<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저항성 박테리아를 위한 항균 그래핀 산화물/구리 나노복합체

<ol>
	<li>Doron, S., Gorbach, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+infections:+Overview.">Bacterial infections: Overview.</a> International Encyclopedia of Public Health. , 273-282 (2008).</li><li>Van Duin, D., Paterson, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multidrug-resistant+bacteria+in+the+community:+An+update.">Multidrug-resistant bacteria in the community: An update.</a> Infect Dis Clin North Am. 34 (4), 709-722 (2020).</li><li>Blair, J. M. A., Webber, M. A., Baylay, A. J., Ogbolu, D. O., Piddock, L. J. 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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanomaterial-based+therapeutics+for+antibiotic-resistant+bacterial+infections.">Nanomaterial-based therapeutics for antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 19 (1), 23-36 (2021).</li><li>Liang, X., Govindaraju, S., Yun, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+applicability+of+polyaniline+coated+gold+nanorods:+A+study+of+antibacterial+and+redox+activity.">Dual applicability of polyaniline coated gold nanorods: A study of antibacterial and redox activity.</a> BioChip J. 12 (2), 137-145 (2018).</li><li>Ni&#241;o-Mart&#237;nez, N., Salas Orozco, M. F., Mart&#237;nez-Casta&#241;&#243;n, G. A., Torres M&#233;ndez, F., Ruiz, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+bacterial+resistance+to+metal+and+metal+oxide+nanoparticles.">Molecular mechanisms of bacterial resistance to metal and metal oxide nanoparticles.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 20 (11), 2808 (2019).</li><li>Kim, J., Choi, Y., Park, J., Choi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gelatin-gallic+acid+microcomplexes+release+go/cu+nanomaterials+to+eradicate+antibiotic-resistant+microbes+and+their+biofilm.">Gelatin-gallic acid microcomplexes release go/cu nanomaterials to eradicate antibiotic-resistant microbes and their biofilm.</a> ACS Infect Dis. 9 (2), 296-307 (2023).</li><li>Jang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+antibiofilm+nanocomposites:+Ag/cu+bimetallic+nanoparticles+synthesized+on+the+surface+of+graphene+oxide+nanosheets.">Development of antibiofilm nanocomposites: Ag/cu bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized on the surface of graphene oxide nanosheets.</a> ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 12 (32), 35826-35834 (2020).</li><li>Jang, J., Choi, Y., Tanaka, M., Choi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+silver/graphene+oxide+nanocomposites+for+antibacterial+and+antibiofilm+applications.">Development of silver/graphene oxide nanocomposites for antibacterial and antibiofilm applications.</a> J Ind Eng Chem. 83, 46-52 (2020).</li><li>Bankier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+antibacterial+effects+of+metallic+nanoparticle+combinations.">Synergistic antibacterial effects of metallic nanoparticle combinations.</a> Sci Rep. 9 (1), 16074 (2019).</li><li>Mendes, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+action+and+target+mechanisms+of+zinc+oxide+nanoparticles+against+bacterial+pathogens.">Antibacterial action and target mechanisms of zinc oxide nanoparticles against bacterial pathogens.</a> Sci Rep. 12 (1), 2658 (2022).</li><li>Yoon, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biologically+benign+multi-functional+mesoporous+silica+encapsulated+gold/silver+nanorods+for+anti-bacterial+applications+by+on-demand+release+of+silver+ions.">Biologically benign multi-functional mesoporous silica encapsulated gold/silver nanorods for anti-bacterial applications by on-demand release of silver ions.</a> BioChip J. 13 (4), 362-369 (2019).</li><li>Slavin, Y. N., Asnis, J., H&#228;feli, U. O., Bach, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal+nanoparticles:+Understanding+the+mechanisms+behind+antibacterial+activity.">Metal nanoparticles: Understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity.</a> J Nanobiotechnology. 15 (1), 65 (2017).</li><li>Ismail, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonochemical+synthesis+of+a+copper+reduced+graphene+oxide+nanocomposite+using+honey+and+evaluation+of+its+antibacterial+and+cytotoxic+activities.">Sonochemical synthesis of a copper reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite using honey and evaluation of its antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.</a> Front Mol Biosci. 9, 995853 (2022).</li><li>Tu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remarkable+antibacterial+activity+of+reduced+graphene+oxide+functionalized+by+copper+ions.">Remarkable antibacterial activity of reduced graphene oxide functionalized by copper ions.</a> Adv Funct Mater. 31 (13), 2008018 (2021).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+a+molecular+understanding+of+the+antibacterial+mechanism+of+copper-bearing+titanium+alloys+against+staphylococcus+aureus.">Toward a molecular understanding of the antibacterial mechanism of copper-bearing titanium alloys against staphylococcus aureus.</a> Adv Healthc Mater. 5 (5), 557-566 (2016).</li><li>Yang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+antibacterial+stable+reduced+graphene+oxide+nanocomposites+loaded+with+cuprous+oxide+nanoparticles.">Long-term antibacterial stable reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites loaded with cuprous oxide nanoparticles.</a> J Colloid Interface Sci. 533, 13-23 (2019).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graphene+oxide/copper+nanoderivatives-modified+chitosan/hyaluronic+acid+dressings+for+facilitating+wound+healing+in+infected+full-thickness+skin+defects.">Graphene oxide/copper nanoderivatives-modified chitosan/hyaluronic acid dressings for facilitating wound healing in infected full-thickness skin defects.</a> Int J Nanomedicine. 15, 8231-8247 (2020).</li><li>Mao, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graphene+oxide-copper+nanocomposites+suppress+cariogenic+streptococcus+mutans+biofilm+formation.">Graphene oxide-copper nanocomposites suppress cariogenic streptococcus mutans biofilm formation.</a> Int J Nanomedicine. 16, 7727-7739 (2021).</li><li>Ravikumar, V., Mijakovic, I., Pandit, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+activity+of+graphene+oxide+contributes+to+alteration+of+key+stress-related+and+membrane+bound+proteins.">Antimicrobial activity of graphene oxide contributes to alteration of key stress-related and membrane bound proteins.</a> Int J Nanomedicine. 17, 6707-6721 (2022).</li><li>Afreen, G., Shoeb, M., Upadhyayula, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+reactive+oxygen+species+generated+from+rgo/cds+qd+heterostructure+for+photodegradation+and+disinfection+of+pollutants+in+waste+water.">Effectiveness of reactive oxygen species generated from rgo/cds qd heterostructure for photodegradation and disinfection of pollutants in waste water.</a> Mater Sci Eng C. 108, 110372 (2020).</li><li>Yang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+graphene+oxide/copper+synergistic+antibacterial+coating+for+medical+titanium+substrate.">Fabrication of graphene oxide/copper synergistic antibacterial coating for medical titanium substrate.</a> J Colloid Interface Sci. 638, 1-13 (2023).</li><li>Rajapaksha, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+properties+of+graphene+oxide-copper+oxide+nanoparticle+nanocomposites.">Antibacterial properties of graphene oxide-copper oxide nanoparticle nanocomposites.</a> ACS Appl Bio Mater. 2 (12), 5687-5696 (2019).</li><li>Sachdeva, C., Satyamoorthy, K., Murali, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+interplay+in+skin+and+chronic+wounds.">Microbial interplay in skin and chronic wounds.</a> Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 9 (3), 21-31 (2022).</li><li>Ramos, M. K., Zarbin, A. J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graphene/copper+oxide+nanoparticles+thin+films+as+precursor+for+graphene/copper+hexacyanoferrate+nanocomposites.">Graphene/copper oxide nanoparticles thin films as precursor for graphene/copper hexacyanoferrate nanocomposites.</a> Appl Surf Sci. 515, 146000 (2020).</li><li>Fivenson, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+the+gram-negative+outer+membrane+in+bacterial+shape+determination.">A role for the gram-negative outer membrane in bacterial shape determination.</a> PNAS. 120 (35), e2301987120 (2023).</li><li>Wu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Copper-containing+mesoporous+bioactive+glass+scaffolds+with+multifunctional+properties+of+angiogenesis+capacity,+osteostimulation+and+antibacterial+activity.">Copper-containing mesoporous bioactive glass scaffolds with multifunctional properties of angiogenesis capacity, osteostimulation and antibacterial activity.</a> Biomater. 34 (2), 422-433 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Graphene+oxide-copper+nanocomposite-coated+porous+cap+scaffold+for+vascularized+bone+regeneration+via+activation+of+hif-1&#945;.">Graphene oxide-copper nanocomposite-coated porous cap scaffold for vascularized bone regeneration via activation of hif-1&#945;.</a> Adv Healthc Mater. 5 (11), 1299-1309 (2016).</li><li>Labauve, A. E., Wargo, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+laboratory+maintenance+of+pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">Growth and laboratory maintenance of pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Curr Protoc Microbiol. 25 (1), 6E.1.1-6E.1.8 (2012).</li><li>Lin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+icmf3+locus+is+involved+in+multiple+adaptation-+and+virulence-related+characteristics+in+pseudomonas+aeruginosa+pao1.">The icmf3 locus is involved in multiple adaptation- and virulence-related characteristics in pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1.</a> Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 5, 70 (2015).</li></ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clinical MDR bacterial strains&#160;</td>
			<td>Chung-Ang University Hospital (Seoul, South Korea)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper(II) chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Duksan</td>
			<td>10125-13-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM)</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphene oxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>796034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Borohydride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JEM-2100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptic Soy Agar</td>
			<td>BD difco</td>
			<td>236950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptic Soy Broth</td>
			<td>BD difco</td>
			<td>211825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of antibacterial graphene oxide/copper nanocomposites

