この作品は、NIAIDからNRMとJLBにSREBの博士論文フェローシップ賞への助成金番号R01AI055001とR01AI082127によってサポートされていました。

1。フルオレセインデキストランとGSL I -イソレクチンB 4顔面静脈注射は胎児の血管系にラベルを付けるラベルが付い<ol><li>生理食塩水（PBS）またはGSL 1リン酸緩衝FITC -デキストランを（50ug/mL）の準備- 1.5mlのエッペンドルフチューブにPBSでイソレクチンB 4（20ug/200uL）と37℃くらいまで温めC. FITC -デキストラン溶液（総体積1mLの）と株式1.25ファストグリーンの180uL / PBSにGSL 1株1.25ファストグリーン/ PBSの100uL追加-ソリューションが小さくなるようにイソレクチンB 4（合計ボリューム200uL）を、目に見えて青。 </li><li>尿膜茎（臍動脈と静脈が）そのままにして、一緒にE14.5 - E18.5胚と卵黄嚢を解剖。 </li><li>新しいペトリ皿（60 × 15 mm）に胚を移し、室温でPBSでそれらを浸す。 </li><li>頭/顔の矢ビューを提供するために胚を置きます。優しく頭で胚を把握するためにマイクロ解剖ピンセットを使用してください。 </li><li> 30Gの針を使用して、50UL FITC -デキストラン（50ug/mL）またはGSL 1を注入する-イソレクチンB 4（200uLのPBS中20ug）を頭の後ろに向かって針を指す顔面静脈に。 </li><li>染料は、臍静脈に表示されているときに、針を除去し、尿膜茎（臍動脈と静脈）から胚を分離。 </li><li>注射後、胚は、色素が胚全体に循環するように2〜3分間室温でPBS中に残さないように。 </li></ol> 2。皮膚の血管系のホールマウントの解析<ol><li>色素が胚全体に循環させた後、バック、手足の地域から皮膚サンプルを削除し、胃、など8,9。 </li><li>冷PBSで皮膚のサンプルを洗浄し、2時間8,9を4％PFA / PBSで固定してください。 2mLの冷PBSで4mlの透明なバイアルで10分間ずつ3回洗浄する。 </li><li>顕微鏡スライド上に皮膚のサンプルを配置し、各スライドとカバーガラスにマウントメディアの100μlを加える。 </li><li>スライドは暗い記憶領域に乾燥することができます。 </li><li> 2&#39;イメージの取得&quot;セクションに進みます。 </li></ol> 3。凍結切片のための胸腺お​​よび心臓血管系と血管周囲細胞のマルチカラーラベル（セクション1、手順7から続行） <ol><li>液体窒素で&quot;フラッシュフリーズ&quot;全胚。胚は、分析するまでになると-80℃で保存できます。 </li><li>また、、胸腺をばらばらにする4℃のPBSですすぎ、そして2時間2mLの4％パラホルムアルデヒド（PFA）/ PBSで固定してください。冷PBS、OCTでの場所thymusの複数形、および-80℃で使用するまで凍結保存℃で10分間3回洗浄</li><li> cryosectioningの場合は、セクション&quot;ブロック&quot;にOCTを広げ、セクショニングの胚や解剖の臓器/組織をマウントします。 </li><li>厚さ10μmのセクションに凍結組織を切り取り、スライド上に収集する。 </li><li> 5〜10分間アセトンでセクションを修正。冷たいTBSで3回洗浄する。 </li><li>室温で湿度チャンバ内の10％ロバ血清/ TBSでブロックする。 </li><li> 4℃湿度チャンバ内の一次抗体を100μlで1時間、一晩のためのセクションをインキュベート° C：この例では、我々は、ラット抗マウスCD31（1:100）ラベルの内皮へ、そしてヤギ抗マウスPDGFR -βを使用してください（1:100）血管周囲細胞を標識する。それは抗体が均一にセクションにまたがっていることを保証するために個別にカットパラフィルムストリップではスライドをカバーするために有用です。 </li><li>一次抗体とのインキュベーション後、切片を冷たいTBSで3回洗浄する。最短で30分のための適切な二次抗体を100μlとインキュベートする。 </li><li>冷たいTBSで3回洗浄する。各スライドとカバーガラスにマウントメディアの100μlを追加します。 </li><li>スライドは暗い記憶領域に乾燥することができます。 </li><li> &quot;画像取り込み&quot;セクションに進んでください。 </li></ol> 4。ビブラトームセクションの胸腺血管と血管周囲細胞のマルチカラーラベル（セクション1、手順7から続行） <ol><li>胚から胸腺葉を摘出し、冷PBSでリンス。 </li><li> 2時間、室温で4％PFA / PBSで胸腺を修正。 </li><li>アガロース/ PBS（〜4℃）溶融低い4％の小さなプラスチック製のカートリッジと水没のPBS -トリトンX（0.15％）3回、10分および場所のthymusの複数形で洗う。胸腺は、カートリッジの底部に接触している必要があります。 </li><li>アガロースが氷（3〜5分）で固化することができます。余分なアガロースを遮断するカミソリの刃を使用。ビブラトームブロックに接着剤を追加し、ブロックするためにサンプルを付着する。 </li><li>サンプルとブレードが浸されるまでビブラトームの水浴に冷PBSを追加。 </li><li>速度を設定し、振幅（高振幅、低中程度の速度はソフト胸腺のセクションに理想的です）。のセクションでは、過剰な攪拌による解散場合振幅が低減されるべきである。 </li><li> 50人のUMセクションをカット。 </li><li>絵筆を使って、冷PBSで24ウェルマイクロプレートのセクションを収集する。 </li><li> 30分間PBS -トリトンX（0.15％）の10％ロバ血清を500μlのブロックのセクション。 </li><li>などの一次抗体と一晩に8時間、切片をインキュベート抗CD31および抗PDGFR -β、覆われた24ウェルマイクロプレートインチ</li><li> 4℃8時間の合計℃以上PBS -トリトンX（0.15％）で3回洗浄する</li><li> 30分間PBS -トリトンX（0.15％）の10％ロバ血清中のブロックのセクションを参照してください。 </li><li> 4℃との適切な二次抗体で一晩に8時間のためのセクションをインキュベートする。 </li><li> 4℃8時間の合計℃以上PBS -トリトンX（0.15％）で3回洗浄する</li><li> 4％PFA / PBSで再修正のサンプルを氷上で30分間。 </li><li>氷上で30分間にわたってPBS -トリトンX（0.15％）で3回洗浄する。 </li><li> 25パーセントメタノール、50％メタノール、75％メタノール、および各ステップのための10分で100％のメタノール：等級メタノール/ PBS -トリトンXシリーズを通して試料を脱水する。 10分後に新鮮なメタノールと100％のメタノールを交換し、室温で1時間インキュベートします。 </li><li> 1:2の比率で：ガラス容器、ミックスBABB（安息香酸ベンジルベンジルアルコール）で。 50％のBABBと50％のメタノールの最終濃度MeOHでBABBを組み合わせる。 10〜15分のMeOH：BABBのサンプルをインキュベートする。 </li><li>室温で、10〜15分間またはクリアされるまで100パーセントBABBとインキュベートしたガラス容器にサンプルを移す。 </li><li>新鮮な100％BABBでうつ病のスライド（0.7ミリメートルの深さ）を記入し、側にサンプルを移す。マニキュアの2-3コートとガラス（第1.5）とシールをカバーに追加します。室温で暗所で固めるにマニキュア爪を許可し、4でサンプルが格納℃に 注：スライドが完全に共焦点画像の取得前に封印されている必要があります。蛍光色素はBABBでフェードインできるように画像は、12〜24時間以内に取得しておく必要があります。 </li><li> &quot;画像取り込み&quot;セクションに進んでください。 </li></ol> 5。画像の取得<ol><li>画像10μmの488プラン-アポクロマート20X/0.8目標（512 × 512ピクセル）を使用して共焦点顕微鏡で凍結切片- （FITC-dextran/GSL 1 -イソレクチンB 4）、543 - 、、633 nmのレーザーラインが。 </li><li>共焦点取得全体のマウントの皮膚と50μmの488プラン-アポクロマート10X/0.4目的を（512 × 512ピクセル）を使用してアガロース包埋切片のzセクション- （FITC-dextran/GSL 1 - B 4イソレクチン）、543 - 、 、633 nmのレーザーライン。シリアルZ -セクションは、それぞれのチャネルに対して1ミクロンで連続して収集する必要があります。 </li><li>ツァイスAxioVisionの4.6または他の画像解析ソフトウェアを使用してシリアルZ -セクションを再構築。 </li></ol> 6。代表的な結果： 胚の血管系の効率のよいラベリングには、マウス胎児の血管の欠陥を評価するために重要です。図1は、それぞれ、右と左心室（1E - F）の染色に加えて、CD31（1B）で特定のE16.5胸腺の血管（1A - B）のラベルとの共同ラベルを示しています。 GSL I -イソレクチンBなどのセクション1,3、および5に記載された凍結切片のための4プロトコルは、これらの実験で使用されていた。ホールマウントのE16.5マウスの皮膚の血管のネットワークのラベル、セクション1、2に記載されているプロトコルを使用して、そして5は図1C - Dに示されています。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3267/3267fig1.jpg" /> 1凡例を示しています。 FITC GSL I - E16.5マウス胚にイソレクチンB 4顔面静脈注射。胎児の皮膚の血管系は、次の注射の注射後の胚の胸腺のA.の凍結切片。イソレクチンB 4とCD31の共ラベルのB.マージします。c.及び d.ホールマウント。E.と胎児心eのfの凍結切片（右心室）F.（左心室）、次の注入。

