この作品は、NINDSによって賄われていた - NIH R01NS060756を

1。海馬スライスの準備を開始する前に。 <ol><li>テフロンシートの部分を置き、新​​しいブレードを取り付けることで、組織スライサーを準備します。 </li><li> 70％エタノールで組織培養（TC）フードを拭き、解剖顕微鏡の内部に設定してください。フード、顕微鏡、組織スライサーおよびUV光で15分間すべての解剖器具を滅菌する。 </li><li>シックスウェルTCプレートを準備します。各ウェルに750μLのスライス培養培地（SCM）ウェルあたりと場所​​細胞培養インサートを追加。膜が下にない泡で十分に濡れていることを確認してください。 35℃インキュベーターでプレートを置きます°必要になるまで、5％CO 2でガス処刑。 </li><li> 100mLのビーカーに50mLの低Na +の ACSFを（解決策を解剖）注ぎ、氷塩ミックスの上に置きます。色の変化とACSFが凍結し、液体溶液（10〜20分）のスラリーの混合を形成するまで5％CO 2 / 95％O 2とバブル低Na +の ACSF。 </li><li> P5 - P7のラットは、子犬得る。最大3つの仔を使用することができます。 </li></ol> 2。海馬スライスの準備。 <ol><li>シャープのユーティリティはさみで動物の頭をカット。皮膚をカットし、頭蓋骨を公開。両耳間のラインに沿って、その後、小さなはさみで矢状縫合に沿って左右にカットして頭蓋骨を開きます。フロントの左右にオプションのカットは、骨と脳の露出を除去する容易にするために行うことができます。丸いスプーンミクロスパチュラで迅速に脳をかき出すと、約1分間冷却する為のソリューションを解剖のスラリーに入れてください。 〜60mmの皿に氷冷解剖溶液10 mLを入れ、ビーカーから皿に脳を転送する。脳は、解剖ソリューションでカバーされるべきである。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡の下：脳を置き、60mmの皿の底に押さ解剖ピンセットで正中線でそれを保持する。中脳を残して半球を分けるために海馬解剖ツールを使用してください。海馬は、それぞれの半球で公開されています。その後そっとツールを解剖海馬と海馬をかき出す。完全に海馬を分離し、可能な限りそれをきれいに解剖針を使用してください。 </li><li> P1000フィルターピペットチップのsnipped先端を使用して、ゆっくりと海馬を吸引除去し、組織のスライサーにテフロンシートに転送します。その凹面側の海馬を置きます。 </li><li>冠状のセクションを取得し、液体の過剰を排出するためにブレードに海馬の垂直位置を合わせます。 </li><li>海馬は、400μmのスライス。 </li><li>別のsnipped P1000フィルターチップとコールドSCMを使用してスライサーから海馬をスライスした60mmディッシュと転送に約10 mLの冷SCMを注ぐ。泡を作ることは避けてください。 </li><li>アイリスのヘラとストレートヘラの助けを借りてそっとお互いのスライスを切り離す。 </li><li>明確に定義し、破損していないスライスは、破損したスライスから区切ります。 </li></ol> 3。海馬スライスの文化<ol><li>インキュベーターからSCMや細胞培養インサートで6 - ウェルプレートを持参。別のsnipped P1000フィルターチップの助けを借りて、メンブレンに個々のスライスを転送する。膜4〜5のスライスを置きます。スライスのいずれかのインサート壁に近づけたり、互いに近くに配置しないように注意してください。必要な場合には、別のスライスにアイリスのヘラを使用してください。余分な培地を取り外します。彼らは細胞膜上に存在したら、できるだけ少ないとしてスライスをタッチ。 </li><li> 35でバックインキュベーターにプレートと文化を移動℃、5％CO 2。 </li><li>パスツールピペットでSCMを吸引することによってTCのフード内SCM、48時間毎に変更する。ウェル当たりの新鮮予め温めておいたSCMを750μLを加える。は気泡が膜の下に形成されていないことを確認してください。 </li></ol> 4。ソリューション<ol><li>ローのNa + ACSF -スライス培養のための解剖ソリューション イオンと滅菌H 2 Oを追加するには： <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> 500mLのための </td><td> 1000mLのための </td><td> 最終濃度 </td></tr><tr><td>のCaCl 2（1 M） </td><td> 0.5mLの</td><td> 1 mLの</td><td> 1mMの</td></tr><tr><td> D -グルコース</td><td> 0.901グラム</td><td> 1.802グラム</td><td> 10 mMの</td></tr><tr><td>塩化カリウム</td><td> 0.149グラム</td><td> 0.298グラム</td><td> 4mMの</td></tr><tr><td> MgCl 2の （1 M） </td><td> 2.5mLの</td><td> 5 mLの</td><td> 5mMの</td></tr><tr><td> NaHCO 3の </td><td> 1.092グラム</td><td> 2.184グラム</td><td> 26mmの</td></tr><tr><td>スクロース</td><td> 40グラム</td><td> 80グラム</td><td> 234 mMの</td></tr><tr><td> DPBSでフェノールレッド溶液0.5パーセント</td><td> 0.5mLの</td><td> 1 mLの</td><td> 0.1パーセントV / V </td></tr></tbody></table> ミックス〜30分 滅菌0.22μmフィルターを通過させることによってIZE 2ヶ月以上を50mL分注し、4℃で保存されなくてください。 </li><li>スライス培養培地（SCM） <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> 500mLのための </td><td> 1000mLのための </td><td> 最終濃度 </td></tr><tr><td> MEMイーグル培地</td><td> 4.2グラム</td><td> 8.4グラム</td><td> 8.4グラム/リットル</td></tr><tr><td>不活化ウマ血清熱</td><td> 100mLの</td><td> 200 mLの</td><td> 20パーセント</td></tr><tr><td> L -グルタミン（200mMの） </td><td> 2.5mLの</td><td> 5 mLの</td><td> 1mMの</td></tr><tr><td>のCaCl 2（1 M） </td><td> 0.5mLの</td><td> 1 mLの</td><td> 1mMの</td></tr><tr><td> MgSO 4を （1 M） </td><td> 1 mLの</td><td> 2 mLの</td><td> 2mMの</td></tr><tr><td>塩酸0.01 Nに溶解インスリン（1 mg / mL）は、 </td><td> 0.5mLの</td><td> 1 mLの</td><td> 1mg / lの</td></tr><tr><td>アスコルビン酸、溶液（25％w / v）の</td><td> 0.024 mLの</td><td> 0.048 mLの</td><td> 0.00125% </td></tr><tr><td> D -グルコース</td><td> 1.16グラム</td><td> 2.32グラム</td><td> 13 mmの</td></tr><tr><td> NaHCO 3の </td><td> 0.22グラム</td><td> 0.44グラム</td><td> 5.2 mMの</td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> 3.58グラム</td><td> 7.16グラム</td><td> 30mMの</td></tr></tbody></table> 完全に溶解するまで混合し、室温にもたらす。 1 N NaOHで7.27から7.28にpHを調整する 浸透圧を測定します。脱イオン滅菌H 2 Oで320ミリモル/ kgに調整する約25〜40 mLを追加する予定。再び浸透圧を確認してください。 浸透圧を調整しながら*** pHが若干変更される可能性がある、これはOKです、それは浸透圧が正しい範囲（317〜323）になっていることより重要です。 0.22μmフィルターを通過させることによって滅菌する。 4で二から三週間までに20 mLのアリコートとストアを行います℃に Gluatamineの株式：2.5 mLのアリコートで-20℃で200mmと店舗の濃度で準備する。 アスコルビン酸の株式：25％の濃度（w / v）で準備し、100μLのアリコートで-20℃で保存されている。 </li></ol> 5。代表的な結果： スライスは黒い斑点なし解剖範囲で白く見えるとよく定義されており、無傷のCA1、CA3、および歯状回領域があります。細菌汚染を簡単にSCMの培地や濁度に黒の斑点を移動すると見られている。顕微鏡下に置かれたとき、スライスの表面には、はっきりと目に見えて細胞体と培養中の4日後にきれいになるはずです。明確な細胞体は見られないと多くの破片が4日後に表面を覆っている場合は、健全なスライスではありません。

