이 작품은 NINDS에 의해 투자되었다 - NIH R01NS060756은

1. Hippocampal 조각의 준비를 시작하기 전에. <ol><li> 테플론 시트의 한 조각을 배치하고 새 블레이드를 장착하여 조직의 기계를 준비​​합니다. </li><li> 70 % 에탄올과 조직 문화 (TC) 후드를 닦으과 해부 현미경 내부를 설정합니다. 후드, 현미경, 조직 슬라 이서 및 자외선과 함께 15 분 동안 모든 해부기구를 소독. </li><li> 식스 웰 TC 플레이트를 준비합니다. 각 우물에 750 μL 슬라이스 문화 미디어 (SCM)마다 잘과 장소 세포 배양 삽입을 추가합니다. 점막이 아래없이 거품과 함께 철저하게 서부 유럽 표준시 있는지 확인합니다. 35 인큐베이터에있는 접시를 놓고 ° 필요한 때까지 C 5 % CO 2 가스에. </li><li> 100 ML의 비이커에 50 ML 낮은 나 + ACSF을 (솔루션을 해부) 기름을 붓고 얼음 소금 믹스에 배치하십시오. 버블은 낮은 나 + ACSF는 5 % CO 2 / 95% O 2 컬러 변경 및 ACSF은 냉동 액체 용액 (10-20 분)의 슬러리 혼합을 형성까지. </li><li> P5 - P7 랫은 새끼하십시오. 최대 3 새끼를 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 2. Hippocampal 슬라이스 준비. <ol><li> 날카로운 유틸리티 가위로 동물의 머리를 잘라. 피부를 잘라 두개골을 노출. 작은 가위로 화살 봉합 따라 다음 interaural 라인을 따라 좌우로 절단하고하여 두개골을 엽니다. 정면에서 좌우로 옵션 상처는 뼈와 뇌 노출을 제거 촉진하기 만들 수 있습니다. 둥근 스푼 마이크로 주걱과 함께 신속하게 두뇌를 꺼내서 ~ 1 분 쉬고 솔루션을 해부의 슬러리에 놓으십시오. 60mm 요리에 얼음 추위 해부 솔루션 ~ 10 ML을 붓고와 비커에서 접시에 두뇌를 전송합니다. 두뇌는 솔루션을 해부으로 덮여 있어야합니다. </li><li> 아래 현미경 해부 : 플레이스 두뇌와 60mm 요리의 하단에 눌러 해부 포셉있는 정중선에서 들고있어. midbrain을 떠나는 반구를 분리하는 해마 해부 도구를 사용하십시오. hippocampi는 다음 각 반구에 노출됩니다. 부드럽게 도구를 해부 말머리 말머리를 특종. 완전히 해마를 분리하고 가능한 한 그것을 청소하기 위해 해부 바늘을 사용합니다. </li><li> P1000 필터 피펫 팁의 냈다 팁을 사용하여 부드럽게 해마를 기음과 조직 슬라이에 테플론 시트로 전송할 수 있습니다. 그 오목한 측면에 해마를 놓습니다. </li><li> 코로나 섹션을 얻고 액체의 초과를 유출하는 블레이드 hippocampi의 직각을 맞춥니다. </li><li> hippocampi 매 400 μm의를 얇게. </li><li> 다른 냈다 P1000 필터 팁 및 감기에 SCM을 사용하여 기계에서 hippocampi을 얇게 60mm 요리 및 전송에 ~ 10 ML 추위 SCM 하거라. 거품을 만드는 피하십시오. </li><li> 이리스 주걱과 직선 주걱의 도움으로 부드럽게 서로의 슬라이스를 구분한다. </li><li> 손상 조각에서 잘 정의되고 손상되지 않은 조각 분리합니다. </li></ol> 3. Hippocampal 조각 문화 <ol><li> 인큐베이터에서 SCM과 세포 배양 삽입과 여섯 잘 접시를 가져와. 다른 냈다 P1000 필터 팁의 도움으로, 멤브레인에 개별 조각 전송합니다. 막 당 4-5 슬라이스를 놓습니다. 조각 역시 삽입 벽 가까이에 또는 서로 가까운 장소에하지 않도록주의하십시오. 필요한 경우, 별도의 조각으로 이리스 주걱을 사용합니다. 초과 매체를 제거합니다. 그들은 막에있는 한 최대한 작은 조각으로 터치. </li><li> 35 다시 인큐베이터로 판과 문화를 이동 ° C와 5% CO 2. </li><li> 파스퇴르 피펫으로 SCM을 aspirating하여 TC 후드 안쪽 SCM 매 48 시간을 변경합니다. 잘마다 신선한 사전 예열 SCM의 750 μL를 추가합니다. 더 거품이 막 아래에 형성되지 않습니다 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol> 4. 솔루션 <ol><li> 낮은 나 + ACSF - 슬라이스 문화 분석 해 봅시다 솔루션 deionized 및 무균 H 2 O에 추가하려면 : <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> 500 ML에 대한 </td><td> 1000 ML의 경우 </td><td> 최종 농도 </td></tr><tr><td> CaCl 2 (1 M) </td><td> 0.5 ML </td><td> 1 ML </td><td> 1 ㎜ </td></tr><tr><td> D - 포도당 </td><td> 0.901 g </td><td> 1.802 g </td><td> 10 MM </td></tr><tr><td> KCl </td><td> 0.149 g </td><td> 0.298 g </td><td> 4 MM </td></tr><tr><td> MgCl 2 (1 M) </td><td> 2.5 ML </td><td> 5 ML </td><td> 5 MM </td></tr><tr><td> NaHCO 3 </td><td> 1.092 g </td><td> 2.184 g </td><td> 26 MM </td></tr><tr><td> 자당 </td><td> 40g </td><td> 80g </td><td> 234 MM </td></tr><tr><td> DPBS에 페놀 레드 솔루션 0.5 % </td><td> 0.5 ML </td><td> 1 ML </td><td> 0.1 % V / V </td></tr></tbody></table> 믹스 ~ 30 분 Steril0.22μm 필터를 통해 통과하여는 어때 ° C 이상 이개월 4 개 이상의 50 ML aliquots하고 저장하십시오. </li><li> 슬라이스 문화 매체 (SCM) <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td></td><td> 500 ML에 대한 </td><td> 1000 ML의 경우 </td><td> 최종 농도 </td></tr><tr><td> 멤 이글 매체 </td><td> 4.2 g </td><td> 8.4 g </td><td> 8.4 g / L </td></tr><tr><td> 호스 혈청 열 inactivated </td><td> 100 ML </td><td> 200 ML </td><td> 20% </td></tr><tr><td> L - 글루타민 (200 ㎜) </td><td> 2.5 ML </td><td> 5 ML </td><td> 1 ㎜ </td></tr><tr><td> CaCl 2 (1 M) </td><td> 0.5 ML </td><td> 1 ML </td><td> 1 ㎜ </td></tr><tr><td> MgSO 4 (1 M) </td><td> 1 ML </td><td> 2 ML </td><td> 2 MM </td></tr><tr><td> 인슐린 (1 MG / ML), HCL 0.01 N에 녹아있는 </td><td> 0.5 ML </td><td> 1 ML </td><td> 1 MG / L </td></tr><tr><td> 아스코르비 산, 솔루션 (25 % W / V) </td><td> 0.024 ML </td><td> 0.048 ML </td><td> 0.00125 % </td></tr><tr><td> D - 포도당 </td><td> 1.16g </td><td> 2.32g </td><td> 13 MM </td></tr><tr><td> NaHCO 3 </td><td> 0.22g </td><td> 0.44g </td><td> 5.2 MM </td></tr><tr><td> Hepes </td><td> 3.58g </td><td> 7.16g </td><td> 30 MM </td></tr></tbody></table> 완전히 녹아까지 섞어 실온에 가져와. 1 N NaOH로 7.27-7.28로 산도를 조정 측정 osmolarity. deionized 및 소독 H 2 O.과 320 mmol / kg으로 조정 약 25-40 ML을 추가할 예정입니다. 