<ol>
	<li>Cuddihy, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VEGF-mediated+cross-talk+within+the+neonatal+murine+thymus.">VEGF-mediated cross-talk within the neonatal murine thymus.</a> Blood. 113, 2723-2731 (2009).</li><li>Muller, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+targeting+of+VEGF-A+in+thymus+epithelium+disrupts+thymus+blood+vessel+architecture.">Gene targeting of VEGF-A in thymus epithelium disrupts thymus blood vessel architecture.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 10587-10592 (2005).</li><li>Muller, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+crest+origin+of+perivascular+mesenchyme+in+the+adult+thymus.">Neural crest origin of perivascular mesenchyme in the adult thymus.</a> J. Immunol. 180, 5344-5351 (2008).</li><li>Foster, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+neural+crest-derived+cells+in+the+embryonic+and+adult+thymus.">Contribution of neural crest-derived cells in the embryonic and adult thymus.</a> J. Immunol. 180, 3183-3189 (2008).</li><li>Liu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+between+CCR7-+and+CCR9-mediated+chemokine+signals+in+prevascular+fetal+thymus+colonization.">Coordination between CCR7- and CCR9-mediated chemokine signals in prevascular fetal thymus colonization.</a> Blood. 108, 2531-2539 (2006).</li><li>Lavine, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast+growth+factor+signals+regulate+a+wave+of+Hedgehog+activation+that+is+essential+for+coronary+vascular+development.">Fibroblast growth factor signals regulate a wave of Hedgehog activation that is essential for coronary vascular development.</a> Genes Dev. 20, 1651-1666 (2006).</li><li>Lavine, K. J., Kovacs, A., Ornitz, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hedgehog+signaling+is+critical+for+maintenance+of+the+adult+coronary+vasculature+in+mice.">Hedgehog signaling is critical for maintenance of the adult coronary vasculature in mice.</a> J. Clin Invest. 118, 2404-2414 (2008).</li><li>Mukouyama, Y. S., Gerber, H. P., Ferrara, N., Gu, C., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+nerve-derived+VEGF+promotes+arterial+differentiation+via+neuropilin+1-mediated+positive+feedback.">Peripheral nerve-derived VEGF promotes arterial differentiation via neuropilin 1-mediated positive feedback.</a> Development. 132, 941-952 (2005).</li><li>Mukouyama, Y. S., Shin, D., Britsch, S., Taniguchi, M., Anderson, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+nerves+determine+the+pattern+of+arterial+differentiation+and+blood+vessel+branching+in+the+skin.">Sensory nerves determine the pattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the skin.</a> Cell. 109, 693-705 (2002).</li><li>Murphy, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+Notch4+signaling+induces+hallmarks+of+brain+arteriovenous+malformations+in+mice.">Endothelial Notch4 signaling induces hallmarks of brain arteriovenous malformations in mice.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 10901-10906 (2008).</li></ol>