<ol>
	<li>Martin, S. J., Grimwood, P. D., Morris, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+plasticity+and+memory:+an+evaluation+of+the+hypothesis.">Synaptic plasticity and memory: an evaluation of the hypothesis.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 23, 649-711 (2000).</li><li>Bliss, T. V., Collingridge, G. L., Morris, R. G. I. n. t. r. o. d. u. c. t. i. o. n. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+potentiation+and+structure+of+the+issue.">Long-term potentiation and structure of the issue.</a> Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 358, 607-611 (2003).</li><li>Shepherd, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The synaptic organization of the brain. , (2004).</li><li>Malinow, R., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+enhancement+shown+by+whole-cell+recordings+of+long-term+potentiation+in+hippocampal+slices.">Presynaptic enhancement shown by whole-cell recordings of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices.</a> Nature. 346, 177-180 (1990).</li><li>Malinow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+green+fluorescent+protein+(GFP)+into+hippocampal+neurons+through+viral+infection.">Introduction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) into hippocampal neurons through viral infection.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. , (2010).</li><li>Shi, S., Hayashi, Y., Esteban, J. A., Malinow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit-specific+rules+governing+AMPA+receptor+trafficking+to+synapses+in+hippocampal+pyramidal+neurons.">Subunit-specific rules governing AMPA receptor trafficking to synapses in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.</a> Cell. 105, 331-343 (2001).</li><li>Woods, G., Zito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+gene+gun+bullets+and+biolistic+transfection+of+neurons+in+slice+culture.">Preparation of gene gun bullets and biolistic transfection of neurons in slice culture.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>Esteban, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PKA+phosphorylation+of+AMPA+receptor+subunits+controls+synaptic+trafficking+underlying+plasticity.">PKA phosphorylation of AMPA receptor subunits controls synaptic trafficking underlying plasticity.</a> Nat Neurosci. 6, 136-143 (2003).</li><li>Mainen, Z. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+imaging+in+living+brain+slices.">Two-photon imaging in living brain slices.</a> Methods. 18, 231-239 (1999).</li><li>Barria, A., Malinow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit-specific+NMDA+receptor+trafficking+to+synapses.">Subunit-specific NMDA receptor trafficking to synapses.</a> Neuron. 35, 345-353 (2002).</li><li>Stoppini, L., Buchs, P. A., Muller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+organotypic+cultures+of+nervous+tissue.">A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 37, 173-182 (1991).</li><li>Simoni, A. D. e., Griesinger, C. B., Edwards, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+rat+CA1+neurones+in+acute+versus+organotypic+slices:+role+of+experience+in+synaptic+morphology+and+activity.">Development of rat CA1 neurones in acute versus organotypic slices: role of experience in synaptic morphology and activity.</a> J Physiol. 550, 135-147 (2003).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