다시 osmolarity를​​ 확인하십시오. osmolarity를​​ 조정하면서 *** 산도가 약간 변경될 수 있습니다,이 괜찮습니다, 그것은 osmolarity가 올바른 범위 (317-323)에있는 것을 더 중요합니다. 0.22 μm의 필터를 통해 통과하여 소독. 4 2 대 3 주 20 ML aliquots하고 저장하십시오 ° C. Gluatamine 재고 : 2.5 ML의 aliquots에서 -20 ° C에서 200 mm까지와 저장소의 농도에서 준비합니다. 아스코르비 산 주식 : 25 %의 농도 (W / V)에서 준비하고 100 μL의 aliquots에서 -20 ° C에 저장됩니다. </li></ol> 5. 대표 결과 : 조각은 검은 반점이없는 해부 현미경 흰색 외관과 잘 정의되고 손상되지 않은 CA1, CA3 및 이가있는 이랑 지역 것입니다. 박테리아 오염은 쉽게 SCM의 매체 또는 탁도에 검은 점들을 이동으로 볼 수 있습니다. 현미경으로 배치하면, 단면의 표면은 분명하고 discernibly 세포 기관과 문화 4 일 후에 깨끗하게 보일 것입니다. 더 명확한 세포 기관은 본 적이 있고 많은 부스러기 4 일 후에 표면을 다루고있다면 건강 슬라이스되지 않습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Martin, S. J., Grimwood, P. D., Morris, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+plasticity+and+memory:+an+evaluation+of+the+hypothesis.">Synaptic plasticity and memory: an evaluation of the hypothesis.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 23, 649-711 (2000).</li><li>Bliss, T. V., Collingridge, G. L., Morris, R. G. I. n. t. r. o. d. u. c. t. i. o. n. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+potentiation+and+structure+of+the+issue.">Long-term potentiation and structure of the issue.</a> Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 358, 607-611 (2003).</li><li>Shepherd, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The synaptic organization of the brain. , (2004).</li><li>Malinow, R., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presynaptic+enhancement+shown+by+whole-cell+recordings+of+long-term+potentiation+in+hippocampal+slices.">Presynaptic enhancement shown by whole-cell recordings of long-term potentiation in hippocampal slices.</a> Nature. 346, 177-180 (1990).</li><li>Malinow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introduction+of+green+fluorescent+protein+(GFP)+into+hippocampal+neurons+through+viral+infection.">Introduction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) into hippocampal neurons through viral infection.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. , (2010).</li><li>Shi, S., Hayashi, Y., Esteban, J. A., Malinow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit-specific+rules+governing+AMPA+receptor+trafficking+to+synapses+in+hippocampal+pyramidal+neurons.">Subunit-specific rules governing AMPA receptor trafficking to synapses in hippocampal pyramidal neurons.</a> Cell. 105, 331-343 (2001).</li><li>Woods, G., Zito, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+gene+gun+bullets+and+biolistic+transfection+of+neurons+in+slice+culture.">Preparation of gene gun bullets and biolistic transfection of neurons in slice culture.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>Esteban, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PKA+phosphorylation+of+AMPA+receptor+subunits+controls+synaptic+trafficking+underlying+plasticity.">PKA phosphorylation of AMPA receptor subunits controls synaptic trafficking underlying plasticity.</a> Nat Neurosci. 6, 136-143 (2003).</li><li>Mainen, Z. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+imaging+in+living+brain+slices.">Two-photon imaging in living brain slices.</a> Methods. 18, 231-239 (1999).</li><li>Barria, A., Malinow, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit-specific+NMDA+receptor+trafficking+to+synapses.">Subunit-specific NMDA receptor trafficking to synapses.</a> Neuron. 35, 345-353 (2002).</li><li>Stoppini, L., Buchs, P. A., Muller, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+organotypic+cultures+of+nervous+tissue.">A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 37, 173-182 (1991).</li><li>Simoni, A. D. e., Griesinger, C. B., Edwards, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+rat+CA1+neurones+in+acute+versus+organotypic+slices:+role+of+experience+in+synaptic+morphology+and+activity.">Development of rat CA1 neurones in acute versus organotypic slices: role of experience in synaptic morphology and activity.</a> J Physiol. 550, 135-147 (2003).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