利害の衝突は宣言されません。

セクションの全体のマウントおよびPECAM - 1（CD31）染色は、マウス胎児の血管系を標識するための従来の方法です。これらのメソッドは、直接および/または間接免疫蛍光法、およびマウスの組織を透過性に洗剤を使用する必要があります。これはかなりタイムリーなプロセスであることが分かる。ここで、我々はそれによって抗体のラベリング手順の必要性を取り除きました、B 4顔面...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th>試薬の名前</th><th>会社</th><th>カタログ番号</th></tr><tr><td> FITC -デキストラン</td><td>シグマ</td><td> FD150S - 1G </td></tr><tr><td> GSL 1のラベルフルオレセイン-イソレクチンB 4 </td><td>ベクターラボラトリーズ</td><td> FL - 1201 </td></tr><tr><td>速いグリーン</td><td> MPのバイオメディカル</td><td> 195178 </td></tr><tr><td> PFA </td><td>フルカ</td><td> 76240 </td></tr><tr><td>ウシ胎仔血清</td><td>アトランタバイオ</td><td> S11550 </td></tr><tr><td>最適な切削温度化合物（OCT </td><td> VWR </td><td> 25608-930 </td></tr><tr><td>アセトン</td><td> JTベーカー</td><td> 9006〜33 </td></tr><tr><td>ロバ血清</td><td>ジャクソン</td><td> 017-000-121 </td></tr><tr><td>ラット抗マウスCD31、 </td><td> BD Pharmingen社</td><td> 558736 </td></tr><tr><td>ヤギ抗マウスPDGFR -β </td><td> R＆Dシステムズ</td><td> AF1042 </td></tr><tr><td>ロバ抗ラットCD31アレクサ647（Invitrogen社） </td><td> Biolegend </td><td> 102516 </td></tr><tr><td>ロバ抗ヤギアレクサ594（Invitrogen社） </td><td>インビトロジェン</td><td> A11058 </td></tr><tr><td>トリトンX -100 </td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> X - 100 </td></tr><tr><td>低融点アガロース/ PBS </td><td>シグマアルドリッチ</td><td> A9414 - 25G </td></tr><tr><td>メタノール</td><td>フィッシャーサイエンティフィック</td><td> A413 - 4 </td></tr><tr><td>ベンジルアルコール</td><td>アクロスサイエンティフィック</td><td> 148390010 </td></tr><tr><td>安息香酸ベンジル</td><td>アクロスサイエンティフィック</td><td> 105860010 </td></tr><tr><td>うつ病のスライド</td><td>フィッシャーサイエンティフィック</td><td> S175201 </td></tr><tr><td> Fluorogel </td><td>電子顕微鏡学</td><td> 17985〜10 </td></tr><tr><td>カバーガラス（22X22）-1.5 </td><td>サーモサイエンティフィック</td><td> 152222 </td></tr><tr><td>ツァイスLSM 510メタ共焦点顕微鏡</td><td>ツァイス</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ミクロ解剖鉗子</td><td> Roboz </td><td> RS - 5135 </td></tr><tr><td>パラフィルム番号OM992 </td><td>フィッシャーサイエンティフィック</td><td> 13-374-16 </td></tr><tr><td> 12および24ウェルマイクロプレート</td><td>エバーグリーンサイエンティフィック</td><td> 222 - 8044 - 01F </td></tr><tr><td> Superfrost /プラス顕微鏡スライド</td><td>フィッシャーサイエンティフィック</td><td> 12-550-15 </td></tr><tr><td> 4mlの透明バイアル</td><td>国立科学</td><td> B7800 - 2 </td></tr></tbody></table>

a method for labeling vasculature in embryonic mice

機能的な血管のネットワークの設立は、器官形成の本質的な部分であり、そして最適な臓器の機能に必要です。例えば、胸腺適切な血管の形成とパターニングに臓器と周辺への成熟T細胞の出口への胸腺細胞のエントリには不可欠です。胸腺の血管の空間的な配置は、局所微小環境からの信号、すなわち胸腺上皮細胞（TEC）に依存します。いくつかの最近の報告では、胸腺血管の欠陥の1,2にこれらの信号の結果のその中断を示唆している。これまでの研究では、新生児と成人の胸腺の血管系の1,2にラベルを付けるために使用されるテクニックを説明してきました。ここでは、胎児胸腺内の血管を標識するためのテクニックを示しています。このメソッドは、FITC -デキストランまたはGriffonia（Bandeiraea）SimplicifoliaレクチンI（GSL 1 -イソレクチンB 4）の使用を組み合わせて顔の静脈注射とCD31抗体染色胸腺血管構造と胸腺の血管周囲の間充織3-5をラベル付けするためにPDGFR -βを識別する。凍結切片またはビブラトームセクションを使用するオプションも用意されています。このプロトコルは、胸腺血管形成にTEC -由来分子の役割を定義するために重要な胸腺血管の欠陥を、識別するために使用することができます。メソッドが全体の血管をラベルとして、それはまた、皮膚や心臓60から10を含む胚全体の複数の臓器や組織に血管のネットワークを分析するために使用することができます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Labeling Vasculature in Embryonic Mice at JoVE.com

