オーストラリア原子科学技術学会のサポートが認められています。 TCKはAINSE賞を受賞しました。エピ医学研究所は、国立保健オーストラリアの医学研究評議会（566559）でサポートされています。 LMは、メルボルン研究所（メルボルン大学）と医学のCRCの補助金によってサポートされています。モナッシュマイクロイメージング（博士スティーブンコーディとISKAカーマイケル）のサポートは、この仕事のための非常に貴重でした。 MMTは、国立衛生研究所から博士オルガSedelnikovaから専門家の援助とアドバイスに感謝しています。

組織<ol><li>最適な切削温度（OCT）コンパウンド4583で金型に組み込まれた肺組織は、、CMライカ1950クライオスタットを用いて、ポリ- L -リジンスライド上にマウントされている（5μm）を切片であった。 </li></ol>凍結サンプルは、マードック児童研究所で博士サイモンロールスロイスから得られた。肺組織は、未処理のBalb / cマウス由来とヒトの喘息6の病理学的特徴の多くを示す慢性アレルギー性気道疾患のマウスモデルから得られた。動物実験は科学的な目的のために実験動物の管理と利用の実践のためのオーストラリアのコードに準拠しているマードック児童研究所の動物倫理委員会によって定められたガイドラインおよび規制に準拠して行った。 <ol start="2"><li>セクションは、1時間室温で風乾させた。 </li></ol>免疫蛍光染色<ol><li>セクションは、2％（w / v）のリン酸のパラホルムアルデヒドで20分間緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）で固定した。 </li><li>のセクションでは、15分ごとにPBSで2回洗浄と平衡化した。 </li><li>セクションは10分ごとに、PBSで3回洗浄した20分間70％エタノール（-20℃に冷却）で処理した。 </li></ol>この時点で、スライドは最大2週間まで4℃で密閉容器で保存することができる。 <ol start="4"><li>セクションは10分ごとに、PBSで3回洗浄し、次いで新鮮PBS含む0.5％のTween - 20及び0.1％トリトンX - 100室温で1時間（PBS - TT）の8％BSAを含むPBSで調製された100μLでブロックされた。 すべてのインキュベーションは加湿染色トラフで実施した。 </li><li>セクションは、5分間PBS - TTで洗浄し、疎水性の境界は、パパニコロウペンを持つ組織の周囲にマークされました。 </li><li>過剰なバッファがオフチップを渡したされ、一次ウサギポリクローナル抗γH2AX抗体（PBS中の1％BSAで、1:500に希釈し、ミリポア）100μlのは、室温で2時間のインキュベーションのために各セクションに追加されました。 一次抗体とのインキュベーションを4℃で一晩実施されることがあります さらなる証拠を、γH2AX病巣がDSBのを表していること、DSBの修復のタンパク質を認識する一次抗体を使用してもよい。例えば、γH2AXとリン酸化ATMの共局在は、一般的に使用される組み合わせです。 </li><li>暗所で室温で1時間、セクションが各5分間PBS - TTで2回洗浄し、二次抗体液100μl（Invitrogen社のAlexa Fluor ® 488ヤギ抗ウサギIgGを1％BSAで、1:500に希釈）とともにインキュベートした。 （希釈した抗体は、プロシージャ全体で暗所で保管された）。 </li><li>セクションは、各5分間PBS - TTで3回洗浄し、37℃で30分のため0.5mg/mL RNアーゼA℃でインキュベートした。 </li><li>対比と取り付けの核はヨウ化プロピジウムを含むVectashieldの培地で行った。 </li><li>スライドはマニキュアで密封し、℃の暗所での分析の前に4℃で一晩保存した。 </li></ol>顕微鏡/分析<ol><li> （ - のAlexa Fluor ® 488ヤギ抗ウサギIgGγH2AXのため）とPI（543 nm）のレーザーツァイスLSM510のメタ共焦点顕微鏡は、標準的なGFPを使用して画像を取得するために使用されていました。 </li></ol>画像は、0.5μmのステップサイズとZシリーズのパターンで獲得されました。分析中に、個々の面は、デコンボリューションと巣の重複を最小限に抑えるために最大限の投影画像を生成するために積層した。 前の粒子数の最大値投影画像を作成する方法は、薄切片（例えば、5μm以下）を使用し、バックグラウンド染色はわずかですどこにされる状況でのみ使用する必要があります。ここで、重要なバックグラウンドを持つ厚いセクションがBolteとCordelieresで説明されているように、このような3Dオブジェクトカウンタなど、より複雑な分析を分析する必要があります（2006年）7を使用する必要があります。 <ol start="2"><li> Metamorph（Molecular Devices社、米国）は、病巣の数を定量するためにマージ（赤と緑）の画像を作成するために使用されました。 </li></ol> Metamorphが巣の数を定量化するために使用できますが、組織切片を使用して、通常、時病巣は、より高い精度のために（目で）手動でカウントされます。 興味の特定の細胞型は、インスタンスの肺上皮細胞のために、定量用に選択することができます。これは、組織学上及びヘマトキシリン​​及びエオシン染色連続切片への参照を持つ基づいて行われることがあります。

