我々は、顧問、博士イヴマーダーに感謝します。この研究は、イブマーダーとNS059255にNS17813 AE T.する健康補助金の国立研究所によってサポートされていました

<ol><li>解剖前に、ロブスターは、動物を麻酔するために30分間氷に埋葬されるべきである。 </li><li>ロブスターの性別は、最初の遊泳脚の形状から判断することができます。男性はボニーのswimmeretsと雌は羽swimmeretsを持っている。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1320/1320fig1.png" alt="" /></li><li>頭胸部を分離する。 <ol><li>フロント爪をはがすためにねじる運動を使用してください。 </li><li>頭胸部と腹部の間に深い切り傷を作るために、大きなハサミを使って、腹部（尾の部分）を取り外します。これはテールフリップ応答を制御する巨大な線維路をカットします。その後、腹部を切断に進んでください。 </li><li>ハサミでそれらをオフにトリミングすることでアンテナを外し、足とサードmaxillipedsをねじり切る。 </li></ol></li><li> （子宮頚溝と演壇の間に頭部すなわち）、胃の周りから甲羅を外します。 <ol><li>赤みがかった基盤となる皮下組織には手をつけずに、慎重にハード甲羅を削除するには、このセクションの使用rongeursとヘラの外側エッジで開始。ヘラは、甲羅がrongeursと決裂することができるように、層を分離するのに便利です。 </li><li>あなたが両側に軽く石灰化の小さな楕円形のプレート（IIIaの耳小骨）を見つける目に向かって移動。できるだけ近いこれらの耳小骨のように、慎重に小さなハサミを使って耳小骨から筋肉を切り離します。 </li><li>ヘラとrongeursを使用すると、目とくちばしの尾部（約1センチメートル）の間から甲羅を取り外します。 </li></ol></li><li>顔（目、そして演壇を含む領域）を切り離します。 <ol><li>小さなハサミを使用すると、外骨格からそれを切り離すために演壇で最も吻側曝露された組織間の水平方向のカットを行います。その後、慎重にちょうどIIIaの耳小骨のレベルを越えて、尾組織をロールにはさみおよび/またはヘラのエッジを使用してください。 </li><li>背側からは、顔の骨格から、残りの組織を切断するための小さなハサミを使用。あなたが口の中心と添付ファイルの近くに取得するときに停止する、可能な限りハード甲羅に近い位置でカット。 </li><li>腹ビューから顎は簡単に見えるはずです。残りのmaxillipedsを切り離します。 </li><li>あごの下に柔らかい唇を見つけます。 </li><li>胃に接続されている唇を維持しながら、顔をデタッチするには横方向のカットを行います。 （ガイドとして使用することができるわずかに湾曲青みがかった外側の口の部分があります。） </li></ol></li><li>胃をデタッチして削除する。 <ol><li>前端があなたの肘に向かっていることをアップしそう腹側、手のひらサイズのロブスターを保持する。 </li><li>唇に止血剤を添付し、重力が腹側体壁から止血剤と唇をプルダウンして離れてみましょう。 </li><li>小さなハサミを使用すると、顎を切り取る。 </li><li>唇と胃に腹ハード&quot;棚&quot;を形成する腹側体壁の背側を見つけます。単なる&quot;棚&quot;の下にカット、非常に全体の内側、外側正中線を越え、体壁に近い。胃の全体の腹側は現在、体壁から取り外す必要があります。 </li><li>背側が上になるようにロブスターを回します。甲羅が削除された子宮頚溝、の吻側端に沿ってカットし、ゆっくりと胃を取り出します。 </li><li>胃に接続されたままに余分な腸を切り離します。 </li></ol></li><li>胃を開き、ピン止めの準備をします。 <ol><li>皮下組織側のダウンと手のひらで胃を保持する。止血剤はまだリップに接続する必要がありますし、あなたの指の間にあるはず。 </li><li>ダウン幽門の腹側を介して口の開口部（リップ下）から浅い前方から後方カットをするために小さなはさみを使用してください。 </li><li>さらに胃を開くには、胃の中央を横切る耳小骨に沿って2つの横方向のカットを行います。 </li><li>冷たい生理食塩水は、視認性を改善し、胃内容物を排出するため胃に流し込みされることがあります。 </li><li>解剖皿に平らに準備三胃の歯をトリミングする小さなハサミを使用可能にするために。 </li></ol></li><li>解剖皿の中で胃を突き止める。 <ol><li>生理食塩水で満たされた解剖皿に、胃、皮下組織面を上に置きます。 </li><li>昆虫のリップでピンと胃が開放されたときに作成さ四隅に置きます。交連神経節または劣って食道の神経を邪魔しないように、高く、端に近い前方のコーナーの場所をピン用。