A Method for Labeling Vasculature in Embryonic Mice

この記事では、胚性皮膚や胸腺、血管を標識する方法を説明します。

マウス胎児の血管系を標識する方法

The establishment of a functional blood vessel network is an essential part of organogenesis, and is required for optimal organ function. For example, in ...

a-method-for-labeling-vasculature-in-embryonic-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

15.5K ビュー.  University of Georgia. この記事では、胚性皮膚や胸腺、血管を標識する方法を説明します。

ビデオ: A Method for Labeling Vasculature in Embryonic Mice

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of infection with influenza virus alone. Instead, most individuals are thought to have succumbed to a secondary bacterial infection, predominately caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus). The synergistic relationship between infections caused by influenza virus and the pneumococcus has subsequently been observed during the 1957 Asian influenza virus pandemic, as well as during seasonal outbreaks of the virus (reviewed in 1, 2). Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the mechanism(s) that may be involved in increased morbidity as a result of concurrent influenza A virus and S. pneumoniae infection. We have developed an infant murine model to reliably and reproducibly demonstrate the effects of influenza virus infection of mice colonised with S. pneumoniae. Using this protocol, we have provided the first insight into the kinetics of pneumococcal transmission between co-housed, neonatal mice using in vivo imaging 3.

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

A concurrent infection with influenza A virus is one of the factors implicated in the induction of invasive pneumococcal disease during asymptomatic Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage. Here we describe a mixed infection method using infant mice to investigate the synergism between these two respiratory pathogens.

の間に相乗効果を調査するために生物発光イメージングを使用して肺炎球菌幼児マウスで>とインフルエンザウイルス

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of ...

免疫・感染学

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her viral population uses the CCR5 coreceptor for cellular entry, and not an alternative coreceptor. One approach to tropism testing is to examine the sequence of the V3 region of the HIV envelope, which interacts with the coreceptor.
Methods: Viral RNA is extracted from blood plasma. The V3 region is amplified in triplicate with nested reverse transcriptase-PCR. The amplifications are then sequenced and analyzed using the software, RE_Call. Sequences are then submitted to a bioinformatic algorithm such as geno2pheno to infer viral tropism from the V3 region. Sequences are inferred to be non-R5 if their geno2pheno false positive rate falls below 5.75%. If any one of the three sequences from a sample is inferred to be non-R5, the patient is unlikely to respond to a CCR5-antagonist.

HIV tropism can be inferred from the V3 region of the viral envelope. V3 is PCR amplified in triplicate using nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and interpreted using bioinformatic software. Samples with with 1 or more sequence(s) with low g2P scores are classified as non-R5 virus.

V3の人口ベースのシーケンシングを用いたHIV - 1トロピズムの遺伝子型推論

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

Visualizing Dengue Virus through Alexa Fluor Labeling

The early events in the interaction between virus and cell can have profound influence on the outcome of infection. Determining the factors 
that influence this interaction could lead to improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and thus influence vaccine or therapeutic design. Hence, the development 
of methods to probe this interaction would be useful. Recent advancements in fluorophores development1-3 and imaging technology4 can be exploited to 
improve our current knowledge on dengue pathogenesis and thus pave the way to reduce the millions of dengue infections occurring annually.