<ol>
	<li>Rogakou, E. P., Boon, C., Redon, C., Bonner, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Megabase+chromatin+domains+involved+in+DNA+double-strand+breaks+in+vivo.">Megabase chromatin domains involved in DNA double-strand breaks in vivo.</a> J. Cell Biol. 146, 905-916 (1999).</li><li>Bonner, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gamma+H2AX+and+cancer.">Gamma H2AX and cancer.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 8 (12), 957-967 (2008).</li><li>Dickey, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=H2AX:+functional+roles+and+potential+applications.">H2AX: functional roles and potential applications.</a> Chromosoma. 118 (6), 683-692 (2009).</li><li>Bhogal, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Late+residual+gamma-H2AX+foci+in+murine+skin+are+dose+responsive+and+predict+radiosensitivity+in+vivo.">Late residual gamma-H2AX foci in murine skin are dose responsive and predict radiosensitivity in vivo.</a> Radiat Res. 173 (1), 1-9 (2010).</li><li>Redon, C. E., Dickey, J. S., Bonner, W. M., Sedelnikova, O. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=gamma-H2AX+as+a+biomarker+of+DNA+damage+induced+by+ionizing+radiation+in+human+peripheral+blood+lymphocytes+and+artificial+skin.">gamma-H2AX as a biomarker of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes and artificial skin.</a> Adv Space Res. 43 (8), 1171-1178 (2009).</li><li>Locke, N. R., Royce, S. G., Wainewright, J. S., Samuel, C. S., Tang, M. L., L, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+airway+remodeling+in+acute,+subacute,+and+chronic+models+of+allergic+airways+disease.">Comparison of airway remodeling in acute, subacute, and chronic models of allergic airways disease.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 36 (5), 625-632 (2007).</li><li>Bolte, S. &. a. m. p. ;. a. m. p., Cordelieres, F. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guided+tour+into+subcellular+colocalization+analysis+in+light+microscopy.">A guided tour into subcellular colocalization analysis in light microscopy.</a> J Microsc. 224 (Pt 3), 213-232 (2006).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

このデモンストレーションの目的のために我々は、未処理のBalb / cマウスからと慢性アレルギー性​​気道疾患のマウスモデルからマウスの肺組織を使用する。我々は、未処理のセクションに比べて損傷した肺で観察されたわずかに高い平均で細胞あたりの巣の数の違いを定量。特に、定量はそれぞれ、未処理組織と慢性アレルギー性​​気道疾患の組織で、/セルあたり6.5巣および/セルあた...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>A7906</td>
<td>BSA (1%) is used to block any non-specific antibody binding. Primary and secondary antibodies are diluted in BSA.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PBS (without Ca2+ and Mg2+)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>17-517Q</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) Compound 4583</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
<td>4583</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Superfrost Plus</td>
<td>Polysine slides</td>
<td>Menzel-Gl&auml;ser, Germany</td>
<td>SF41296SP</td>
<td>Electrostatically attracts frozen tissue sections and reduces the need for additional coatings and adhesives.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Tween 20</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Calbiochem</td>
<td>655205</td>
<td>Tween 20 (0.5%), is a detergent to permeabilise cells</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Triton X-100</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>T8787</td>
<td>Triton X-100 (0.1%) used to permeabilise cells.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>158127</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-phospho-&gamma;H2AX (rabbit polyclonal antibody)</td>
<td>Primary Antibody</td>
<td>Upstate, USA</td>
<td>07-164</td>
<td>Dilution of primary antibody (1:500), in 1% BSA.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
<td>Secondary Antibody</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>A-11008</td>
<td>Dilution of secondary antibody (1:500), in 1% BSA.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ethanol (70%)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
<td>BSPEL316</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RNAse A</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Qiagen </td>
<td>19101</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vectashield PI</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
<td>H-1300</td>
<td>A glycerol based mounting medium containing propidium iodide (a red nuclear stain).This medium must be used with an oil based lense that matches its refractive index. 
Note: DNA stain commonly used: 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI). Can only be used with microscopes with the appropriate excitation laser.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mini PAP Pen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen, USA</td>
<td>008877</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Coverslips (22x50mm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Menzel-Gl&auml;ser, Germany</td>
<td>CS2250100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Coplin Jar, glass</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Grale Scientific P/L</td>
<td>1771-OG</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Staining Trough</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Grale Scientific P/L</td>
<td>V1991.99</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Zeiss LSM 510 Meta Confocal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CM Leica 1950 Cryostat</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Metamorph</td>
<td>Software for Imaging analysis</td>
<td>Molecular Devices, USA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

