bacteria have resistance mechanisms for all current antibiotics and can promote nosocomial infections. To address this challenge, in this study, we propose graphene oxide/copper (GO/Cu) nanocomposites as antibacterial materials that can replace the existing antibiotics. GO/Cu nanocomposites are characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. They show that copper (Cu) nanoparticles are well-grown on the graphene oxide sheets. Additionally, a microdilution broth method is used to confirm the efficacy of the antimicrobial substance against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), which are frequently implicated in nosocomial infections. Specifically, 99.8% of MRSA and 84.7% of P. aeruginosa are eliminated by 500 &#181;g/mL of GO/Cu nanocomposites. Metal nanocomposites can eradicate antibiotic-resistant bacteria by releasing ions, forming reactive oxygen species, and physically damaging the bacteria. This study demonstrates the potential of antibacterial GO/Cu nanocomposites in eradicating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Author Spotlight: Metallic Nanocomposites to Eliminate Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Fabrication of Antibacterial Graphene Oxide/Copper Nanocomposites

Antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial infections, but overusing them has led to bacteria becoming resistant. To address this problem we've been working on developing anti bacteria metallic nanocomposites which make a tougher bacteria to develop resistance mechanisms. The advantage of this protocol is that it is a low cost and easy method for making geo copper nanocomposites compared to other protocols.This makes it practical for large scale production which is great for commercial use. Also, our method doesn't need extra disinfectants or capping agents making it an option for biomedical applications. Our group is focused on the developing bio comparable metallic nanocomposites for infection treatment.Therefore we are working on coding these nanocomposites onto surfaces or using them to deliver drugs aiming to effectively eradicate antibody resistant bacteria and their biofilms in real world infection scenarios.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses were performed to confirm the formation of GO/Cu nanocomposites. Figure 1A,B show that heterogeneous Cu nanoparticles were grown on the GO sheets. As shown in Figure 1C, the EDS mapping confirmed that the particles on the GO sheet were Cu nanoparticles.
<p class="jove_content biglegend" fo:keep-together.within-p...

Herein, we introduce graphene oxide/copper (GO/Cu) nanocomposites as an antibacterial nanomaterial. The antibacterial effectiveness of the GO/Cu nanocomposites was evaluated against both antibiotic-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Antibiotics are currently the most used antibacterial treatment for killing bacteria. However, bacteria develop resistance when continually overexposed to ...

fabrication-of-antibacterial-graphene-oxidecopper-nanocomposites

Without Section

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

363 Views.  Chung-Ang University. Gli antibiotici sono ampiamente usati per trattare le infezioni batteriche, ma un uso eccessivo ha portato i batteri a diventare resistenti. Per affrontare questo problema abbiamo lavorato allo sviluppo di nanocompositi metallici antibatterici che rendono i batteri più resistenti allo sviluppo di meccanismi di resistenza. Il vantaggio di questo protocollo è che è un metodo semplice e a basso costo per la realizzazione di nanocompositi di geo rame rispetto ...