出血性ショックGM053789の資金源/ナンバー分子生物学

<ol>
	<li>DeCamp, M. M., Demling, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Posttraumatic+multisystem+organ+failure.">Posttraumatic multisystem organ failure.</a> JAMA. 260, 530-534 (1988).</li><li>Deitch, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+organ+failure.+Pathophysiology+and+potential+future+therapy.">Multiple organ failure. Pathophysiology and potential future therapy.</a> Ann Surg. 216, 117-134 (1992).</li><li>Carrico, C. J., Meakins, J. L., Marshall, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+organ+failure+syndrome.">Multiple organ failure syndrome.</a> Arch Surg. 121, 196-208 (1986).</li><li>Hauser, C. J., Joshi, P., Jones, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+natural+killer+cell+activity+in+patients+with+fracture/soft+tissue+injury.">Suppression of natural killer cell activity in patients with fracture/soft tissue injury.</a> Arch Surg. 132, 1326-1330 (1997).</li><li>Faist, E., Baue, A. E., Dittmer, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+organ+failure+in+polytrauma+patients.">Multiple organ failure in polytrauma patients.</a> J Trauma. 23, 775-787 (1983).</li><li>Baker, C. C., Oppenheimer, L., Stephens, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+trauma+deaths.">Epidemiology of trauma deaths.</a> Am J Surg. 140, 144-150 (1980).</li><li>Faist, E., Kupper, T. S., Bakeer, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depression+of+cellular+immunity+after+major+injury+its+association+with+posttraumatic+complications+and+its+reversal+with+immunomodulation.">Depression of cellular immunity after major injury its association with posttraumatic complications and its reversal with immunomodulation.</a> Arch Surg. 121, 1000-1005 (1986).</li><li>Lenz, A., Franklin, G. A., Cheadle, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+inflammation+after+trauma.">Systemic inflammation after trauma.</a> Injury. 38, 1336-1345 (2007).</li><li>Flohe, S., Flohe, S. B., Schade, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+response+of+severely+injured+patients--influence+of+surgical+intervention+and+therapeutic+impact.">Immune response of severely injured patients--influence of surgical intervention and therapeutic impact.</a> Lang Arch Surg. 392, 639-648 (2007).</li><li>Ayala, A., Wang, P., Ba, Z. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+alterations+in+plasma+IL-6+and+TNF+levels+after+trauma+and+hemorrhage.">Differential alterations in plasma IL-6 and TNF levels after trauma and hemorrhage.</a> Am J Physiol. 260, R167-R171 (1991).</li><li>Kalicke, T., Schlegel, U., Printzen, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+a+standardized+closed+soft+tissue+trauma+on+resistance+to+local+infection.+An+experimental+study+in+rats.">Influence of a standardized closed soft tissue trauma on resistance to local infection. An experimental study in rats.</a> J Ortho Res. 21, 373-378 (2003).</li><li>Kobbe, P., Vodovotz, Y., Kaczorowski, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+fracture+associated+soft+tissue+injury+in+the+induction+of+sytemic+inflammation+and+remote+organ+dysfunction+after+bilateral+femur+fracture.">The role of fracture associated soft tissue injury in the induction of sytemic inflammation and remote organ dysfunction after bilateral femur fracture.</a> J Ortho Trauma. 22, 385-390 (2008).</li><li>Kobbe, P., Vodovotz, Y., Kaczorwoski, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pattern+of+cytokine+release+and+evolution+of+remote+organ+dysfunction+after+bilateral+femur+fracture.">Pattern of cytokine release and evolution of remote organ dysfunction after bilateral femur fracture.</a> Shock. 30, 43-47 (2008).</li><li>Flohe, S. B., Flohe, S., Schade, F. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deterioration+of+the+immune+system+after+trauma:+signals+and+cellular+mechanisms.">Deterioration of the immune system after trauma: signals and cellular mechanisms.