quantitation of &gamma;h2ax foci in tissue samples

DNA二本鎖切断（DSB）は、内因性（生理学的または病理学的）プロセスによって、または外因性の因子、特に電離放射線と放射線作用の化合物のいずれかによって発生する可能性、特に致命的と遺伝毒性病変、です。セリン- 139残基が、高度に保存されたC末端SQEYのモチーフで、γH2AXを形成し、DNA二本鎖切断に早い応答であるにH2Aヒストンバリアント、H2AXのリン酸化<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;。このリン酸化のイベントは、ホスファチジル - inosito 3 - キナーゼ（PI3K）タンパク質のファミリー、毛細血管拡張性運動失調変異（ATM）、DNA -プロテインキナーゼ触媒サブユニットとATMとRAD3関連によって媒介される（ATR）<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;。全体的に、離散的な核γH2AX巣の形成におけるDSBの誘導の結果は容易に検出し、免疫蛍光顕微鏡法で定量することができる<sup&gt; 2</sup&gt;。このマーカーのユニークな特異性と感度を考えると、γH2AX巣の分析は、特に、放射線生物学、核医学では、生物医学研究の幅広い用途につながっている。 γH2AX病巣の定量は、最も広く電離放射線誘発DSBがコンテキスト内で細胞培養系で検討されている。離れて細胞放射線感受性から、免疫蛍光ベースのアッセイはまた、放射線改質化合物の有効性を評価するために使用されています。さらに、γH2AXは様々なDSBを誘発する化合物の有効性を検討するための分子マーカーとして使用されており、最近では老化や病気の重要なマーカー、特にがんとして歓迎されている<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt;。さらに、免疫蛍光ベースの方法はγH2AX巣の検出および定量に合うように適応されている<em&gt;生体外で</em&gt;と<em&gt; in vivoで</em<sup&gt; 4,5</sup&gt;。ここで、我々はマウス組織におけるγH2AX巣の検出および定量するための典型的な蛍光抗体法を示しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitation of Î³H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples at JoVE.com

Quantitation of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

γH2AX巣に基づいてDNA二本鎖切断の定量は、組織の放射線感受性と放射線修正する化合物の作用の評価に、特に放射線の生物学では、非常に貴重なツールとなっています。ここでは、組織サンプルにおけるγH2AX病巣の定量のための免疫蛍光アッセイの使用方法を示しています。

組織サンプルのγH2AX病巣の定量

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly lethal and genotoxic lesions, that can arise either by endogenous (physiological or pathological) ...

quantitation-of-h2ax-foci-in-tissue-samples

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Quantitation of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

14.3K ビュー.  The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct. γH2AX巣に基づいてDNA二本鎖切断の定量は、組織の放射線感受性と放射線修正する化合物の作用の評価に、特に放射線の生物学では、非常に貴重なツールとなっています。ここでは、組織サンプルにおけるγH2AX病巣の定量のための免疫蛍光アッセイの使用方法を示しています。