이 방법은 11. 첫째 Stoppini 외에 기술된 방법에 따라 문화 hippocampal 조각하는 빠른 방법을 제공합니다. 이 프로토콜의 가장 중요한 부분은 조각이 멸균 유지하는 것입니다, 따라서 그것은 적절한 살균 기술을 사용하고 적절히 조직과의 접촉에있는 모든 자료를 소독하고 소독하는 것이 중요합니다. 다른 serums 소스는 조각의 품질에 영향을 미칠 수있다. 우?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Cell culture inserts</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>PICM03050</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6 well plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>353046</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue Slicer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Stoelting</td>
<td>51425/51415</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>SZX7-ILLD2-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td> Hippocampus dissecting tool</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>10099-15</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Large utility scissors. Perfection</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>37500-00/37000-00 Right/ Left handed</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Iris Spatula</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>10093-13</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Straight spatula</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>10094-13</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Rounded spoon micro spatula</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>57949-039</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting single cutting edge needle</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
<td>72946</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting tweezers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dummont</td>
<td>#2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Small dissecting scissors</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>F.S.T</td>
<td>14060-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MEM Eagle medium</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cellgro</td>
<td>50-019 PB</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Horse serum heat inactivated</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>26050-88</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-Glutamine (200 mM)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>25030081</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CaCl2 (1 M)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>C3881</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgSO4 (1 M)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M2773</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insulin (1 mg/ml), dissolved in HCl 0.01 N</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>I0516</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Ascorbic Acid, solution (25%)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A4544</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>D-Glucose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G5767</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>NaHCO3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S6014</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hepes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>H7523</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sucrose</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S5016</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phenol Red Solution 0.5% in DPBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P0290</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>KCl</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P3911</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MgCl2 (1 M)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>M9272</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

