Demonstration of Membrane Transport of Histidine using Goat Intestinal Inverted Sacs: An Experiential Pedagogical Tool for Undergraduates

Summary

Here, we report an inexpensive and reproducible method demonstrating the membrane transport of histidine in a goat intestine. This process occurs by co-transporting histidine and sodium ions enabled by the sodium gradient across the enterocyte membrane. This method exploits experiential learning pedagogy to better understand solute movement across biological membranes.

Abstract

Histidine is an essential amino acid that is also a precursor for metabolites implicated in the immune system, pulmonary ventilation, and vascular circulation. Absorption of dietary histidine relies largely on the sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transport by the Broad neutral amino acid transporter (B⁰AT) present on the apical membrane of the enterocyte. Here, we demonstrate the absorption of histidine by the intestinal villus enterocytes from the lumen using goat jejunal inverted sacs. The jejunal sacs exposed to varying concentrations of sodium and histidine were assayed to determine the concentration of histidine inside the sacs as a function of time. The results show active histidine absorption. Increasing the concentration of salt resulted in higher absorption of histidine, suggesting a symport of sodium and histidine absorption in goat intestinal inverted sacs. This protocol may be applied to visualize the intestinal mobility of amino acids or other metabolites with appropriate modifications. We propose this experiment as an experiential pedagogical tool that can help undergraduate students comprehend the concept of membrane transport.

Introduction

Biological cells are surrounded by a membrane lipid bilayer that separates the intracellular cytosol from the extracellular content. The membrane serves as a semipermeable barrier that regulates the movement of solutes¹. Transport across biological membranes is affected by a solute's permeability coefficient, which depends on several factors, including the concentration and charge of the solute. In general, solutes move through the membrane using three mechanisms (Figure 1): Passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport². Simple diffusion is the process by which soluble,....

Protocol

The entire protocol with all steps is depicted as a schematic diagram in Figure 4. The method is adapted from a previous study using rat intestines⁸. The experiment was performed in compliance with institutional guidelines. The samples used in this study were procured from a commercial vendor.

CAUTION: Wear gloves during this experiment.

1. Preparation of inverted Jejunum sacs

1. Pre-tre.......

Discussion

Membrane transport is one of the most fundamental concepts taught to undergraduate students of all major biological science disciplines, basic or applied. Traditionally, movement across membranes has been visualized using metabolites labeled with radioactive isotopes. However, these methods are extremely hazardous and not feasible for teaching or learning. While experiential learning is the best pedagogical technique to understand such complex concepts, it is a challenge that is further compounded by the lack of infrastr.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1.5 mL Microcentrifuge Tubes	TARSONS	500020
10 mL Test Tubes	BOROSIL	9800U04
50 mL Sterile Falcon Tubes	TARSONS	546041
500 mL Beaker	BOROSIL	10044977
500 mL Conical Flask	BOROSIL	691467
D-Glucose	SRL	42738
Digital Spectrophotometer	SYSTRONICS	2710
Ethanol	EMSURE	1009831000
Finpipettes	THERMOFISHER	4642090
Glass Stirrer Rod	BOROSIL	9850107
L-Histidine	SRL	17849
NaCl	SRL	41721
Nitrile Gloves	KIMTECH	112-4847
Petri Dish	TARSONS	460090
Phosphate Buffered Saline (ph 7.4)	SRL	95131
Pipette Tips	ABDOS	P10102
Sodium Carbonate	SRL	89382
Sodium Nitrate	SRL	44618
Sodium Phosphate Dibasic (anhydrous)	SRL	53046
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic (anhydrous)	SRL	22249
Sulphanilic Acid	SRL	15354