このプロトコルは、グリアや血管組織の汚染の最小化と軸索原形質分離が可能になります。メソッドは、単一の80〜10週齢のWistar系ラットあたり約70から100μgのトータル軸索原形質のタンパク質が得られます。 1。坐骨神経を解剖<ol><li>頸椎脱臼が続くCO 2吸入による2匹のラットを安楽死させる。最初の切開の前にハートビートの欠如のために触診によって死を確認してください。 </li><li>綿棒を70％エタノールで清エリア。 </li><li>皮膚を切り取り、別の筋肉や血管を損傷することなく、慎重にハサミとピンセットを使って坐骨神経を分離。各動物の両方から坐骨神経を（約1.5cmごとに）摘出し、氷上に置き、500μLのPBS 0.2 × +阻害剤とエッペンドルフのすべての4つの神経を、集める。 </li><li> PBS 0.2 × +プロテアーゼ阻害剤の少なくとも2 mLを含むプラスチック製の皿に神経セグメントを転送する。 </li><li>双眼鏡、スコープの下に微細な鉗子を用いて神経から神経上膜を取​​り除く。彼らが白濁するまで非常に慎重に束を分離し、液の表面に浮くし始める。それは（神経あたり10分以上を服用していない）を迅速かつ正確に実行できるまで、このステップは実施されるべきである。 </li></ol> 2。インキュベーション、洗浄および溶出<ol><li>転送は、室温で2時間インキュベーションするためのプロテアーゼ阻害剤を含むPBS 0.2 ×500μLの新鮮なエッペンドルフチュー​​ブに束を分離。 </li><li>エッペンドルフチュー​​ブからエッペンドルフチュー​​ブに束を転送し、転送後、5分間振とう同じバッファー1mLで少なくとも3回洗浄する。 </li><li>流体の過剰な削除するには、新しい空のエッペンドルフチュー​​ブに束を配置し、室温で20〜30分間インキュベーションするためのプロテアーゼ阻害剤を含むPBS 1Xの300μLで新しいエッペンドルフチュー​​ブに束を転送する。 </li><li> 4℃で10,000 × gで10分間遠心分離℃を</li><li>上清を測定タンパク質濃度を取る。これは軸索原形質の準備です。 </li></ol> 3。代表的な結果<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2087/2087fig1.jpg" alt="図1" /> 図1。として、このプロトコルに示すように分離された軸索原形質のサンプルとマニュアルスクイーズ法により分離された軸索原形質を比較するウエスタンブロットは。それぞれ、血中蛋白とグリア細胞の汚染を表すアルブミンとGFAPのレベル低下を、注意してください。対照的に、軸索チューブリンb3は軸索タンパク質の高レベルを示す、この準備に富んでいる。

<ol>
	<li>Hanz, S., Perlson, E., Willis, D., Zheng, J. Q., Massarwa, R., Huerta, J. J., Koltzenburg, M., Kohler, M., van-Minnen, J., Twiss, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axoplasmic+importins+enable+retrograde+injury+signaling+in+lesioned+nerve.">Axoplasmic importins enable retrograde injury signaling in lesioned nerve.</a> Neuron. 40, 1095-1104 (2003).</li><li>Michaelevski, I., Medzihradszky, K. F., Lynn, A., Burlingame, A. L., Fainzilber, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+transport+proteomics+reveals+mobilization+of+translation+machinery+to+the+lesion+site+in+injured+sciatic+nerve.">Axonal transport proteomics reveals mobilization of translation machinery to the lesion site in injured sciatic nerve.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 9 (5), 976-987 (2010).</li><li>Rishal, I., Michaelevski, I., Rozenbaum, M., Shinder, V., Medzihradszky, K. F., Burlingame, A. L., Fainzilber, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axoplasm+isolation+from+peripheral+nerve.">Axoplasm isolation from peripheral nerve.</a> Dev Neurobiol. 70, 126-133 (2010).</li><li>Twiss, J. L., Fainzilber, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosomes+in+axons--scrounging+from+the+neighbors.">Ribosomes in axons--scrounging from the neighbors.</a> Trends Cell Biol. 19, 236-243 (2009).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

生化学的およびプロテオーム解析は、機械的なスクイーズ1による軸索原形質分離のために前述の方法に比べて、この手順では、血清およびグリア細胞のコンタミネーション3を減少させることを確認した。我々は、坐骨神経損傷2の後ダイニンベースの逆行性シグナリングを探求し、それが軸索-グリア相互作用4を含む成人の末梢神経の他の多くのプロセス、の...