このメソッドは、 最初のStoppini らの方法に基づいて11および文化海馬スライスへの迅速な方法を提供しています。このプロトコルの最も重要な側面は、スライスが無菌維持することであるため、それは適切な無菌テクニックを使用するために、適切に組織と接触するすべての素材を消毒殺菌することが重要です。 異なる血清源は、スライスの品質に...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Cell culture inserts</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>PICM03050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6 well plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>353046</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue Slicer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Stoelting</td>
<td>51425/51415</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>SZX7-ILLD2-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td> Hippocampus dissecting tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>10099-15</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Large utility scissors. Perfection</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>37500-00/37000-00 Right/ Left handed</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Iris Spatula</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>10093-13</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Straight spatula</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>10094-13</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rounded spoon micro spatula</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>57949-039</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting single cutting edge needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
<td>72946</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting tweezers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dummont</td>
<td>#2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Small dissecting scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>14060-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MEM Eagle medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cellgro</td>
<td>50-019 PB</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Horse serum heat inactivated</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>26050-88</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25030081</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CaCl2 (1 M)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>C3881</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgSO4 (1 M)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M2773</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insulin (1 mg/ml), dissolved in HCl 0.01 N</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>I0516</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ascorbic Acid, solution (25%)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A4544</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>D-Glucose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G5767</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaHCO3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S6014</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hepes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H7523</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S5016</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phenol Red Solution 0.5% in DPBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P0290</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P3911</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgCl2 (1 M)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M9272</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