ビデオ: Quantitation of &#947;H2AX Foci in Tissue Samples

Quantification of &gamma;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA lesions with respect to survival and preservation of genomic integrity. An early response to the induction of DSBs is phosphorylation of the H2A histone variant, H2AX, at the serine-139 residue, in the highly conserved C-terminal SQEY motif, forming &gamma;H2AX1. Following induction of DSBs, H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated by the phosphatidyl-inosito 3-kinase (PIKK) family of proteins, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-protein kinase catalytic subunit and ATM and RAD3-related (ATR)2. Typically, only a few base-pairs (bp) are implicated in a DSB, however, there is significant signal amplification, given the importance of chromatin modifications in DNA damage signalling and repair. Phosphorylation of H2AX mediated predominantly by ATM spreads to adjacent areas of chromatin, affecting approximately 0.03% of total cellular H2AX per DSB2,3. This corresponds to phosphorylation of approximately 2000 H2AX molecules spanning ~2 Mbp regions of chromatin surrounding the site of the DSB and results in the formation of discrete &gamma;H2AX foci which can be easily visualized and quantitated by immunofluorescence microscopy2. The loss of &gamma;H2AX at DSB reflects repair, however, there is some controversy as to what defines complete repair of DSBs; it has been proposed that rejoining of both strands of DNA is adequate however, it has also been suggested that re-instatement of the original chromatin state of compaction is necessary4-8. The disappearence of &gamma;H2AX involves at least in part, dephosphorylation by phosphatases, phosphatase 2A and phosphatase 4C5,6. Further, removal of &gamma;H2AX by redistribution involving histone exchange with H2A.Z has been implicated7,8. Importantly, the quantitative analysis of &gamma;H2AX foci has led to a wide range of applications in medical and nuclear research. Here, we demonstrate the most commonly used immunofluorescence method for evaluation of initial DNA damage by detection and quantitation of &gamma;H2AX foci in &gamma;-irradiated adherent human keratinocytes9.

Quantification of &amp;#947;H2AX Foci in Response to Ionising Radiation

Quantification of DNA double-strand streaks using &gamma;H2AX formation as a molecular marker has become an invaluable tool in radiation biology. Here we demonstrate the use of an immunofluorescence assay for quantification of &gamma;H2AX foci after exposure of cells to radiation.

電離放射線への応答でγH2AX病巣の定量化

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are induced by either endogenous metabolic processes or by exogenous sources, are one of the most critical DNA ...

生物学

NanoDrop Microvolume Quantitation of Nucleic Acids

Biomolecular assays are continually being developed that use progressively smaller amounts of material, often precluding the use of conventional cuvette-based instruments for nucleic acid quantitation for those that can perform microvolume quantitation.
The NanoDrop microvolume sample retention system (Thermo Scientific NanoDrop Products) functions by combining fiber optic technology and natural surface tension properties to capture and retain minute amounts of sample independent of traditional containment apparatus such as cuvettes or capillaries. Furthermore, the system employs shorter path lengths, which result in a broad range of nucleic acid concentration measurements, essentially eliminating the need to perform dilutions. Reducing the volume of sample required for spectroscopic analysis also facilitates the inclusion of additional quality control steps throughout many molecular workflows, increasing efficiency and ultimately leading to greater confidence in downstream results.
The need for high-sensitivity fluorescent analysis of limited mass has also emerged with recent experimental advances. Using the same microvolume sample retention technology, fluorescent measurements may be performed with 2 &mu;L of material, allowing fluorescent assays volume requirements to be significantly reduced. Such microreactions of 10 &mu;L or less are now possible using a dedicated microvolume fluorospectrometer.
Two microvolume nucleic acid quantitation protocols will be demonstrated that use integrated sample retention systems as practical alternatives to traditional cuvette-based protocols. First, a direct A260 absorbance method using a microvolume spectrophotometer is described. This is followed by a demonstration of a fluorescence-based method that enables reduced-volume fluorescence reactions with a microvolume fluorospectrometer. These novel techniques enable the assessment of nucleic acid concentrations ranging from 1 pg/ &mu;L to 15,000 ng/ &mu;L with minimal consumption of sample.

The use of NanoDrop microvolume systems as practical and efficient alternatives to traditional nucleic acid quantitation methodology is described through the demonstration of two microvolume nucleic acid quantitation protocols.

核酸の光度計微量定量

Biomolecular assays are continually being developed that use progressively smaller amounts of material, often precluding the use of conventional ...