<ul><li>雄のWistarラット（8-10週齢） </li><li> 50ミリリットルあたりのプロテアーゼ阻害剤（Roshe）2錠を含むPBS 0.2 ×とPBS 1Xソリューション</li><li> 1.5ミリリットル用Eppendorfs </li><li> 35mmプラスチック皿を滅菌</li><li>はさみと細かい鉗子：を含む解剖ツール</li><li>双眼鏡とテーブルライト</li></ul>抗体マウス抗GFAPクローンGA - 5は、シグマ（G6171）からのものであった。ウサギ抗アルブミンはCedarlane（CLAG5140）からのものであった。マウス抗チューブリンβ3およびウサギ抗gERKはシグマ（T2200およびそれぞれM5670）からのものであった。

axoplasm isolation from rat sciatic nerve

末梢神経からの純粋な軸索の細胞質（軸索原形質）の分離には多くの生物学的過程の生化学的研究にとって重要です。この記事では、次の手順に基づいて、成体ラットの坐骨神経からの軸索原形質分離のためのプロトコルを示し、説明します。神経の束と結合組織の分離の（1）解剖、神経束の短いセグメントの（2）インキュベーション低張培地でミエリンを解放し、非軸索の構造を溶解すること、（3）残りの軸索に富む材料の抽出。この準備のプロテオミクスと生化学的特性は、軸索のコンポーネントのための濃縮度の高い認識しています。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Axoplasm Isolation from Rat Sciatic Nerve at JoVE.com

Axoplasm Isolation from Rat Sciatic Nerve

我々は、ミエリンを解放し、残りの軸索に富む材料の抽出に続いて、非軸索の構造を、溶解する低張培地で神経の束とインキュベーションの解剖に基づいて、成体ラットの坐骨神経からの軸索原形質分離のためのプロトコルを示す。

ラット坐骨神経からの軸索原形質分離

Isolation of pure axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) from peripheral nerve is crucial for biochemical studies of many biological processes. In this article, we ...

axoplasm-isolation-from-rat-sciatic-nerve

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.6K ビュー.  Weizmann Institute of Science. 我々は、ミエリンを解放し、残りの軸索に富む材料の抽出に続いて、非軸索の構造を、溶解する低張培地で神経の束とインキュベーションの解剖に基づいて、成体ラットの坐骨神経からの軸索原形質分離のためのプロトコルを示す。

ビデオ: Axoplasm Isolation from Rat Sciatic Nerve

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative response mounted by PNS neurons thereby possibly illuminating the failures of CNS regeneration1. Sciatic nerve crush (axonotmesis) is one of the most common models of peripheral nerve injury in rodents2. Crushing interrupts all axons but Schwann cell basal laminae are preserved so that regeneration is optimal3,4. This allows the investigator to study precisely the ability of a growing axon to interact with both the Schwann cell and basal laminae4. Rats have generally been the preferred animal models for experimental nerve crush. They are widely available and their lesioned sciatic nerve provides a reasonable approximation of human nerve lesions5,4. Though smaller in size than rat nerve, the mouse nerve has many similar qualities. Most importantly though, mouse models are increasingly valuable because of the wide availability of transgenic lines now allows for a detailed dissection of the individual molecules critical for nerve regeneration6, 7. Prior investigators have used multiple methods to produce a nerve crush or injury including simple angled forceps, chilled forceps, hemostatic forceps, vascular clamps, and investigator-designed clamps8,9,10,11,12. Investigators have also used various methods of marking the injury site including suture, carbon particles and fluorescent beads13,14,1. We describe our method to obtain a reproducibly complete sciatic nerve crush with accurate and persistent marking of the crush-site using a fine hemostatic forceps and subsequent carbon crush-site marking. As part of our description of the sciatic nerve crush procedure we have also included a relatively simple method of muscle whole mount we use to subsequently quantify regeneration.

In this report we describe a method to crush mouse sciatic nerve. This method uses readily available hemostatic forceps and easily and reproducibly produces complete sciatic nerve crush. In addition, we describe a method to prepare muscle whole mounts suitable for analysis of nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush.