</a> Inn. Immun. 14, 333-344 (2008).</li><li>Maier, B., LeFering, R., Lhenert, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+versus+late+onset+of+multiple+organ+failure+is+associated+with+differing+patterns+of+plasma+cytokine+biomarker+expression+and+outcome+after+severe+trauma.">Early versus late onset of multiple organ failure is associated with differing patterns of plasma cytokine biomarker expression and outcome after severe trauma.</a> Shock. 28, 668-674 (2007).</li><li>Mestas, J., Hughes, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Of+mice+not+men:+differences+between+mouse+and+human+immunology.">Of mice not men: differences between mouse and human immunology.</a> J. Immunol. 172, 2731-2738 (2004).</li><li>Hoth, J. J., Wells, J. D., Brownlee, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll+like+receptor+4-dependent+responses+to+lung+injury+in+a+murine+model+of+pulmonary+contusion.">Toll like receptor 4-dependent responses to lung injury in a murine model of pulmonary contusion.</a> Shock. 31, 376-381 (2009).</li><li>Matsutani, T., Samy, A. n. a. n. t. h. a., Rue, T. S., W, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+prolactin-/-+mice:+effect+of+trauma-hemorrhage+on+splenocyte+functions.">Transgenic prolactin-/- mice: effect of trauma-hemorrhage on splenocyte functions.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 288, 1109-1116 (2005).</li><li>Matsutani, T., Samy, A. n. a. n. t. h. a., Kang, T. S., S-C, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+genetic+background+influences+severity+of+immune+responses+following+trauma-hemorrhage.">Mouse genetic background influences severity of immune responses following trauma-hemorrhage.</a> Cytokine. 30, 168-117 (2005).</li><li>Tsukamoto, T., Pape, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+trauma+research:+What+are+the+options.">Animal models for trauma research: What are the options.</a> Shock. 31, 3-10 (2008).</li><li>DeMaria, E. J., Pellicane, J. V., Lee, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemorrhagic+shock+in+endotoxin+resistant+mice+:+Improved+survival+unrelated+to+deficient+production+of+tumor+necrosis+factor.">Hemorrhagic shock in endotoxin resistant mice : Improved survival unrelated to deficient production of tumor necrosis factor.</a> J Trauma. 35, 720-724 (1993).</li><li>Jamsa, T., Jalovaara, P., Peng, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+three-point+bending+test+and+peripheral+quantitative+computed+tomography+analysis+in+the+evaluation+of+the+strength+of+mouse+femur.">Comparison of three-point bending test and peripheral quantitative computed tomography analysis in the evaluation of the strength of mouse femur.</a> Bone. 23, 155-161 (1998).</li><li>Bounarens, F., Einhorn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+a+standard+closed+fracture+in+laboratory+animal+bone.">Production of a standard closed fracture in laboratory animal bone.</a> J Ortho Res. 2, 97-101 (1984).</li><li>Holstein, J. H., Menger, M. D., Culemann, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+locking+femur+nail+for+mice.">Development of a locking femur nail for mice.</a> J Biomech. 40, 215-219 (2007).</li><li>Holstein, J. H., Garcia, P., Histing, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+establishment+of+defined+mouse+models+for+the+study+of+fracture+healing+and+bone+regeneration.">Advances in the establishment of defined mouse models for the study of fracture healing and bone regeneration.</a> J Orthop Trauma. 23, S31-S38 (2009).</li><li>Histing, T., Garcia, P., Matthys, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+internal+locking+plate+to+study+intramembranous+bone+healing+in+a+mouse+femur+fracture+model.">An internal locking plate to study intramembranous bone healing in a mouse femur fracture model.</a> J Orthop Research. 