幽門散大筋を邪魔しないように、少し高い後部コーナーの場所のピンの。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Marder, E., Bucher, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+pattern+generators+and+the+control+of+rhythmic+movements.">Central pattern generators and the control of rhythmic movements.</a> Curr. Biol. 11, R986-R996 (2001).</li><li>Nusbaum, M. P., Beenhakker, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+small-systems+approach+to+motor+pattern+generation.">A small-systems approach to motor pattern generation.</a> Nature. 417, 343-350 (2002).</li><li>Clemens, S., Massabuau, J. C., Legeay, A., Meyrand, P., Simmers, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+modulation+of+interacting+central+pattern+generators+in+lobster+stomatogastric+ganglion:+influence+of+feeding+and+partial+pressure+of+oxygen.">In vivo modulation of interacting central pattern generators in lobster stomatogastric ganglion: influence of feeding and partial pressure of oxygen.</a> J. Neurosci. 18, 2788-2799 (1998).</li><li>Tobin, A. E., Bierman, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homarus+americanus+stomatogastric+nervous+system+dissection.">Homarus americanus stomatogastric nervous system dissection.</a> J Vis Exp. 27, (2009).</li><li>Maynard, D. M., Dando, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+the+stomatogastric+neuromuscular+system+in+Callinectes+sapidus,+Homarus+Americanus+and+Panulirus+argus+(Decapoda+crustacean).">The structure of the stomatogastric neuromuscular system in Callinectes sapidus, Homarus Americanus and Panulirus argus (Decapoda crustacean).</a> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 268, 161-220 (1974).</li><li>Herrick, F. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+history+of+the+American+Lobster.">Natural history of the American Lobster.</a> U.S. Bur. Fish. , 219-252 (1909).</li><li>Marder, E., Bucher, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+circuit+dynamics+using+the+stomatogastric+nervous+system+of+lobsters+and+crabs.">Understanding circuit dynamics using the stomatogastric nervous system of lobsters and crabs.</a> Annu. Rev. Physiol. 69, 291-316 (2007).</li></ol>