Method for Measuring the Activity of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Cell Lines and Tissue Samples

The ubiquitin-proteasome system has recently been implicated in various pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In light of this, techniques for studying the regulatory mechanism of this system are essential to elucidating the cellular and molecular processes of the aforementioned diseases. The use of hemagglutinin derived ubiquitin probes outlined in this paper serves as a valuable tool for the study of this system. This paper details a method that enables the user to perform assays that give a direct visualization of deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Deubiquitinating enzymes control proteasomal degradation and share functional homology at their active sites, which allows the user to investigate the activity of multiple enzymes in one assay. Lysates are obtained through gentle mechanical cell disruption and incubated with active site directed probes. Functional enzymes are tagged with the probes while inactive enzymes remain unbound. By running this assay, the user obtains information on both the activity and potential expression of multiple deubiquitinating enzymes in a fast and easy manner. The current method is significantly more efficient than using individual antibodies for the predicted one hundred deubiquitinating enzymes in the human cell.

The current protocol details a method for measuring the activity of functionally homologous deubiquitinating enzymes. Specialized probes covalently modify the enzyme and allow for detection. This method holds the potential to identify new therapeutic targets.

細胞株および組織試料中の脱ユビキチン化酵素の活性を測定する方法

The ubiquitin-proteasome system has recently been implicated in various pathologies including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In light of this, ...

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This occurs when endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, become adhesive to circulating immune cells such as monocytes. In vitro measurement of this adhesiveness has until now been done by quantifying the total number of monocytes that adhere to an endothelial layer either as a direct count or by indirect measurement of the fluorescence of adherent monocytes. While such measurements do indicate the average adhesiveness of the endothelial cell population, they are confounded by a number of factors, such as cell number, and do not reveal the proportion of endothelial cells that are actually adhesive. Here we describe and demonstrate a method which allows the enumeration of adhesive cells within a tested population of endothelial monolayer. Endothelial cells are grown on glass coverslips and following desired treatment are challenged with monocytes (that may be fluorescently labeled). After incubation, a rinsing procedure, involving multiple rounds of immersion and draining, the cells are fixed. Adhesive endothelial cells, which are surrounded by monocytes are readily identified and enumerated, giving an adhesion index that reveals the actual proportion of endothelial cells within the population that are adhesive.

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

We report an in vitro method that allows the quantitation of the actual number of adhesive cells within an endothelial cell monolayer.

内皮細胞接着性の定量<em&gt;インビトロ</em

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This ...

Quantitation of Protein Expression and Co-localization Using Multiplexed Immuno-histochemical Staining and Multispectral Imaging

Immunohistochemistry is a commonly used clinical and research lab detection technique for investigating protein expression and localization within tissues. Many semi-quantitative systems have been developed for scoring expression using immunohistochemistry, but inherent subjectivity limits reproducibility and accuracy of results. Furthermore, the investigation of spatially overlapping biomarkers such as nuclear transcription factors is difficult with current immunohistochemistry techniques. We have developed and optimized a system for simultaneous investigation of multiple proteins using high throughput methods of multiplexed immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry is performed by sequential application of primary antibodies with secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase. Different chromogens are used to detect each protein of interest. Stained slides are loaded into an automated slide scanner and a protocol is created for automated image acquisition. A spectral library is created by staining a set of slides with a single chromogen on each. A subset of representative stained images are imported into multispectral imaging software and an algorithm for distinguishing tissue type is created by defining tissue compartments on images. Subcellular compartments are segmented by using hematoxylin counterstain and adjusting the intrinsic algorithm. Thresholding is applied to determine positivity and protein co-localization. The final algorithm is then applied to the entire set of tissues. Resulting data allows the user to evaluate protein expression based on tissue type (ex. epithelia vs. stroma) and subcellular compartment (nucleus vs. cytoplasm vs. plasma membrane). Co-localization analysis allows for investigation of double-positive, double-negative, and single-positive cell types. Combining multispectral imaging with multiplexed immunohistochemistry and automated image acquisition is an objective, high-throughput method for investigation of biomarkers within tissues.

Immunohistochemistry is a powerful lab technique for evaluating protein localization and expression within tissues. Current semi-automated methods for quantitation introduce subjectivity and often create irreproducible results. Herein, we describe methods for multiplexed immunohistochemistry and objective quantitation of protein expression and co-localization using multispectral imaging.

多重化された免疫組織化学染色およびマルチスペクトルイメージングを用いたタンパク質発現と共局在の定量

Immunohistochemistry is a commonly used clinical and research lab detection technique for investigating protein expression and localization within ...