28, 397-402 .</li><li>Manigrasso, M. B., O'Connor, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+closed+femur+fracture+model+in+mice.">Characterization of a closed femur fracture model in mice.</a> J Ortho Trauma. 18, 687-695 (2004).</li><li>Mark, H., Bergholm, J., Nilsson, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+external+fixation+method+and+device+to+study+fracture+healing+in+rats.">An external fixation method and device to study fracture healing in rats.</a> Acta Orthop Scand. 74, 476-487 (2003).</li><li>Bhandari, M., Shanghnessy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+minimally+invasive+percutaneous+technique+of+intramedullary+nail+insertion+in+an+animal+model+of+fracture+healing.">A minimally invasive percutaneous technique of intramedullary nail insertion in an animal model of fracture healing.</a> Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 121, 591-593 (2001).</li><li>Sonanis, S. V., Lampard, A. L., Kamat, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+technique+to+remove+a+bent+femoral+intramedullary+nail+and+broken+interlocking+screw.">A simple technique to remove a bent femoral intramedullary nail and broken interlocking screw.</a> J Trauma. 63, 435-438 (2007).</li><li>Kobbe, P., Kaczorwoski, D. J., Vodovotz, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+exposure+of+bone+components+to+injured+soft+tissue+induces+Toll-like+receptor+4-dependent+systemic+inflammation+with+acute+lung+injury.">Local exposure of bone components to injured soft tissue induces Toll-like receptor 4-dependent systemic inflammation with acute lung injury.</a> Shock. 30, 686-691 (2008).</li><li>Bumann, M., Henke, T., Gerngross, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+haemorrhagic+shock+on+fracture+healing.">Influence of haemorrhagic shock on fracture healing.</a> Lang Arch Surg. 388, 331-338 (2003).</li><li>Santry, H. P., Alam, H. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluid+resuscitation:+past,+present,+and+the+future.">Fluid resuscitation: past, present, and the future.</a> Shock. 33, 229-241 (2010).</li><li>Hierholzer, C., Billiar, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+in+the+early+phase+of+hemorrhagic+shock.">Molecular mechanisms in the early phase of hemorrhagic shock.</a> Lang Arch Surg. 386, 302-308 (2001).</li><li>Chaudry, I., Ayala, A., Ertel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemorrhage+and+resuscitation:+immunological+aspects.">Hemorrhage and resuscitation: immunological aspects.</a> Am J Physiol. 259, 63-678 (1990).</li><li>Kawasaki, T., Hubbard, W. J., Choudhry, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trauma-hemorrhage+induces+depressed+splenic+dendritic+cell+functions+in+mice.">Trauma-hemorrhage induces depressed splenic dendritic cell functions in mice.</a> J Immunol. 177, 4514-4520 (2006).</li><li>Kohut, L., Darwiche, S. S., Frank, A. M., Brumfield, J. M., Billiar, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixed+volume+or+Fixed+Pressure:+A+Murine+Model+of+Hemorrhgaic+Shock.">Fixed volume or Fixed Pressure: A Murine Model of Hemorrhgaic Shock.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Menzel, C. L., Pfeifer, R., Darwiche, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+lower+extremity+damage+in+mice:+time+course+of+organ+damage+and+immune+response.">Models of lower extremity damage in mice: time course of organ damage and immune response.</a> J Surg Res. 166, e149-e156 (2011).</li><li>Pfeifer, R., Kobbe, P., Darwiche, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+hemorrhage+in+the+induction+of+systemic+inflammation+and+remote+organ+damage:+Analysis+of+combined+pseudo-fracture+and+hemorrhagic+shock.">Role of hemorrhage in the induction of systemic inflammation and remote organ damage: Analysis of combined pseudo-fracture and hemorrhagic shock.</a> J Orthop Res. 29, 270-274 (2011).</li></ol>