organotypic hippocampal slice cultures

해마는 변연 계 시스템의 구성 요소, 장기 기억과 공간적 탐색 1 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있습니다. Hippocampal 신경 강력한 정품 인증 짧은 기간 이후에 그들의 연결 강도를 수정할 수 있습니다. 장기 potentiation (LTP)으로 알려진이 현상은, 몇 시간 또는 며칠 동안 지난 수 있으며, 학습과 기억이 가장 적합한 후보기구가되었다. 또한, 해마 3 잘 정의된 해부 및 연결은 시냅스 전달 및 시냅스 소성 4를 공부하는 클래식 모델 시스템을 만들었습니다. hippocampal 시냅스의 생리에 대한 우리의 이해가 성장하고 분자 플레이어가 확인되자, 시냅스 단백질을 조작할 필요가 필수적이되었습니다. Organotypic hippocampal 문화는 쉬운 유전자 조작과 정확한 약리 개입 가능성을 제공하지만, 일상 문화 dissociated 뉴런 방법보다 더 자연 맥락에서 버렸네 기능을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다 신경 조직을 유지합니다. 여기 우리는 쉽게 다른 뇌 영역 적용할 수 있습니다 hippocampal 조각 준비하고 문화에 방법을 제시한다. 이 방법은 바이러스 감염 5,6 또는 biolistics 7과 같은 다른 방법을 사용하여 유전자 조작을위한 조각에 쉽게 액세스할 수 있습니다. 또한, 조각 쉽게 생화학 assays 8 복구할 수, 또는 영상 9 electrophysiological 실험 10 현미경으로 전송.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures at JoVE.com

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

우리는 쉽게 다른 뇌 영역 적용할 수 있습니다 organotypic hippocampal 조각을 준비하는 방법을 설명합니다. 뇌 조각이 인터페이스를 형성하기 위해 허용되는 구멍이 세포막과 문화 미디어에 누워있다. 이 방법은 최대 문화에 이주하는 해마의 매출 구조를 유지합니다.

Organotypic Hippocampal 슬라이스 문화

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

36.9K 조회수.  University of Washington School of Medicine. 우리는 쉽게 다른 뇌 영역 적용할 수 있습니다 organotypic hippocampal 조각을 준비하는 방법을 설명합니다. 뇌 조각이 인터페이스를 형성하기 위해 허용되는 구멍이 세포막과 문화 미디어에 누워있다. 이 방법은 최대 문화에 이주하는 해마의 매출 구조를 유지합니다.