The enveloped dengue virus has an external scaffold consisting of 90 envelope glycoprotein (E) dimers protecting the nucleocapsid shell, 
which contains a single positive strand RNA genome5. The identical protein subunits on the virus surface can thus be labeled with an amine reactive dye and visualized 
through immunofluorescent microscopy. Here, we present a simple method of labeling of dengue virus with Alexa Fluor succinimidyl ester dye dissolved directly in a sodium 
bicarbonate buffer that yielded highly viable virus after labeling. There is no standardized procedure for the labeling of live virus and existing manufacturer&#x2019;s protocol 
for protein labeling usually requires the reconstitution of dye in dimethyl sulfoxide. The presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, even in minute quantities, can block 
productive infection of virus and also induce cell cytotoxicity6. The exclusion of the use of dimethyl sulfoxide in this protocol thus reduced this possibility. 
Alexa Fluor dyes have superior photostability and are less pH-sensitive than the common dyes, such as fluorescein and rhodamine2, making them ideal for 
studies on cellular uptake and endosomal transport of the virus. The conjugation of Alexa Fluor dye did not affect the recognition of labeled dengue 
virus by virus-specific antibody and its putative receptors in host cells7. This method could have useful applications in virological studies.

Taking advantage of the advancements in fluorophore development and imaging technology, a simple method of Alexa Fluor labeling of dengue virus was devised to visualize the early interactions between virus and cell.

のAlexa Fluor ®標識を通じてデング熱ウイルスの可視化

The early events in the interaction between virus and cell can have profound influence on the outcome of infection. Determining the factors 
that ...

Non-invasive Optical Imaging of the Lymphatic Vasculature of a Mouse

The lymphatic vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and mediates fat absorption in the gut. Yet despite its critical function, there is comparatively little understanding of how the lymphatic system adapts to serve these functions in health and disease1. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability to dynamically image lymphatic architecture and lymph "pumping" action in normal human subjects as well as in persons suffering lymphatic dysfunction using trace administration of a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and a custom, Gen III-intensified imaging system2-4. NIRF imaging showed dramatic changes in lymphatic architecture and function with human disease. It remains unclear how these changes occur and new animal models are being developed to elucidate their genetic and molecular basis. In this protocol, we present NIRF lymphatic, small animal imaging5,6 using indocyanine green (ICG), a dye that has been used for 50 years in humans7, and a NIRF dye-labeled cyclic albumin binding domain (cABD-IRDye800) peptide that preferentially binds mouse and human albumin8. Approximately 5.5 times brighter than ICG, cABD-IRDye800 has a similar lymphatic clearance profile and can be injected in smaller doses than ICG to achieve sufficient NIRF signals for imaging8. Because both cABD-IRDye800 and ICG bind to albumin in the interstitial space8, they both may depict active protein transport into and within the lymphatics. Intradermal (ID) injections (5-50 &mu;l) of ICG (645 &mu;M) or cABD-IRDye800 (200 &mu;M) in saline are administered to the dorsal aspect of each hind paw and/or the left and right side of the base of the tail of an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse. The resulting dye concentration in the animal is 83-1,250 &mu;g/kg for ICG or 113-1,700 &mu;g/kg for cABD-IRDye800. Immediately following injections, functional lymphatic imaging is conducted for up to 1 hr using a customized, small animal NIRF imaging system. Whole animal spatial resolution can depict fluorescent lymphatic vessels of 100 microns or less, and images of structures up to 3 cm in depth can be acquired9. Images are acquired using V++ software and analyzed using ImageJ or MATLAB software. During analysis, consecutive regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the entire vessel diameter are drawn along a given lymph vessel. The dimensions for each ROI are kept constant for a given vessel and NIRF intensity is measured for each ROI to quantitatively assess "packets" of lymph moving through vessels.

Recently developed imaging techniques using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) may help elucidate the role the lymphatic system plays in cancer metastasis, immune response, wound repair, and other lymphatic-associated diseases.

マウスのリンパ脈管構造の非侵襲的光イメージング

The lymphatic  vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that  maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

This protocol outlines the steps required to longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with integrated &mu;CT (DLIT-&mu;CT) and the subsequent use of this data to generate a four dimensional (4D) movie of the infection cycle. To develop the 4D infection movies and to validate the DLIT-&mu;CT imaging for bacterial infection studies using an IVIS Spectrum CT, we used infection with bioluminescent C. rodentium, which causes self-limiting colitis in mice. In this protocol, we outline the infection of mice with bioluminescent C. rodentium and non-invasive monitoring of colonization by daily DLIT-&mu;CT imaging and bacterial enumeration from feces for 8 days.
The use of the IVIS Spectrum CT facilitates seamless co-registration of optical and &mu;CT scans using a single imaging platform. The low dose &mu;CT modality enables the imaging of mice at multiple time points during infection, providing detailed anatomical localization of bioluminescent bacterial foci in 3D without causing artifacts from the cumulative radiation. Importantly, the 4D movies of infected mice provide a powerful analytical tool to monitor bacterial colonization dynamics in vivo.