動物実験は動物実験によって定められたガイドラインおよび規制に準拠して行われ、ピッツバーグ大学、AALAS / AAALAC認定機関の委員会と研究の行動規範とコンプライアンスオフィスを使用していた。動物の源は、ジャクソン研究所とチャールズ川の研究所などがあります。すべての動物が豊富な健康上の各ベンダーを通して保証だけでなく、ピッツバーグの内部の動物の健康監視プログラムの大学を受ける。この研究は、脊椎動物、動物の使用に関する米国政府のプリンシパルに準拠して実施しています。プログラムは、USDAに登録され、実験動物の福祉の公衆衛生サービス局に保証の手紙を持っています。

偽骨折、無菌筋骨格系の外傷の再現性のマウスモデルでは、外傷後の免疫応答の評価することができます。偽骨折モデルは、免疫学的に長骨の骨折の特徴のレクリエーションを通じて四肢の骨折の環境を模倣しています：傷ついた筋肉や軟組織が ​​ネイティブ骨を壊すことなく、損傷した骨や骨髄にさらされている38,39二相性の免疫応答は、以下の見ることができます。 48時間前?...

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Surgical blue pad</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>50-7105</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sterile Field dressings</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>NC9517505</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Circulating heating pad 18"x26"</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Harvard</td>
<td>py872-5272</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hot bead instrument sterilizer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>11156-002</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Stainless steel tray 8" x 11"</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>62687-049</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Plexiglass boards (10x15x0.5cm) </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>University of Pittsburgh Machine shop</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tape rolls 1"</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Corporate Express</td>
<td>MMM26001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50cc conical tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Straight side wide mouth jars (used as cap for nose cone)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>159000-058</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Oster A5 clippers w. size 40 blade</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>10749-020</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Surgical scissors (straight &#x2013; 12cm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>14068-12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hemostats curved -18cm</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Harvard</td>
<td>81331718</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps (0.8mm-tip, curved-10cm)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>11050-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gauze 4"x4"</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1.5cc microfuge tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ice bucket</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Mortar and Pestle </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>12-961AA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1cc syringe w/ 25G needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>14-826-88</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>20G needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1mL pipetteman</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1mL pipette tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>can be purchased through any global vendor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Falcon polystyrene 8ml tubes </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>60819-331</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sterilization pouch 3"x8"</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>24008</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sterilization pouch 5"x10"</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>24010</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MacConkey II Agar plate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Biosciences</td>
<td>221172</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ethyl Alcohol - 200 proof </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pharmaco-AAPER</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>[70%]</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pentobarbital Sodium (Nembutol Sodium Solution)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ovation </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>70mg/kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Aerrane (Isoflurane)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Baxter </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>99.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Triadine Povidone Iodine (Betadine)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Triad disposables</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Buprenorphine HCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bedford Laboratories</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.1mg/kg</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

pseudofracture: an acute peripheral tissue trauma model

外傷に続いて多臓器不全と外傷患者の高い死亡率につながることができる初期のハイパー反応性炎症反応があり、この応答は、しばしば感染症の臨床的合併症を追加する遅延免疫抑制を伴っているとも死亡率を増加させることができる1-9。多くの研究は、外傷に続く免疫系の反応性にこれらの変化を評価し始めている。10-15 免疫応答に関与する分子経路を評価するために詳細な調査で、これらの株の援助16から21、免疫学的研究は大幅にin vivoでのモデリングで使用可能なトランスジェニックやノックアウトマウスのさまざまなを介してサポートされています。 マウスでは骨折固定技術は、複雑で簡単に再現できないことができるように実験的なマウス外傷のモデリングにおける課題は、長期的な調査です。22から30 動物の移動の自由と麻酔の継続的、長期使用せずに長期生存を可能にしながらこの偽骨折モデル、簡単に再現外傷モデルでは、免疫学的に四肢の骨折の環境を模倣することで、これらの困難を克服しています。目的は、長骨の骨折の特徴を再現することです。負傷筋肉や軟組織がネイティブ骨を壊すことなく、損傷した骨や骨髄にさらされている。 後肢に二国間の筋肉の挫滅、これらの負傷者の筋肉に骨液の注入に続いて：偽骨折モデルは、2つの部分から成ります。骨のソリューションは、年齢と体重をマッチさせた同系ドナーの両方後肢から長骨を採取することによって調製される。これらの骨は、粉砕し、リン酸に再懸濁されている骨のソリューションを作成するために緩衝生理食塩水。 二国間の大腿骨骨折は、四肢の外傷の一般的に使用されると十分に確立されたモデルであり、偽骨折モデルの開発中に比較モデルでした。我々は無菌まだ比例して重篤な末梢組織の外傷のモデルを望んでいたとして、利用可能な骨折モデルの様々の中で、我々は、偽骨折に対する我々の比較などの軟部組織損傷と骨折の閉鎖法を使用することにしました。31 出血性ショック、重度の外傷の設定で一般的な所見であり、グローバルな血流低下は、外傷のモデルに非常に関連する要素を追加します。32〜36偽骨折モデルは容易に高い重症の多発外傷モデルの出血性ショックモデルと組み合わせることができます。 。。37