비디오: Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

의 연결을 부상을 검사에 대한 Organotypic Hippocampal 슬라이스 문화 모델

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

연구

신경과학

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex. Because of the lack of specific pharmacological agents for these channels, we have taken a genetic approach to manipulating channel expression. We use an organotypic culture preparation (16) in order to maintain cell morphology and the laminar pattern of cortex. We typically isolate acute neocortical slices at postnatal days 8-10 and maintain the slices in culture for 3-7 days. This allows us to study neurons at a similar age to those in our work with acute slices and minimizes the development of exuberant excitatory connections in the slice. We record from visually-identified pyramidal neurons in layers II/III or V using infrared illumination (IR-) and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) with whole cell patch clamp in current- or voltage-clamp. We use biolistic (Gene gun) transfection of wild type or mutant potassium channel DNA to manipulate expression of the channels to study their function. The transfected cells are easily identified by epifluorescence microscopy after co-transfection with cDNA for green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compare recordings of transfected cells to adjacent, untransfected neurons in the same layer from the same slice.

This is a protocol to prepare and maintain a neocortical slice preparation in organotypic culture for the purpose of making electrical recordings from pyramidal neurons.

네크로 텍스의 Organotypic 슬라이스 준비에서 전체 셀 녹음

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

배아 복부 Midbrain의 Organotypic 슬라이스 문화 : Dopaminergic의 연결을 개발 연구하는 시스템 체외에서</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

Organotypic 슬라이스 문화의 Purkinje 세포 수지상의 형태학의 분석

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

Post-embedding Immunogold Labeling of Synaptic Proteins in Hippocampal Slice Cultures

Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful tool to study biological molecules at the subcellular level. Antibodies coupled to electron-dense markers such as colloidal gold can reveal the localization and distribution of specific antigens in various tissues1. The two most widely used techniques are pre-embedding and post-embedding techniques. In pre-embedding immunogold-electron microscopy (EM) techniques, the tissue must be permeabilized to allow antibody penetration before it is embedded. These techniques are ideal for preserving structures but poor penetration of the antibody (often only the first few micrometers) is a considerable drawback2. The post-embedding labeling methods can avoid this problem because labeling takes place on sections of fixed tissues where antigens are more easily accessible. Over the years, a number of modifications have improved the post-embedding methods to enhance immunoreactivity and to preserve ultrastructure3-5.
Tissue fixation is a crucial part of EM studies. Fixatives chemically crosslink the macromolecules to lock the tissue structures in place. The choice of fixative affects not only structural preservation but also antigenicity and contrast. Osmium tetroxide (OsO4), formaldehyde, and glutaraldehyde have been the standard fixatives for decades, including for central nervous system (CNS) tissues that are especially prone to structural damage during chemical and physical processing. Unfortunately, OsO4 is highly reactive and has been shown to mask antigens6, resulting in poor and insufficient labeling. Alternative approaches to avoid chemical fixation include freezing the tissues. But these techniques are difficult to perform and require expensive instrumentation. To address some of these problems and to improve CNS tissue labeling, Phend et al. replaced OsO4 with uranyl acetate (UA) and tannic acid (TA), and successfully introduced additional modifications to improve the sensitivity of antigen detection and structural preservation in brain and spinal cord tissues7. We have adopted this osmium-free post-embedding method to rat brain tissue and optimized the immunogold labeling technique to detect and study synaptic proteins.
We present here a method to determine the ultrastructural localization of synaptic proteins in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We use organotypic hippocampal cultured slices. These slices maintain the trisynaptic circuitry of the hippocampus, and thus are especially useful for studying synaptic plasticity, a mechanism widely thought to underlie learning and memory. Organotypic hippocampal slices from postnatal day 5 and 6 mouse/rat pups can be prepared as described previously8, and are especially useful to acutely knockdown or overexpress exogenous proteins. We have previously used this protocol to characterize neurogranin (Ng), a neuron-specific protein with a critical role in regulating synaptic function8,9 . We have also used it to characterize the ultrastructural localization of calmodulin (CaM) and Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)10. As illustrated in the results, this protocol allows good ultrastructural preservation of dendritic spines and efficient labeling of Ng to help characterize its distribution in the spine8. Furthermore, the procedure described here can have wide applicability in studying many other proteins involved in neuronal functions.