ホールマウントマッスル分析による再現性のあるマウスの坐骨神経クラッシュと再生のその後の評価

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

神経科学

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurements on Mouse Sciatic Nerves

Electrophysiological studies allow a rational classification of various neuromuscular diseases and are of help, together with neuropathological techniques, in the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology1. Here we describe a method to perform electrophysiological studies on mouse sciatic nerves in vivo.
The animals are anesthetized with isoflurane in order to ensure analgesia for the tested mice and undisturbed working environment during the measurements that take about 30 min/animal. A constant body temperature of 37 &#176;C is maintained by a heating plate and continuously measured by a rectal thermo probe2. Additionally, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is routinely recorded during the measurements in order to continuously monitor the physiological state of the investigated animals.
Electrophysiological recordings are performed on the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), supplying the mouse hind limb with both motoric and sensory fiber tracts. In our protocol, sciatic nerves remain in situ and therefore do not have to be extracted or exposed, allowing measurements without any adverse nerve irritations along with actual recordings. Using appropriate needle electrodes3 we perform both proximal and distal nerve stimulations, registering the transmitted potentials with sensing electrodes at gastrocnemius muscles. After data processing, reliable and highly consistent values for the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and the compound motor action potential (CMAP), the key parameters for quantification of gross peripheral nerve functioning, can be achieved.

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurements on Mouse Sciatic Nerves

Measurements of nerve conduction properties in vivo exemplify a powerful tool to characterize various animal models of neuromuscular diseases. Here, we present an easy and reliable protocol by which electrophysiological analysis on sciatic nerves of anesthetized mice can be performed.

マウス坐骨神経に生体内電気生理学的測定値の

Electrophysiological studies allow a rational classification of various neuromuscular diseases and are of help, together with neuropathological ...

Minimally-invasive Technique for Injection into Rat Optic Nerve

The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central nervous system in a minimally-invasive surgery without bone removal. This technique describes an approach to visualization and direct injection of the optic nerve following minor fascial dissection from the orbital ridge, using a conjunctival traction suture to gently pull the eye down and out. Representative examples of an injected optic nerve show successful injection of dyed beads.

Direct injection into the rat optic nerve is useful for regenerative research. We demonstrate a minimally-invasive technique for direct injection into a rat optic nerve that does not involve opening the skull. Using this method, surgical complications are minimized and recovery is more rapid.

ラット視神経への注入のための低侵襲テクニック

The rat optic nerve is a useful model for stem cell regeneration research. Direct injection into the rat optic nerve allows delivery into the central ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to monitor the disease course in the follow-up period. Changes in the VEP parameters closely correlate with pathological damage in the optic nerve. This protocol provides a detailed description about the rodent model of optic nerve microinjection, in which a partial demyelination lesion is produced in the optic nerve. VEP recording techniques are also discussed. Using skull implanted electrodes, we are able to acquire reproducible intra-session and between-session VEP traces. VEPs can be recorded on individual animals over a period of time to assess the functional changes in the optic nerve longitudinally. The optic nerve demyelination model, in conjunction with the VEP recording protocol, provides a tool to investigate the disease processes associated with demyelination and remyelination, and can potentially be employed to evaluate the effects of new remyelinating drugs or neuroprotective therapies.

Focal demyelination is induced in the optic nerve using lysolecithin microinjection. Visual evoked potentials are recorded via skull electrodes implanted over the visual cortex to examine the signal conduction along the visual pathway in vivo. This protocol details the surgical procedures underlying electrode implantation and optic nerve microinjection.

実験視神経の脱髄のラットモデルにおける視覚誘発電位の記録

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to ...

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous system. SC-selective genetic manipulation in living animals is a powerful technique for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SC myelination and demyelination in vivo. While knockout/knockin and transgenic mice are powerful tools for studying SC biology, these methods are costly and time consuming. Viral vector-mediated transgene introduction into the sciatic nerve is a simpler and less laborious method. However, viral methods have limitations, such as toxicity, transgene size constraints, and infectivity restricted to certain developmental stages. Here, we describe a new method that allows selective transfection of myelinating SCs in the rodent sciatic nerve using electroporation. By applying electric pulses to the sciatic nerve at the site of plasmid DNA injection, genes of interest can be easily silenced or overexpressed in SCs in both neonatal and more mature animals. Furthermore, this in vivo electroporation method allows for highly efficient simultaneous expression of multiple transgenes. Our novel technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate SC gene expression, and facilitate studies on SC development and function.