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pseudofracture: An Acute Peripheral Tissue Trauma Model at JoVE.com

Pseudofracture: An Acute Peripheral Tissue Trauma Model

偽骨折、無菌筋骨格系の外傷の再現性のマウスモデルは、後期長期外傷後の免疫応答の評価することができます。この記事では、複数の外傷の研究を可能にするために実験モデルの組み合わせの可能性を含む、ステップごとのモデルの段階の手続きの実行を、説明します。

偽骨折：急性末梢組織外傷モデル

Following trauma there is an early hyper-reactive inflammatory response that can lead to multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality in trauma patients; ...

pseudofracture-an-acute-peripheral-tissue-trauma-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

14.7K ビュー.  University of Pittsburgh. 偽骨折、無菌筋骨格系の外傷の再現性のマウスモデルは、後期長期外傷後の免疫応答の評価することができます。この記事では、複数の外傷の研究を可能にするために実験モデルの組み合わせの可能性を含む、ステップごとのモデルの段階の手続きの実行を、説明します。

ビデオ: Pseudofracture: An Acute Peripheral Tissue Trauma Model

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Carbon dioxide (CO2) along with oxygen (O2) share the role of being the most important gases in the human body. The measuring of expired CO2 at the mouth has solicited growing clinical interest among physicians in the emergency department for various indications: (1) surveillance et monitoring of the intubated patient; (2) verification of the correct positioning of an endotracheal tube; (3) monitoring of a patient in cardiac arrest; (4) achieving normocapnia in intubated head trauma patients; (5) monitoring ventilation during procedural sedation. The video allows physicians to familiarize themselves with the use of capnography and the text offers a review of the theory and principals involved. In particular, the importance of CO2 for the organism, the relevance of measuring expired CO2, the differences between arterial and expired CO2, the material used in capnography with their artifacts and traps, will be reviewed. Since the main reluctance in the use of expired CO2 measurement is due to lack of correct knowledge concerning the physiopathology of CO2 by the physician, we hope that this explanation and the video sequences accompanying will help resolve this limitation.

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

This video describes how to perform CO2 measurement in intubated as well as spontaneously breathing patients. The main clinical indications refer to emergency situations: (1) verifying adequate positioning of an endotracheal tube; (2) achieving normocapnia in trauma patients; (3) monitoring ventilation in the case of procedural sedation.

期限切れのCO 2</sub救急部から気管挿管または自発呼吸患者の>の測定

Carbon dioxide (CO2) along with oxygen (O2) share the role of being the most important gases in the human body. The measuring of expired CO2 at the mouth ...

医学

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

競争力のあるマウス骨髄移植モデルにおけるドナー細胞の生着を​​決定するために、定量的リアルタイムPCRを用いて

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no effective treatment for it yet. Limitations of currently used animal models impede understanding of the pathology mechanism. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying cells and tissues within intact animal brains longitudinally under physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we describe two models of acute brain injury studied by means of two-photon imaging of brain cell behavior under posttraumatic conditions. A selected brain region is injured with a sharp needle to produce a trauma of a controlled width and depth in the brain parenchyma. Our method uses stereotaxic prick with a syringe needle, which can be combined with simultaneous drug application. We propose that this method can be used as an advanced tool to study cellular mechanisms of pathophysiological consequences of acute trauma in mammalian brain in vivo. In this video, we combine acute brain injury with two preparations: cranial window and skull thinning. We also discuss advantages and limitations of both preparations for multisession imaging of brain regeneration after trauma.