Hybrid-Cut: An Improved Sectioning Method for Recalcitrant Plant Tissue Samples

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some plant cells have rigid cell walls, tough fibers and crystals (calcium oxalate, silica, etc.), and high water content that often disrupt tissue integrity during plant tissue sectioning.
This study establishes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method. This protocol modifies a paraffin-based sectioning technique and improves the integrity of tissue sections from different plants. Plant tissues were embedded in paraffin before sectioning in a cryostat at -16 &#176;C. Sectioning under low temperature hardened the paraffin blocks, reduced tearing and scratching, and improved tissue integrity significantly. This protocol was successfully applied to calcium oxalate-rich Phalaenopsis orchid tissues as well as recalcitrant tissues such as reproductive organs and leaves of rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, the high quality of tissue sections from Hybrid-Cut could be used in combination with in situ hybridization (ISH) to provide spatial expression patterns of genes of interest. In conclusion, this protocol is particularly useful for recalcitrant plant tissue containing high crystal or silica content. Good quality tissue sections enable morphological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method that is useful for recalcitrant plant tissues. Good quality tissue sections enable anatomical studies and other biological studies including in situ hybridization (ISH).

ハイブリッドカット：手に負えない植物組織試料のための改善されたセクショニング方法

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some ...

Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules

Cells are often challenged by sudden environmental changes. Stress Granules (SGs), cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that form in cells exposed to stress conditions, are implicated in various aspects of cell metabolism and survival. SGs modulate cellular signaling pathways, post-transcriptional gene expression, and stress response programs. The formation of these mRNA-containing granules is directly connected to cellular translation. SG assembly is triggered by inhibited translation initiation, and SG disassembly is promoted by translation activation or by inhibited translation elongation. This relationship is further highlighted by SG composition. Core SG components are stalled translation pre-initiation complexes, mRNA, and selected RNA-binding Proteins (RBPs). The purpose of SG assembly is to conserve cellular energy by sequestering translationally stalled housekeeping mRNAs, allowing for the enhanced translation of stress-responsive proteins. In addition to the core constituents, such as stalled translation preinitiation complexes, SGs contain a plethora of other proteins and signaling molecules. Defects in SG formation can impair cellular adaptation to stress and can thus promote cell death. SGs and similar RNA-containing granules have been linked to a number of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer, leading to the recent interest in classifying and defining RNA granule subtypes. This protocol describes assays to characterize and quantify mammalian SGs.

Stress Granules (SGs) are nonmembranous cytoplasmic structures that form in cells exposed to a variety of stresses. SGs contain mRNAs, RNA-binding proteins, small ribosomal subunits, translation-related factors, and various cell signaling proteins. This protocol describes a workflow that uses several experimental approaches to detect, characterize, and quantify bona fide SGs.

哺乳類のストレス顆粒としての細胞質叢を分類する方法

Cells are often challenged by sudden environmental changes. Stress Granules (SGs), cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein complexes that form in cells exposed to ...

Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA

Established approaches to estimate the number of ribonucleotides present in a genome are limited to the quantitation of incorporated ribonucleotides using short synthetic DNA fragments or plasmids as templates and then extrapolating the results to the whole genome. Alternatively, the number of ribonucleotides present in a genome may be estimated using alkaline gels or Southern blots. More recent in vivo approaches employ Next-generation sequencing allowing genome-wide mapping of ribonucleotides, providing the position and identity of embedded ribonucleotides. However, they do not allow quantitation of the number of ribonucleotides which are incorporated into a genome. Here we describe how to simultaneously map and quantitate the number of ribonucleotides which are incorporated into human mitochondrial DNA in vivo by Next-generation sequencing. We use highly intact DNA and introduce sequence specific double strand breaks by digesting it with an endonuclease, subsequently hydrolyzing incorporated ribonucleotides with alkali. The generated ends are ligated with adapters and these ends are sequenced on a Next-generation sequencing machine. The absolute number of ribonucleotides can be calculated as the number of reads outside the recognition site per average number of reads at the recognition site for the sequence specific endonuclease. This protocol may also be utilized to map and quantitate free nicks in DNA and allows adaption to map other DNA lesions that can be processed to 5&#180;-OH ends or 5&#180;-phosphate ends. Furthermore, this method can be applied to any organism, given that a suitable reference genome is available. This protocol therefore provides an important tool to study DNA replication, 5&#180;-end processing, DNA damage, and DNA repair.