In Vivo Gene Transfer to Schwann Cells in the Rodent Sciatic Nerve by Electroporation

Here, we present an in vivo technique for gene transfer to Schwann cells (SCs) in the rodent sciatic nerve. This simple technique is useful for investigating signaling mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of myelinating SCs.

エレクトロポレーションによる齧歯類坐骨神経内のシュワン細胞へのインビボ遺伝子導入で

The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous ...

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing

Electrophysiology enables the objective assessment of peripheral nerve function in vivo. Traditional nerve conduction measures such as amplitude and latency detect chronic axon loss and demyelination, respectively. Axonal excitability techniques &#34;by threshold tracking&#34; expand upon these measures by providing information regarding the activity of ion channels, pumps and exchangers that relate to acute function and may precede degenerative events. As such, the use of axonal excitability in animal models of neurological disorders may provide a useful in vivo measure to assess novel therapeutic interventions. Here we describe an experimental setup for multiple measures of motor axonal excitability techniques in the rat ulnar nerve.
The animals are anesthetized with isoflurane and carefully monitored to ensure constant and adequate depth of anesthesia. Body temperature, respiration rate, heart rate and saturation of oxygen in the blood are continuously monitored. Axonal excitability studies are performed using percutaneous stimulation of the ulnar nerve and recording from the hypothenar muscles of the forelimb paw. With correct electrode placement, a clear compound muscle action potential that increases in amplitude with increasing stimulus intensity is recorded. An automated program is then utilized to deliver a series of electrical pulses which generate 5 specific excitability measures in the following sequence: stimulus response behavior, strength duration time constant, threshold electrotonus, current-threshold relationship and the recovery cycle.
Data presented here indicate that these measures are repeatable and show similarity between left and right ulnar nerves when assessed on the same day. A limitation of these techniques in this setting is the effect of dose and time under anesthesia. Careful monitoring and recording of these variables should be undertaken for consideration at the time of analysis.

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing

Axonal excitability techniques provide a powerful tool to examine pathophysiology and biophysical changes that precede irreversible degenerative events. This manuscript demonstrates the use of these techniques on the ulnar nerve of anesthetized rats.

生体内で軸索興奮性のテストでラットの尺骨神経の電気生理学的測定

Electrophysiology enables the objective assessment of peripheral nerve function in vivo. Traditional nerve conduction measures such as amplitude and ...

Analysis of Immune Cells in Single Sciatic Nerves and Dorsal Root Ganglion from a Single Mouse Using Flow Cytometry

Nerve-resident immune cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential to maintaining neuronal integrity in a healthy nerve. The immune cells of the PNS are affected by injury and disease, affecting the nerve function and the capacity for regeneration. Neuronal immune cells are commonly analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF). While IF is essential for determining the location of the immune cells in the nerve, IF is only semi-quantitative and the method is limited to the number of markers that can be analyzed simultaneously and the degree of surface expression. In this study, flow cytometry was used for quantitative analysis of leukocyte infiltration into sciatic nerves or dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) of individual mice. Single cell analysis was performed using DAPI and several proteins were analyzed simultaneously for either surface or intracellular expression. Both sciatic nerves from one mouse that were treated according to this protocol generated &#8805; 30,000 single nucleated events. The proportion of leukocytes in the sciatic nerves, determined by expression of CD45, was approximately 5% of total cell content in the sciatic nerve and approximately 5-10% in the DRG. Although this protocol focuses primarily on the immune cell population within the PNS, the flexibility of flow cytometry to measure a number of markers simultaneously means that the other cells populations present within the nerve, such as Schwann cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, can also be analyzed using this method. This method therefore provides a new means for studying systemic effects on the PNS, such as neurotoxicology and genetic models of neuropathy or in chronic diseases, such as diabetes.

Quantitative analysis of cell content within the murine sciatic nerve is difficult due to the scarcity of the tissue. This protocol describes a method for tissue digestion and preparation that provides sufficient cells for flow cytometry analysis of immune cell populations from nerves of individual mice.

単一の坐骨神経とフローサイトメトリーを使用して単一のマウスの後根神経節における免疫系細胞の解析

Nerve-resident immune cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential to maintaining neuronal integrity in a healthy nerve. The immune cells of ...