私たちの研究室ではロブスターの胃の解剖は、口胃神経系、胃のリズミカルな収縮を制御するネットワークにアクセスするために行われます。ロブスターの胃の解剖学は、よく前に5から7に記載されている、と我々はその解剖学に精通することをお勧めします。そうすることで、繊細な神経や筋肉の損傷のリスクが軽減されます。 胃の解剖が完了すると、STNSの種...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Homarus americanus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Commercial Lobster</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Can be purchased from any lobster supplier, We specifically request &#x201C;chicken&#x201D; lobsters.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Black Sylgard 170</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>170</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Preparation Dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fischer </td>
<td>08-807</td>
<td>Fill 2" with Black Sylgard 170.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fine Scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>14090-09</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insect Pins size 6</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>26000-65</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mayo Scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>This is a common product offered by many suppliers of dissecting tools.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Micro-Spatula</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ward Sci.</td>
<td>15 V 4313</td>
<td>This is a very common product offered by many suppliers of lab tools.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Rongeurs</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FST</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>16000-14</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Plastic hemostat</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>This is a common product offered by many suppliers of dissecting or jewelry making tools.</td>
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gross dissection of the stomach of the lobster, homarus americanus

アメリカンロブスターの胃（<i&gt;ロブスター属americanus</i&gt;）演壇と頸部の溝の間に、頭胸部に位置しています。胃の前端は、幽門の底で口の開口部と後端で定義されます。胃の背側に沿って口胃神経系（STNS）がある。摂食行動の根底にあるリズミカルなネットワークが含まれているこの神経系は、リズムの生成ネットワークと神経調節を研究するための確立されたモデル系である<sup&gt; 1,2</sup&gt;。それはこのシステムを研究することは可能ですが、<i&gt; in vivoで</i<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt;、STNSが孤立したとき、そのリズム活動を生み出し続ける<i&gt; in vitroで</i&gt;。このシステムを研究するために<i&gt; in vitroで</i&gt;胃が動物から削除する必要があります。このビデオの記事では、胃がアメリカンロブスターから解剖することができる方法について説明します。付属のビデオの記事で<sup&gt; 4</sup&gt;我々はSTNSが胃から単離することができる方法を示しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus at JoVE.com

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

我々はアメリカのロブスターの胃の肉眼解剖を説明します（<i&gt;ロブスター属americanus</i&gt;）。

ロブスターの胃の肉眼解剖、ロブスター属Americanus</em

The stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) is located in the cephalothorax, between the rostrum and the cervical groove. The anterior end of ...

gross-dissection-of-the-stomach-of-the-lobster-homarus-americanus

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

14.5K ビュー.  Brandeis. 我々はアメリカのロブスターの胃の肉眼解剖を説明します（ロブスター属americanus）。

ビデオ: Gross Dissection of the Stomach of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus

Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries

ショウジョウバエの卵巣の解剖

生物学

Micro-dissection of Rat Brain for RNA or Protein Extraction from Specific Brain Region

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

RNAまたは特定の脳領域からのタンパク質抽出用のラット脳の微小解剖

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates ...

Homarus Americanus Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

With the goal of understanding how nervous systems produce activity and respond to the environment, neuroscientists turn to model systems that exhibit the activity of interest and are accessible and amenable to experimental methods. The stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the American lobster (Homarus americanus; also know was the Atlantic or Maine lobster) has been established as a model system for studying rhythm generating networks and neuromodulation of networks. The STNS consists of 3 anterior ganglia (2 commissural ganglia and an oesophageal ganglion), containing modulatory neurons that project centrally to the stomatogastric ganglion (STG). The STG contains approximately 30 neurons that comprise two central pattern generating networks, the pyloric and gastric networks that underlie feeding behaviors in crustaceans1,2. While it is possible to study this system in vivo3, the STNS continues to produce its rhythmic activity when isolated in vitro. Physical isolation of the STNS in a dish allows for easy access to the somata in the ganglia for intracellular electrophysiological recordings and to the nerves of the STNS for extracellular recordings. Isolating the STNS is a two-part process. The first part, dissecting the stomach from the animal, is described in an accompanying video article4. In this video article, fine dissection techniques are used to isolate the STNS from the stomach. This procedure results in a nervous system preparation that is available for electrophysiological recordings.

Homarus Americanus Stomatogastric Nervous System Dissection

We describe the fine dissection of the stomatogastric nervous system from the stomach of the American lobster (Homarus americanus).

ロブスター属Americanus口胃神経系の解剖

With the goal of understanding how nervous systems produce activity and respond to the environment, neuroscientists turn to model systems that exhibit the ...