The localization and distribution of proteins provide important information for understanding their cellular functions. The superior spatial resolution of electron microscopy (EM) can be used to determine the subcellular localization of a given antigen following immunohistochemistry. For tissues of the central nervous system (CNS), preserving structural integrity while maintaining antigenicity has been especially difficult in EM studies. Here, we adopt a procedure that has been used to preserve structures and antigens in the CNS to study and characterize synaptic proteins in rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.

Hippocampal 슬라이스 문화의 시냅틱 단백질의 포스트 퍼가기 Immunogold 라벨링

Immunoelectron microscopy is a powerful tool to study biological molecules at the subcellular level. Antibodies coupled to electron-dense markers such as ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Organotypic 슬라이스는 문화 희소 돌기 아교 세포 역학 및 수초화을 공부하기

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

Paired Whole Cell Recordings in Organotypic Hippocampal Slices

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct electrophysiological characterization of the synaptic connections between individual neurons, but also pharmacological manipulation of either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic neuron. When carried out in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, the probability that two neurons are synaptically connected is significantly increased. This preparation readily enables identification of cell types, and the neurons maintain their morphology and properties of synaptic function similar to that in native brain tissue. A major advantage of paired whole cell recordings is the highly precise information it can provide on the properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity that are not possible with other more crude techniques utilizing extracellular axonal stimulation. Paired whole cell recordings are often perceived as too challenging to perform. While there are challenging aspects to this technique, paired recordings can be performed by anyone trained in whole cell patch clamping provided specific hardware and methodological criteria are followed. The probability of attaining synaptically connected paired recordings significantly increases with healthy organotypic slices and stable micromanipulation allowing independent attainment of pre- and postsynaptic whole cell recordings. While CA3-CA3 pyramidal cell pairs are most widely used in the organotypic slice hippocampal preparation, this technique has also been successful in CA3-CA1 pairs and can be adapted to any neurons that are synaptically connected in the same slice preparation. In this manuscript we provide the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

Pair recordings are simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling precise electrophysiological and pharmacological characterization of the synapses between individual neurons. Here we describe the detailed methodology and requirements for establishing this technique in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures in any laboratory equipped for electrophysiology.

해마의 Organotypic 조각의 쌍으로 전체 셀 녹음

Pair recordings involve simultaneous whole cell patch clamp recordings from two synaptically connected neurons, enabling not only direct ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

에서 신경 혈관 리모델링의 분석 Entorhino - 해마 Organotypic 슬라이스 문화

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

Organotypic Hippocampal 슬라이스 문화 연구 Neuroprotection 및 종양 세포의 침입을 모델로

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate tangentially from their place of origin in the ventral telencephalon (including from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE, CGE)) to the dorsal cortical plate in response to a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic cues. Different methodologies have been developed over the years to genetically manipulate specific pathways and investigate how they regulate the dynamic cytoskeletal changes required for proper IN migration. In utero electroporation has been extensively used to study the effect of gene repression or overexpression in specific IN subtypes while assessing the impact on morphology and final position. However, while this approach is readily used to modify radially migrating pyramidal cells, it is more technically challenging when targeting INs. In utero electroporation generates a low yield given the decreased survival rates of pups when electroporation is conducted before e14.5, as is customary when studying MGE-derived INs. In an alternative approach, MGE explants provide easy access to the MGE and facilitate the imaging of genetically modified INs. However, in these explants, INs migrate into an artificial matrix, devoid of endogenous guidance cues and thalamic inputs. This prompted us to optimize a method where INs can migrate in a more naturalistic environment, while circumventing the technical challenges of in utero approaches. In this paper, we describe the combination of ex utero electroporation of embryonic mouse brains followed by organotypic slice cultures to readily track, image and reconstruct genetically modified INs migrating along their natural paths in response to endogenous cues. This approach allows for both the quantification of the dynamic aspects of IN migration with time-lapse confocal imaging, as well as the detailed analysis of various morphological parameters using neuronal reconstructions on fixed immunolabeled tissue.

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Here, we provide a low-cost and reliable method to generate electroporated brain organotypic slice cultures from mouse embryos suitable for confocal microscopy and live-imaging techniques.

전 Utero Electroporation 및 마이그레이션 GABAergic 수의 라이브 이미징 배아 마우스 두뇌의 Organotypic 조각 문화

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...