Acute brain trauma is a severe injury that has no adequate treatment to date. Multiphoton microscopy allows studying longitudinally the process of acute brain trauma development and probing therapeutical strategies in rodents. Two models of acute brain trauma studied with in vivo two-photon imaging of brain are demonstrated in this protocol.

縦二光子イメージングに続いてマウスの急性脳外傷

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no ...

Ischemic Tissue Injury in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber of the Mouse: A Skin Flap Model to Investigate Acute Persistent Ischemia

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are still occurring, particularly in reconstructive flap surgery. Multiple experimental flap models have been developed to analyze underlying causes and mechanisms and to investigate treatment strategies to prevent ischemic complications. The limiting factor of most models is the lacking possibility to directly and repetitively visualize microvascular architecture and hemodynamics. The goal of the protocol was to present a well-established mouse model affiliating these before mentioned lacking elements. Harder et al. have developed a model of a musculocutaneous flap with a random perfusion pattern that undergoes acute persistent ischemia and results in ~50% necrosis after 10 days if kept untreated. With the aid of intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy, this chamber model allows repetitive visualization of morphology and hemodynamics in different regions of interest over time. Associated processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, microvascular leakage and angiogenesis can be investigated and correlated to immunohistochemical and molecular protein assays. To date, the model has proven feasibility and reproducibility in several published experimental studies investigating the effect of pre-, peri- and postconditioning of ischemically challenged tissue.

The window of the murine dorsal skinfold chamber presented visualizes a zone of acute persistent ischemia of a musculocutaneous flap. Intravital epi-fluorescence microscopy permits for direct and repetitive assessment of the microvasculature and quantification of hemodynamics. Morphologic and hemodynamic results can further be correlated with histological and molecular analyses.

マウスの背部皮脂商工における虚血性組織損傷：皮膚弁モデル急性永続虚血を調査する

Despite profound expertise and advanced surgical techniques, ischemia-induced complications ranging from wound breakdown to extensive tissue necrosis are ...

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical procedures. The majority of animal models used to study HO rely on the application of exogenous substances, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), exogenous cell constructs, or genetic mutations in BMP signaling. While these models are useful they do not accurately reproduce the inflammatory states that cause the majority of cases of HO. Here we describe a burn/tenotomy model in mice that reliably produces focused HO. This protocol involves creating a 30% total body surface area partial thickness contact burn on the dorsal skin as well as division of the Achilles tendon at its midpoint. Relying solely on traumatic injury to induce HO at a predictable location allows for time-course study of endochondral heterotopic bone formation from intrinsic physiologic processes and environment only. This method could prove instrumental in understanding the inflammatory and osteogenic pathways involved in trauma-induced HO. Furthermore, because HO develops in a predictable location and time-course in this model, it allows for research to improve early imaging strategies and treatment modalities to prevent HO formation.

An Achilles tenotomy and burn injury model of heterotopic ossification allows for the reliable study of trauma induced ectopic bone formation without the application of exogenous factors.

直接マウストラウマ/異所性骨化のモデルバーン

Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the formation of bone outside of the skeleton which forms following major trauma, burn injuries, and orthopaedic surgical ...

An Acute Retinal Model for Evaluating Blood Retinal Barrier Breach and Potential Drugs for Treatment

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful model system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach. An inflammatory factor, histamine, is demonstrated to compromise vessel integrity in the cultured retina through positive staining of IgG outside of the blood vessels. The effects of histamine itself and those of candidate drugs for potential treatments, such as lipoxin A4, are assessed using three parameters: blood vessel leakage via IgG immunostaining, activation of M&#252;ller cells via GFAP staining and change in neuronal dendrites through staining for MAP2. Furthermore, the layered organization of the retina allows a detailed analysis of the processes of M&#252;ller and ganglion cells, such as changes in width and continuity. While the data presented is with swine retinal culture, the system is applicable to multiple species. Thus, the model provides a reliable tool to investigate the early effects of compromised retinal vessel integrity on different cell types and also to evaluate potential drug candidates for treatment.