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

Multi-modality imaging is a valuable approach for studying bacterial colonization in small animal models. This protocol outlines infection of mice with bioluminescent Citrobacter rodentium and the longitudinal monitoring of bacterial colonization using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with &mu;CT imaging to create a 4D movie of C. rodentium infection.

の4Dのマルチモダリティイメージング<em&gt;シトロバクターrodentium</emマウスにおける&gt;感染症

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

A Non-invasive and Technically Non-intensive Method for Induction and Phenotyping of Experimental Bacterial Pneumonia in Mice

Although community-acquired pneumonia remains a major public health problem, murine models of bacterial pneumonia have recently facilitated significant preclinical advances in our understanding of the underlying cellular and molecular pathogenesis. In vivo mouse models capture the integrated physiology and resilience of the host defense response in a manner not revealed by alternative, simplified ex vivo approaches. Several methods have been described in the literature for intrapulmonary inoculation of bacteria in mice, including aerosolization, intranasal delivery, peroral endotracheal cannulation under &#39;blind&#39; and visualized conditions, and transcutaneous endotracheal cannulation. All methods have relative merits and limitations. Herein, we describe in detail a non-invasive, technically non-intensive, inexpensive, and rapid method for intratracheal delivery of bacteria that involves aspiration (i.e., inhalation) by the mouse of an infectious inoculum pipetted into the oropharynx while under general anesthesia. This method can be used for pulmonary delivery of a wide variety of non-caustic biological and chemical agents, and is relatively easy to learn, even for laboratories with minimal prior experience with pulmonary procedures. In addition to describing the aspiration pneumonia method, we also provide step-by-step procedures for assaying the subsequent in vivo pulmonary innate immune response of the mouse, in particular, methods for quantifying bacterial clearance and the cellular immune response of the infected airway. This integrated and simple approach to pneumonia assessment allows for rapid and robust evaluation of the effect of genetic and environmental manipulations upon pulmonary innate immunity.

Several methods have been described in the literature for modeling bacterial pneumonia in mice. Herein, we describe a non-invasive, inexpensive, rapid method for inducing pneumonia via aspiration (i.e., inhalation) of a bacterial inoculum pipetted into the oropharynx. Downstream methods for assessment of the pulmonary innate immune response are also detailed.

マウスにおける実験的細菌性肺炎の誘導と表現型のための非侵襲的および技術的に非集中的な方法

Although community-acquired pneumonia remains a major public health problem, murine models of bacterial pneumonia have recently facilitated significant ...

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelinating disease, creation of an AQP4-targeted model with both clinical and histologic manifestations of CNS autoimmunity has proven challenging. Immunization of wild-type (WT) mice with AQP4 peptides elicited T cell proliferation, although those T cells could not transfer disease to na&#239;ve recipient mice. Recently, two novel AQP4 T cell epitopes, peptide (p) 135-153 and p201-220, were identified when studying immune responses to AQP4 in AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/-) mice, suggesting T cell reactivity to these epitopes is normally controlled by thymic negative selection. AQP4-/- Th17 polarized T cells primed to either p135-153 or p201-220 induced paralysis in recipient WT mice, that was associated with predominantly leptomeningeal inflammation of the spinal cord and optic nerves. Inflammation surrounding optic nerves and involvement of the inner retinal layers (IRL) were manifested by changes in serial optical coherence tomography (OCT). Here, we illustrate the approaches used to create this new in vivo model of AQP4-targeted CNS autoimmunity (ATCA), which can now be employed to study mechanisms that permit development of pathogenic AQP4-specific T cells and how they may cooperate with B cells in NMO pathogenesis.

Here, we present a protocol to induce paralysis and opticospinal inflammation by transfer of aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells from AQP4-/- mice into WT mice. In addition, we demonstrate how to use serial optical coherence tomography to monitor visual system dysfunction.

麻痺、視神経脊髄炎自己抗原アクアポリン 4 の T 細胞特定のマウスの視覚系障害の誘導

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human ...