Facial Nerve Surgery in the Rat Model to Study Axonal Inhibition and Regeneration

This protocol describes consistent and reproducible methods to study axonal regeneration and inhibition in a rat facial nerve injury model. The facial nerve can be manipulated along its entire length, from its intracranial segment to its extratemporal course. There are three primary types of nerve injury used for the experimental study of regenerative properties: nerve crush, transection, and nerve gap. The range of possible interventions is vast, including surgical manipulation of the nerve, delivery of neuroactive reagents or cells, and either central or end-organ manipulations. Advantages of this model for studying nerve regeneration include simplicity, reproducibility, interspecies consistency, reliable survival rates of the rat, and an increased anatomic size relative to murine models. Its limitations involve a more limited genetic manipulation versus the mouse model and the superlative regenerative capability of the rat, such that the facial nerve scientist must carefully assess time points for recovery and whether to translate results to higher animals and human studies. The rat model for facial nerve injury allows for functional, electrophysiological, and histomorphometric parameters for the interpretation and comparison of nerve regeneration. It thereby boasts tremendous potential toward furthering the understanding and treatment of the devastating consequences of facial nerve injury in human patients.

This protocol describes a reproducible approach to facial nerve surgery in the rat model, including descriptions of various inducible patterns of injury.

軸索抑制と再生を研究するラットモデルにおける顔面神経外科

This protocol describes consistent and reproducible methods to study axonal regeneration and inhibition in a rat facial nerve injury model. The facial ...

Use of In Vivo Single-fiber Recording and Intact Dorsal Root Ganglion with Attached Sciatic Nerve to Examine the Mechanism of Conduction Failure

Single-fiber recording has been a classical and effective electrophysiological technique over the last few decades because of its specific application for nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This method is particularly applicable to dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which are primary sensory neurons that exhibit a pseudo-unipolar structure of nervous processes. The patterns and features of the action potentials passed along axons are recordable in these neurons. The present study uses in vivo single-fiber recordings to observe the conduction failure of sciatic nerves in complete Freund&#8217;s adjuvant (CFA)-treated rats. As the underlying mechanism cannot be studied using in vivo single-fiber recordings, patch-clamp-recordings of DRG neurons are performed on preparations of intact DRG with the attached sciatic nerve. These recordings reveal a positive correlation between conduction failure and the rising slope of the after-hyperpolarization potential (AHP) of DRG neurons in CFA-treated animals. The protocol for in vivo single fiber-recordings allows the classification of nerve fibers via the measurement of conduction velocity and monitoring of abnormal conditions in nerve fibers in certain diseases. Intact DRG with attached peripheral nerve allows observation of the activity of DRG neurons in most physiological conditions. Conclusively, single-fiber recording combined with electrophysiological recording of intact DRGs is an effective method to examine the role of conduction failure during the analgesic process.

Single-fiber recording is an effective electrophysiological technique that is applicable to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Along with the preparation of intact DRG with the attached sciatic nerve, the mechanism of conduction failure is examined. Both protocols improve the understanding of the peripheral nervous system&#39;s relationship with pain.

インビボシングルファイバー記録と無傷の後部根神経を用いて伝導障害のメカニズムを調べる

Single-fiber recording has been a classical and effective electrophysiological technique over the last few decades because of its specific application for ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of sciatic nerve injury rodent models. In this protocol, we describe a novel kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional (3D) motion capture apparatus for functional evaluations using a rat sciatic nerve crush injury model. First, the rat is familiarized with treadmill walking. Markers are then attached to the designated bone landmarks and the rat is made to walk on the treadmill at the desired speed. Meanwhile, the posterior limb movements of the rat are recorded using four cameras. Depending on the software used, marker tracings are created using both automatic and manual modes and the desired data are produced after subtle adjustments. This method of kinematic analysis, which uses a 3D motion capture apparatus, offers numerous advantages, including superior precision and accuracy. Many more parameters can be investigated during the comprehensive functional evaluations. This method has several shortcomings that require consideration: The system is expensive, can be complicated to operate, and may produce data deviations due to skin shifting. Nevertheless, kinematic analysis using a 3D motion capture apparatus is useful for performing functional anterior and posterior limb evaluations. In the future, this method may become increasingly useful for generating accurate assessments of various traumas and diseases.

We introduce a kinematic analysis method that uses a three-dimensional motion capture apparatus containing four cameras and data processing software for performing functional evaluations during fundamental research involving rodent models.

坐骨神経クラッシュ損傷のラットモデルにおける機能的評価のための3D運動学的解析

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

Methods Article

ラット坐骨神経からの軸索原形質分離