Gross and Fine Dissection of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Neurosensory epithelia in the inner ear are the crucial structures for hearing and balance functions. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular features of the epithelia, which are mainly composed of two types of cells: hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs). Here we choose to study the inner ear sensory epithelia in adult zebrafish not only because the epithelial structures are highly conserved in all vertebrates studied, but also because the adult zebrafish is able to regenerate HCs, an ability that mammals lose shortly after birth. We use the inner ear of adult zebrafish as a model system to study the mechanisms of inner ear HC regeneration in adult vertebrates that could be helpful for clinical therapy of hearing/balance deficits in human as a result of HC loss.
Here we demonstrate how to do gross and fine dissections of inner ear sensory epithelia in adult zebrafish. The gross dissection removes the tissues surrounding the inner ear and is helpful for preparing tissue sections, which allows us to examine the detailed structure of the sensory epithelia. The fine dissection cleans up the non-sensory-epithelial tissues of each individual epithelium and enables us to examine the heterogeneity of the whole epithelium easily in whole-mount epithelial samples.

Gross and Fine Dissection of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Adult Zebrafish Danio rerio

The inner ear sensory epithelium of adult zebrafish is a good model system for understanding the mechanisms of hair cell regeneration in adult vertebrates. This protocol demonstrates the fine dissection of the epithelia, through which we can get tissue samples for studying the regenerative events at cellular and subcellular levels.

アダルトゼブラフィッシュの内耳感覚上皮のグロスとファイン解剖（ゼブラフィッシュ）

Neurosensory epithelia in the inner ear are the crucial structures for hearing and balance functions. Therefore, it is important to understand the ...

Dissection of Organs from the Adult Zebrafish

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental analysis of the embryo and larva is extensive and the morphology has been well documented, descriptions of adult zebrafish anatomy and studies of development of the adult structures and organs, together with techniques for working with adults are lacking. The organs of the larva undergo significant changes in their overall structure, morphology, and anatomical location during the larval to adult transition.  Externally, the transparent larva develops its characteristic adult striped pigment pattern and paired pelvic fins, while internally, the organs undergo massive growth and remodeling.  In addition, the bipotential gonad primordium develops into either testis or ovary.  This protocol identifies many of the organs of the adult and demonstrates methods for dissection of the brain, gonads, gastrointestinal system, heart, and kidney of the adult zebrafish. The dissected organs can be used for in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, histology, RNA extraction, protein analysis, and other molecular techniques.  This protocol will assist in the broadening of studies in the zebrafish to include the remodeling of larval organs, the morphogenesis of organs specific to the adult and other investigations of the adult organ systems.

This protocol describes a procedure for identifying and dissecting organs from the adult zebrafish.

アダルトゼブラフィッシュからの臓器の解剖

Over the last 20 years, the zebrafish has become a powerful model organism for understanding vertebrate development and disease.  Although experimental ...

Using SCOPE to Identify Potential Regulatory Motifs in Coregulated Genes

SCOPE is an ensemble motif finder that uses three component algorithms in parallel to identify potential regulatory motifs by over-representation and motif position preference1. Each component algorithm is optimized to find a different kind of motif. By taking the best of these three approaches, SCOPE performs better than any single algorithm, even in the presence of noisy data1. In this article, we utilize a web version of SCOPE2 to examine genes that are involved in telomere maintenance. SCOPE has been incorporated into at least two other motif finding programs3,4 and has been used in other studies5-8. 
The three algorithms that comprise SCOPE are BEAM9, which finds non-degenerate motifs (ACCGGT), PRISM10, which finds degenerate motifs (ASCGWT), and SPACER11, which finds longer bipartite motifs (ACCnnnnnnnnGGT). These three algorithms have been optimized to find their corresponding type of motif. Together, they allow SCOPE to perform extremely well.
Once a gene set has been analyzed and candidate motifs identified, SCOPE can look for other genes that contain the motif which, when added to the original set, will improve the motif score. This can occur through over-representation or motif position preference. Working with partial gene sets that have biologically verified transcription factor binding sites, SCOPE was able to identify most of the rest of the genes also regulated by the given transcription factor.
Output from SCOPE shows candidate motifs, their significance, and other information both as a table and as a graphical motif map. FAQs and video tutorials are available at the SCOPE web site which also includes a "Sample Search" button that allows the user to perform a trial run. 
Scope has a very friendly user interface that enables novice users to access the algorithm's full power without having to become an expert in the bioinformatics of motif finding. As input, SCOPE can take a list of genes, or FASTA sequences. These can be entered in browser text fields, or read from a file. The output from SCOPE contains a list of all identified motifs with their scores, number of occurrences, fraction of genes containing the motif, and the algorithm used to identify the motif. For each motif, result details include a consensus representation of the motif, a sequence logo, a position weight matrix, and a list of instances for every motif occurrence (with exact positions and "strand" indicated). Results are returned in a browser window and also optionally by email. Previous papers describe the SCOPE algorithms in detail1,2,9-11.