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach induced by histamine. Blood vessel leakage, M&#252;ller cell activation and the continuity of neuronal processes are utilized to assess the damage response and its reversal with a potential drug, lipoxin A4.

治療のために血液網膜関門の違反と潜在的な薬を評価するための急性網膜モデル

A low-cost, easy-to-use and powerful model system is established to evaluate potential treatments that could ameliorate blood retinal barrier breach. An ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

最大急性非致死肺損傷における急性肺損傷の結果のオープン気管切開胃酸吸引マウスモデル

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent evidence indicates a potential inflammatory component of the disease, with both T-cells and monocytes/macrophages potentially associated with the pathogenesis of OA. Further studies postulated an important role for subsets of both inflammatory cell lineages, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, and M1, M2, and synovium-tissue-resident macrophages. However, the interaction between the local synovial and systemic inflammatory cellular response and the structural changes in the joint is unknown. To fully understand how T-cells and monocytes/macrophages contribute towards OA, it is important to be able to quantitively identify these cells and their subsets simultaneously in synovial tissue, secondary lymphatic organs and systemically (the spleen and bone marrow). Nowadays, the different inflammatory cell subsets can be identified by a combination of cell-surface markers making multi-color flow cytometry a powerful technique in investigating these cellular processes. In this protocol, we describe detailed steps regarding the harvest of synovial tissue and secondary lymphatic organs as well as generation of single cell suspensions. Furthermore, we present both an extracellular staining assay to identify monocytes/macrophages and their subsets as well as an extra- and intra-cellular staining assay to identify T-cells and their subsets within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue. Each step of this protocol was optimized and tested, resulting in a highly reproducible assay that can be utilized for other surgical and non-surgical OA mouse models.

Here, we describe a detailed and reproducible flow cytometry protocol to identify monocyte/macrophage and T-cell subsets using both extra- and intracellular staining assays within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue, utilizing an established surgical model of murine osteoarthritis.

変形性関節症モデルにおけるマウス脾臓、骨髄、リンパ節および滑膜組織における免疫細胞サブセットのフローサイトメトリー解析

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent ...

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death in critically ill patients, and there is an urgent need to find effective therapies. Preclinical studies have shown that inhaled halogenated agents may have beneficial effects in animal models of ARDS. The development of new devices to administer halogenated agents using modern intensive care unit (ICU) ventilators has significantly simplified the dispensing of halogenated agents to ICU patients. Because previous experimental and clinical research suggested potential benefits of halogenated volatiles, such as sevoflurane or isoflurane, for lung alveolar epithelial injury and inflammation, two pathophysiologic landmarks of diffuse alveolar damage during ARDS, we designed an animal model to understand the mechanisms of the effects of halogenated agents on lung injury and repair. After general anesthesia, tracheal intubation, and the initiation of mechanical ventilation, ARDS was induced in piglets via the intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid. Then, the piglets were sedated with inhaled sevoflurane or isoflurane using an ICU-type device, and the animals were ventilated with lung-protective mechanical ventilation during a 4 h period. During the study period, blood and alveolar samples were collected to evaluate arterial oxygenation, the permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, alveolar fluid clearance, and lung inflammation. Mechanical ventilation parameters were also collected throughout the experiment. Although this model induced a marked decrease in arterial oxygenation with altered alveolar-capillary permeability, it is reproducible and is characterized by a rapid onset, good stability over time, and no fatal complications.
We have developed a piglet model of acid aspiration that reproduces most of the physiological, biological, and pathological features of clinical ARDS, and it will be helpful to further our understanding of the potential lung-protective effects of halogenated agents delivered through devices used for inhaled ICU sedation.

We describe a model of hydrochloric acid-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in piglets receiving sedation with halogenated agents, isoflurane and sevoflurane, through a device used for inhaled intensive care sedation. This model can be used to investigate the biological mechanisms of halogenated agents on lung injury and repair.

集中治療室型装置による急性呼吸窮迫症候群の豚モデルにおけるハロゲン化剤の送達

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common cause of hypoxemic respiratory failure and death in critically ill patients, and there is an urgent ...