organotypic hippocampal slice cultures

海馬、大脳辺縁系の構成要素は、長期記憶と空間ナビゲーション1の重要な役割を果たしている。海馬ニューロンは、強力な活性化の短い期間の後にその接続の強さを変更することができます。長期増強（LTP）と呼ばれるこの現象は、数時間または数日間続く ​​ことができますし、学習と記憶2の最良の候補メカニズムとなっています。さらに、海馬3のよく定義された解剖学との接続は、そのシナプス伝達とシナプス可塑性の4を研究する古典的なモデルシステムてきた。 海馬シナプスの生理学の理解が成長し、分子の選手は、識別されたになるにつれ、シナプスタンパク質を操作する必要性が不可欠となった。器官型海馬培養が容易な遺伝子操作と正確な薬理学的介入の可能性を提供しますが、日常的な文化解離ニューロンの方法よりも自然な文脈におけるシナプス機能を理解する上で重要であるシナプスの組織を維持する。 ここでは簡単に他の脳領域に適合させることができる海馬スライスを準備し、文化に方法を提示する。このメソッドは、ウイルス感染5,6またはbiolistics 7のようなさまざまなアプローチを用いて遺伝子操作のためのスライスに簡単にアクセスできます。さらに、スライスを簡単に生化学的ア ​​ッセイ8用に回収できる、またはイメージング9または電気生理学的実験10の顕微鏡に転送する。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures at JoVE.com

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

我々は簡単に他の脳領域に適合させることができる器官型海馬切片を調製する方法を説明します。脳スライスは、インタフェースを形成するために許可されている多孔質膜と培地上に置かれている。このメソッドは、最大の文化の2週間までの海馬の総アーキテクチャを保持します。

器官型海馬切片培養

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

37.0K ビュー.  University of Washington School of Medicine. 我々は簡単に他の脳領域に適合させることができる器官型海馬切片を調製する方法を説明します。脳スライスは、インタフェースを形成するために許可されている多孔質膜と培地上に置かれている。このメソッドは、最大の文化の2週間までの海馬の総アーキテクチャを保持します。

ビデオ: Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

神経損傷を調べるための器官型海馬スライス培養モデル

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

神経科学

Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. Since then, the technique was developed further and currently there are many different ways to prepare organotypic cultures. The method presented here was adapted from the one described by Stoppini et al. for the preparation of the slices and from Gogolla et al. for the staining procedure 3,4.
A unique feature of this technique is that it allows you to study different parts of the brain such as hippocampus or cerebellum in their original structure, providing a big advantage over dissociated cultures in which all the cellular organization and neuronal networks are disrupted. In the case of the cerebellum it is even more advantageous because it allows the study of Purkinje cells, extremely difficult to obtain as dissociated primary culture. This method can be used to study certain developmental features of the cerebellum in vitro, as well as for electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments in both wild type and mutant mice.
The method described here was designed to study the effect of apoptotic stimuli such as Fas ligand in the developing cerebellum, using TUNEL staining to measure apoptotic cell death. If TUNEL staining is combined with cell type specific markers, such as Calbindin for Purkinje cells, it is possible to evaluate cell death in a cell population specific manner. The Calbindin staining also serves the purpose of evaluating the quality of the cerebellar cultures.

This method describes the generation of organotypic cerebellar cultures and the effect of certain apoptotic stimuli on the viability of different cerebellar cell types.

器官小脳文化：アポトーシス課題と検出

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

胚腹側中脳の器官型スライス培養：ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの発達を研究するための体制 in vitroで</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

器官切片培養におけるプルキンエ細胞の樹状突起の形態分析

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Post-embedding Immunogold Labeling of Synaptic Proteins in Hippocampal Slice Cultures

Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful tool to study biological molecules at the subcellular level. Antibodies coupled to electron-dense markers such as colloidal gold can reveal the localization and distribution of specific antigens in various tissues1. The two most widely used techniques are pre-embedding and post-embedding techniques. In pre-embedding immunogold-electron microscopy (EM) techniques, the tissue must be permeabilized to allow antibody penetration before it is embedded. These techniques are ideal for preserving structures but poor penetration of the antibody (often only the first few micrometers) is a considerable drawback2. The post-embedding labeling methods can avoid this problem because labeling takes place on sections of fixed tissues where antigens are more easily accessible. Over the years, a number of modifications have improved the post-embedding methods to enhance immunoreactivity and to preserve ultrastructure3-5.
Tissue fixation is a crucial part of EM studies. Fixatives chemically crosslink the macromolecules to lock the tissue structures in place. The choice of fixative affects not only structural preservation but also antigenicity and contrast. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4), formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde have been the standard fixatives for decades, including for central nervous system (CNS) tissues that are especially prone to structural damage during chemical and physical processing. Unfortunately, OsO4 is highly reactive and has been shown to mask antigens6, resulting in poor and insufficient labeling. Alternative approaches to avoid chemical fixation include freezing the tissues. But these techniques are difficult to perform and require expensive instrumentation. To address some of these problems and to improve CNS tissue labeling, Phend et al. replaced OsO4 with uranyl acetate (UA) and tannic acid (TA), and successfully introduced additional modifications to improve the sensitivity of antigen detection and structural preservation in brain and spinal cord tissues7. We have adopted this osmium-free post-embedding method to rat brain tissue and optimized the immunogold labeling technique to detect and study synaptic proteins.
We present here a method to determine the ultrastructural localization of synaptic proteins in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We use organotypic hippocampal cultured slices. These slices maintain the trisynaptic circuitry of the hippocampus, and thus are especially useful for studying synaptic plasticity, a mechanism widely thought to underlie learning and memory. Organotypic hippocampal slices from postnatal day 5 and 6 mouse/rat pups can be prepared as described previously8, and are especially useful to acutely knockdown or overexpress exogenous proteins. We have previously used this protocol to characterize neurogranin (Ng), a neuron-specific protein with a critical role in regulating synaptic function8,9 . We have also used it to characterize the ultrastructural localization of calmodulin (CaM) and Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)10. As illustrated in the results, this protocol allows good ultrastructural preservation of dendritic spines and efficient labeling of Ng to help characterize its distribution in the spine8. Furthermore, the procedure described here can have wide applicability in studying many other proteins involved in neuronal functions.

The localization and distribution of proteins provide important information for understanding their cellular functions. The superior spatial resolution of electron microscopy (EM) can be used to determine the subcellular localization of a given antigen following immunohistochemistry. For tissues of the central nervous system (CNS), preserving structural integrity while maintaining antigenicity has been especially difficult in EM studies. Here, we adopt a procedure that has been used to preserve structures and antigens in the CNS to study and characterize synaptic proteins in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

海馬スライス培養におけるシナプス蛋白のポストエンベディング免疫金ラベリング

Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful tool to study biological molecules at the subcellular level. Antibodies coupled to electron-dense markers such as ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

オリゴデンドロサイトダイナミクスと髄鞘形成を研究するための器官型スライス培養

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

器官型海馬スライスにおけるペア全細胞記録

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

Entorhino海馬器官型スライス培養における神経血管リモデリングの解析

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

研究保護および腫瘍細胞の侵襲性をモデルとして脊髄海馬スライス培養

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate tangentially from their place of origin in the ventral telencephalon (including from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, CGE)) to the dorsal cortical plate in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Different methodologies have been developed over the years to genetically manipulate specific pathways and investigate how they regulate the dynamic cytoskeletal changes required for proper IN migration. In utero electroporation has been extensively used to study the effect of gene repression or overexpression in specific IN subtypes while assessing the impact on morphology and final position. However, while this approach is readily used to modify radially migrating pyramidal cells, it is more technically challenging when targeting INs. In utero electroporation generates a low yield given the decreased survival rates of pups when electroporation is conducted before e14.5, as is customary when studying MGE-derived INs. In an alternative approach, MGE explants provide easy access to the MGE and facilitate the imaging of genetically modified INs. However, in these explants, INs migrate into an artificial matrix, devoid of endogenous guidance cues and thalamic inputs. This prompted us to optimize a method where INs can migrate in a more naturalistic environment, while circumventing the technical challenges of in utero approaches. In this paper, we describe the combination of ex utero electroporation of embryonic mouse brains followed by organotypic slice cultures to readily track, image and reconstruct genetically modified INs migrating along their natural paths in response to endogenous cues. This approach allows for both the quantification of the dynamic aspects of IN migration with time-lapse confocal imaging, as well as the detailed analysis of various morphological parameters using neuronal reconstructions on fixed immunolabeled tissue.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Here, we provide a low-cost and reliable method to generate electroporated brain organotypic slice cultures from mouse embryos suitable for confocal microscopy and live-imaging techniques.

Ex 子宮エレクトロポレーションと gaba 作動性介在ニューロンの移行のライブ イメージング用マウス萌芽期の脳の脊髄スライス培養

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...