A straight-forward and robust method to identify potential regulatory motifs in co-regulated genes is presented. SCOPE does not require any user parameters and returns motifs that represent excellent candidates for regulatory signals. The identification of such regulatory signals helps to understand the underlying biology.

Coregulated遺伝子の潜在的な規制モチーフを特定するためにスコープの使用

SCOPE is an ensemble motif finder that uses three component algorithms in parallel to identify potential regulatory motifs by over-representation and ...

Dissection of the Adult Zebrafish Kidney

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem cells during normal homeostasis and disease states. The understanding of adult stem cells has broad reaching implications for the future of regenerative medicine1. For example, better knowledge about adult stem cell biology can facilitate the design of therapeutic strategies in which organs are triggered to heal themselves or even the creation of methods for growing organs in vitro that can be transplanted into humans1. The zebrafish has become a powerful animal model for the study of vertebrate cell biology2. There has been extensive documentation and analysis of embryonic development in the zebrafish3. Only recently have scientists sought to document adult anatomy and surgical dissection techniques4, as there has been a progressive movement within the zebrafish community to broaden the applications of this research organism to adult studies. For example, there are expanding interests in using zebrafish to investigate the biology of adult stem cell populations and make sophisticated adult models of diseases such as cancer5. Historically, isolation of the zebrafish adult kidney has been instrumental for studying hematopoiesis, as the kidney is the anatomical location of blood cell production in fish6,7. The kidney is composed of nephron functional units found in arborized arrangements, surrounded by hematopoietic tissue that is dispersed throughout the intervening spaces. The hematopoietic component consists of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny that inhabit the kidney until they terminally differentiate8. In addition, it is now appreciated that a group of renal stem/progenitor cells (RPCs) also inhabit the zebrafish kidney organ and enable both kidney regeneration and growth, as observed in other fish species9-11. In light of this new discovery, the zebrafish kidney is one organ that houses the location of two exciting opportunities for adult stem cell biology studies. It is clear that many outstanding questions could be well served with this experimental system. To encourage expansion of this field, it is beneficial to document detailed methods of visualizing and then isolating the adult zebrafish kidney organ. This protocol details our procedure for dissection of the adult kidney from both unfixed and fixed animals.
Dissection of the kidney organ can be used to isolate and characterize hematopoietic and renal stem cells and their offspring using established techniques such as histology, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)11,12, expression profiling13,14, and transplantation11,15. 
We hope that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with the knowledge to implement broader use of zebrafish studies that ultimately can be translated for human application.

The zebrafish kidney is home to both renal and hematopoietic adult stem/progenitor cells, and represents an outstanding opportunity to study these cell types and their progeny in a vertebrate model organism. Here, we demonstrate a detailed dissection procedure that enables the researcher to identify and surgically remove the adult zebrafish kidney, which can be used for applications such as cell isolation, transplantation, and expression studies of kidney and/or blood cell populations.

アダルトゼブラフィッシュ腎臓の解剖

Researchers working in the burgeoning field of adult stem cell biology seek to understand the signals that regulate the behavior and function of stem ...