Bacterial infections have a significant impact on public health. Pathogenic bacteria, in particular, can evade the body&#39;s protective mechanisms and cause diseases1. Antibiotics are widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, the inappropriate use of antibiotics has precipitated the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Currently, nosocomial infections attributable to antibiotic-resistant bacteria have caused notable complications in healthcare facilities2. Unfortunately, bacteria have resistance mechanisms for all current antibiotics3. Therefore, developing new antibiotics is essential,&#160;though&#160;there is also a high probability that resistance mechanisms will emerge.
Metal nanoparticles have emerged as promising agents for combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria because of their effective antibacterial properties4,5,6. It is difficult for bacteria to develop resistance mechanisms against metal nanoparticles because they do not bind to any specific bacterial receptors7. In particular, silver, copper, and zinc oxide nanoparticles are the focus of extensive research because of their remarkable antibacterial efficacy8,9,10,11,12,13. The toxicity of metal nanoparticles toward bacteria is attributed to three primary mechanisms: 1) the release of metal ions, 2) the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as &#8226;OH and &#8226;O2&#8722;, and 3) physical interaction and attachment4,14.
In this study, graphene oxide/copper (GO/Cu) nanocomposites were developed as an antimicrobial agent. Copper (Cu) efficiently kills pathogens that encounter its surface and interferes with bacterial gene replication. However, it is an essential microelement in the human body, and it is less toxic to mammalian cells because it has homeostatic mechanisms that regulate the concentrations of Cu inside the cells4. When Cu nanoparticles are oxidized, they generate Cu ions, which have a relatively high affinity for negatively charged bacteria15,16. Cu ions bind to the cellular structures (e.g., proteins, membranes, and DNA), disrupting cell functions17. By synthesizing Cu nanoparticles on the surface of graphene oxide (GO), the release rate of metal ions can be controlled18,19,20. GO also shows an antibacterial effect by preventing bacterial adhesion with a rough surface through oxidative stress or by forming ROS21,22. Moreover, GO/Cu nanocomposites release more ROS than GO through the chemical action of Cu2+, which damages bacterial proteins and DNA, leading to the death of bacteria23,24.
This paper outlines the protocol for synthesizing GO/Cu nanocomposites and introduces an antimicrobial testing approach against clinical bacteria MRSA and P. aeruginosa, the most common multidrug-resistant bacteria strains that cause nosocomial infections25. This protocol aims to introduce a facile chemical reduction method for synthesizing GO/Cu nanocomposites that can impede the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We use copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a precursor and reducing agent, respectively. The protocol also describes the specifics of applying these nanocomposites to bacteria using the microdilution broth method. To exclude errors due to the absorption interference of metal nanoparticles and make accurate evaluations, the antibacterial ability is evaluated using the colony counting method.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 항생제 내성 박테리아를 제거하기 위한 금속 나노 복합체