Here we describe a method amenable to simultaneously quantitate and genome-wide map ribonucleotides in highly intact DNA at single-nucleotide resolution, combining enzymatic cleavage of genomic DNA with its alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent 5&#180;-end sequencing.

同時マッピングとヒトのミトコンドリア DNA のリボヌクレオチドの定量

Established approaches to estimate the number of ribonucleotides present in a genome are limited to the quantitation of incorporated ribonucleotides using ...

Comprehensive Workflow of Mass Spectrometry-based Shotgun Proteomics of Tissue Samples

Recent advances in mass spectrometry have resulted in deep proteomic&#160;analysis along with the generation of&#160;robust and&#160;reproducible datasets. However, despite the considerable technical advancements, sample preparation from biospecimens such as patient blood, CSF, and tissue still poses considerable challenges. For identifying biomarkers, tissue proteomics often provides an attractive sample source to translate the research findings from the bench to the clinic. It can reveal potential candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, Parkinson&#39;s disease, etc. Tissue proteomics also yields a wealth of systemic information based on the abundance of proteins and helps to address interesting biological questions.
Quantitative proteomics analysis can be grouped into two broad categories: a label-based and a label-free approach. In the label-based approach, proteins or peptides are labeled using stable isotopes such as SILAC (stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture) or by chemical tags such as ICAT (isotope-coded affinity tags), TMT (tandem mass tag) or iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation). Label-based approaches have the advantage of more accurate quantitation of proteins and using isobaric labels, multiple samples can be analyzed in a single experiment. The label-free approach provides a cost-effective alternative to label-based approaches. Hundreds of patient samples belonging to a particular cohort can be analyzed and compared with other cohorts based on clinical features. Here, we have described an optimized quantitative proteomics workflow for tissue samples using label-free and label-based proteome profiling methods, which is crucial for applications in life sciences, especially biomarker discovery-based projects.

The described protocol provides an optimized quantitative proteomics analysis of tissue samples using two approaches: label-based and label free quantitation. Label-based approaches have the advantage of more accurate quantitation of proteins, while a label-free approach is more cost-effective and used to analyze hundreds of samples of a cohort.

組織サンプルの質量分析ベースのショットガンプロテオミクスの包括的ワークフロー

Recent advances in mass spectrometry have resulted in deep proteomic&#160;analysis along with the generation of&#160;robust and&#160;reproducible ...

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy (SBF-SEM) of Biological Tissue Samples

Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) allows for the collection of hundreds to thousands of serially-registered ultrastructural images, offering an unprecedented three-dimensional view of tissue microanatomy. While SBF-SEM has seen an exponential increase in use in recent years, technical aspects such as proper tissue preparation and imaging parameters are paramount for the success of this imaging modality. This imaging system benefits from the automated nature of the device, allowing one to leave the microscope unattended during the imaging process, with the automated collection of hundreds of images possible in a single day. However, without appropriate tissue preparation cellular ultrastructure can be altered in such a way that incorrect or misleading conclusions might be drawn. Additionally, images are generated by scanning the block-face of a resin-embedded biological sample and this often presents challenges and considerations that must be addressed. The accumulation of electrons within the block during imaging, known as "tissue charging," can lead to a loss of contrast and an inability to appreciate cellular structure. Moreover, while increasing electron beam intensity/voltage or decreasing beam-scanning speed can increase image resolution, this can also have the unfortunate side effect of damaging the resin block and distorting subsequent images in the imaging series. Here we present a routine protocol for the preparation of biological tissue samples that preserves cellular ultrastructure and diminishes tissue charging. We also provide imaging considerations for the rapid acquisition of high-quality serial-images with minimal damage to the tissue block.

Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy SBF-SEM of Biological Tissue Samples

This protocol outlines a routine method for using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), a powerful 3D imaging technique. Successful application of SBF-SEM hinges on proper fixation and tissue staining techniques, as well as careful consideration of imaging settings. This protocol contains practical considerations for the entirety of this process.

生体組織試料のシリアルブロック顔走査電子顕微鏡(SBF-SEM)

Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) allows for the collection of hundreds to thousands of serially-registered ultrastructural images, ...