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology of the fish branchial skeleton is matched to a species' diet. Threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) have emerged as a model system to study the genetic and developmental basis of evolved differences in a variety of traits. Marine populations of sticklebacks have repeatedly colonized countless new freshwater lakes and creeks. Adaptation to the new diet in these freshwater environments likely underlies a series of craniofacial changes that have evolved repeatedly in independently derived freshwater populations. These include three major patterning changes to the branchial skeleton: reductions in the number and length of gill raker bones, increases in pharyngeal tooth number, and increased branchial bone lengths. Here we describe a detailed protocol to dissect and flat-mount the internal branchial skeleton in threespine stickleback fish. Dissection of the entire three-dimensional branchial skeleton and mounting it flat into a largely two-dimensional prep allows for the easy visualization and quantification of branchial skeleton morphology. This dissection method is inexpensive, fast, relatively easy, and applicable to a wide variety of fish species. In sticklebacks, this efficient method allows the quantification of skeletal morphology in genetic crosses to map genomic regions controlling craniofacial patterning.

The branchial skeleton, including gill rakers, pharyngeal teeth, and branchial bones, serves as the primary site of food processing in most fish. Here we describe a protocol to dissect and flat-mount this internal skeleton in threespine sticklebacks. This method is also applicable to a variety of other fish species.

解剖やイトヨ鰓スケルトンのフラットマウント

The posterior pharyngeal segments of the vertebrate head give rise to the branchial skeleton, the primary site of food processing in fish. The morphology ...

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called the auditory bulla houses the ossicles, whereas the auditory capsule encloses the inner ear, namely the cochlea and semicircular canals. Murine ossicles are essential for hearing and thus of great interest to researchers in the field of otolaryngology, but their metabolism, development, and evolution are highly relevant to other fields. Altered bone metabolism can affect hearing function in adult mice, and various gene-deficient mice show changes in morphogenesis of auditory ossicles in utero. Although murine auditory ossicles are tiny, their manipulation is feasible if one understands their anatomical orientation and 3D structure. Here, we describe how to dissect the auditory bulla and capsule of postnatal mice and then isolate individual ossicles by removing part of the bulla. We also discuss how to embed the bulla and capsule in different orientations to generate paraffin or frozen sections suitable for preparation of longitudinal, horizontal, or frontal sections of the malleus. Finally, we enumerate anatomical differences between mouse and human auditory ossicles. These methods would be useful in analyzing pathological, developmental and evolutionary aspects of auditory ossicles and the middle ear in mice.

We present a protocol to isolate the auditory bulla, capsule, and ossicles from postnatal mice for whole mount and histological analysis.

生後マウスにおける聴覚ブラの解剖：中耳の骨の単離および組織学的解析

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called ...

Reverse Dissection and DiceCT Reveal Otherwise Hidden Data in the Evolution of the Primate Face

Facial expressions, or facial displays, of social or emotional intent are produced by many mammalian taxa as a means of visually communicating with conspecifics at a close range. These displays are achieved by contraction of the mimetic muscles, which are skeletal muscle attached to the dermis of the face. Reverse dissection, removing the full facial mask from the skull and approaching mimetic muscles in reverse, is an effective but destructive way of revealing the morphology of mimetic muscles but it is destructive. DiceCT is a novel mechanism for visualizing skeletal muscles, including mimetic muscles, and isolating individual muscle fascicles for quantitative measurement. Additionally, DiceCT provides a non-destructive mechanism for visualizing muscles. The combined techniques of reverse dissection and DiceCT can be used to assess the evolutionary morphology of mimetic musculature as well as potential contraction strength and velocity in these muscles. This study further demonstrates that DiceCT can be used to accurately and reliably visualize mimetic muscles as well as reverse dissection and provide a non-destructive method for sampling mimetic muscles.

Facial expressions are a mode of visual communication produced by mimetic muscles. Here, we present protocols for the novel techniques of reverse dissection and DiceCT to fully visualize and assess mimetic muscles. These combined techniques can examine both morphological and physiological aspects of mimetic musculature to determine functional aspects.

郭清と霊長類の顔の進化における DiceCT 明らかにする別の方法で非表示のデータを逆に

Facial expressions, or facial displays, of social or emotional intent are produced by many mammalian taxa as a means of visually communicating with ...