항균 그래핀 산화물/구리 나노복합체 제조

Antibiotics are currently the most used antibacterial treatment for killing bacteria. However, bacteria develop resistance when continually overexposed to ...

fabrication-of-antibacterial-graphene-oxidecopper-nanocomposites

Without Section

Research

Fabrication of Antibacterial Graphene Oxide/Copper Nanocomposites

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

484 조회수.  Chung-Ang University. 항생제는 세균 감염을 치료하는 데 널리 사용되지만 과도하게 사용하면 세균에 내성이 생깁니다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 우리는 내성 메커니즘을 개발하기 위해 더 강한 박테리아를 만드는 항균 금속 나노 복합체를 개발하기 위해 노력해 왔습니다. 이 프로토콜의 장점은 다른 프로토콜에 비해 지오 구리 나노 복합체를 만드는 데 비용이 저렴하고 ...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: 항생제 내성 박테리아를 제거하기 위한 금속 나노 복합체

Antibiotics are currently the most used antibacterial treatment for killing bacteria. However, bacteria develop resistance when continually overexposed to antibiotics. Developing&#160;antimicrobial agents that can replace existing antibiotics is essential because antibiotic-resistant bacteria have resistance mechanisms for all current antibiotics and can promote nosocomial infections. To address this challenge, in this study, we propose graphene oxide/copper (GO/Cu) nanocomposites as antibacterial materials that can replace the existing antibiotics. GO/Cu nanocomposites are characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. They show that copper (Cu) nanoparticles are well-grown on the graphene oxide sheets. Additionally, a microdilution broth method is used to confirm the efficacy of the antimicrobial substance against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), which are frequently implicated in nosocomial infections. Specifically, 99.8% of MRSA and 84.7% of P. aeruginosa are eliminated by 500 &#181;g/mL of GO/Cu nanocomposites. Metal nanocomposites can eradicate antibiotic-resistant bacteria by releasing ions, forming reactive oxygen species, and physically damaging the bacteria. This study demonstrates the potential of antibacterial GO/Cu nanocomposites in eradicating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Herein, we introduce graphene oxide/copper (GO/Cu) nanocomposites as an antibacterial nanomaterial. The antibacterial effectiveness of the GO/Cu nanocomposites was evaluated against both antibiotic-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.