A Method for the Measurement of Salivary Gland Function in Mice

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced saliva production. Similarly, saliva production is severely compromised in patients receiving radiation treatment for head and neck cancers. Rodent models, developed to mimic these clinical conditions, facilitate an understanding of the disease pathogenesis and allow for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, the ability to accurately, reproducibly, and repeatedly measure salivary gland function in animal models is critical. Building on procedures previously described in the literature, a method was developed that meets these criteria and was used to evaluate salivary gland function in mice. An additional advantage of this new method is that it is easily mastered, and has little inter-operator variation. Salivary gland function is evaluated as the amount (weight or volume) or rate (mL/min) of saliva produced in response to pilocarpine stimulation. The collected saliva is a good source for the analyses of protein content, immunoglobulin concentrations, and other biomolecules.

Salivary gland hypofunction is a frequent consequence of autoimmune disease and radiation therapy. Reproducible evaluation of salivary gland function in mouse models of these diseases is a technical challenge. Here, a simple method for accurate and reproducible measurement of saliva production in mice is described.

マウスの唾液腺機能の測定法

Patients with Sj&#246;gren&#39;s syndrome, an autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glands, develop salivary gland inflammation and have reduced ...

Deep Vein Thrombosis Induced by Stasis in Mice Monitored by High Frequency Ultrasonography

Venous thrombosis is a common condition affecting 1 - 2% of the population, with an annual incidence of 1 in 500. Venous thrombosis can lead to death through pulmonary embolism or results in the post-thrombotic syndrome, characterized by chronic leg pain, swelling, and ulceration, or in chronic pulmonary hypertension resulting in significant chronic respiratory compromise. This is the most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke and is a clinical challenge for all medical disciplines, as it can complicate the course of other disorders such as cancer, systemic disease, surgery, and major trauma.
Experimental models are necessary to study these mechanisms. The stasis model induces consistent thrombus size and a quantifiable amount of thrombus. However, it is necessary to systematically ligate side branches of the inferior vena cava to avoid variability in thrombus sizes and any erroneous data interpretation. We have developed a non-invasive technique to measure thrombus size using ultrasonography. Using this technique, we can assess thrombus development and resolution over time in the same animal. This approach limits the number of mice required for quantification of venous thrombosis consistent with the principle of replacement, reduction, and refinement of animals in research. We have demonstrated that thrombus weight and histological analysis of thrombus size correlate with measurement obtained with ultrasonography. Therefore, the current study describes how to induce deep vein thrombosis in mice using the inferior vena cava stasis model and how to monitor it using high frequency ultrasound.

The present protocol describes the steps to obtain venous thrombosis using a stasis model. In addition, we are using a non-invasive method to measure thrombus formation and resolution over time.

高周波超音波による監視マウスのうっ滞による深部静脈血栓症

Venous thrombosis is a common condition affecting 1 - 2% of the population, with an annual incidence of 1 in 500. Venous thrombosis can lead to death ...

A Silver Nanoparticle Method for Ameliorating Biliary Atresia Syndrome in Mice

Biliary atresia (BA) is a severe type of cholangitis with high mortality in children of which the etiology is still not fully understood. Viral infections may be one possible cause. The typical animal model used for studying BA is established by inoculating a neonatal mouse with a rhesus rotavirus. Silver nanoparticles have been shown to exert antibacterial and antiviral effects; their function in the BA mouse model is evaluated in this study. Currently, in BA animal experiments, the methods used to improve the symptoms of BA mice are generally symptomatic treatments given via food or other drugs. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a new method for ameliorating BA syndrome in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of silver nanoparticles and to provide detailed methods for preparing the silver nanoparticle gel formulation. This method is simple and widely applicable and can be used to research the mechanism of BA, as well as in clinical treatments. Based on the BA mouse model, when the mice exhibit jaundice, the prepared silver nanoparticle gel is injected intraperitoneally to the surface of the lower liver. The survival status is observed, and biochemical indicators and liver histopathology are examined. This method allows a more intuitive understanding of both the establishment of the BA model and novel BA treatments.

This article describes in detail a method based on silver nanoparticles for ameliorating biliary atresia syndrome in an experimental biliary atresia mouse model. A solid understanding of the reagent preparation process and the neonatal mouse injection technique will help familiarize researchers with the method used in neonatal mouse model studies.

マウスにおける胆道閉鎖症症候群を改善するための銀ナノ粒子法

Biliary atresia (BA) is a severe type of cholangitis with high mortality in children of which the etiology is still not fully understood. Viral infections ...