著者らは、リー·ラボでカレンヘイルズから専門家の助言で精子形成を研究するため、これらの受け入れ方法を確立するために、マイケル·アンダーソンに感謝したいと思います。 H·小田とY秋山-ODAは、寛大に、γ-チューブリン-GFPは株式を飛ぶ提供。この作品は、LAL（GM074044）にNIHのR01の助成金によってサポートされていました。

1。精巣の解剖<ol><li> CO 2のストリームを使用して、ボトルまたはバイアル中のハエを麻酔し、フライパッドに移す。 </li><li>並べ小さな絵筆を使って解剖顕微鏡下で飛んで、目的の遺伝子型のショウジョウバエの雄の（実験に応じて）適切な数を収集します。 （2-5日齢）少し古い男性は、細胞を検査するための理想的であるのに対し（0-2日齢）の若い男性は、精子形成の初期段階を通じて細胞を検査するための理想的な（ 例えば 、精原細胞、精母細胞、早期減数分裂後の精子細胞）精子形成の最終段階にある（特に、成熟精子）。 </li><li>各（解剖時に液体中に浮遊するからハエを防ぐために）飛んでから翼を削除するために鉗子を使用してください。 </li><li>上のシリコーン被覆解剖皿に降下;〜リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS 130mMのNaClを、7のNa 2 HPO 4、3mMののNaH 2 PO 4）を500mlの追加黒の背景。他の水溶液が正常精巣解剖3のために使用されている。 </li><li>ポイントは、その場の前の方に鉗子、胸部でそれを把握し、PBSドロップでそれを浸す。解剖顕微鏡を通して見ながら、それが腹部から外れるまで後方に外性器（腹側腹部の後端に位置ダークブラウン構造）を把握し、引っ張​​って鉗子の別のペアを使用しています。ほとんどの場合、精巣、精嚢、および付属腺は外性器と腹部に沿ってから削除される、そうでない場合には、腹部に鉗子の単一の対を挿入し、精巣を引き出す。 </li><li> PBS降下の二対の鉗子（ 図2）を用いて付属腺および外性器から分離睾丸。野生型の精巣は、簡単に自分の黄色い色で隣接白の組織とは区別される。 2すぐにステップ進みます。 </li><li> pharate男性（ 私から精巣を単離するために。。電子蛹のケース内に囲まれている）、追加のステップは、第蛹ケースからハエを除去することを含むことを行う必要があります。この手順は、以前に別の場所で31記載されている。ステップ1.2から始まる大人の精巣の場合と解剖を進める。 </li><li>幼虫男性から精巣を単離するために、 ショウジョウバエの幼虫の卵巣32を単離するためのプロトコルの変更を行う。簡単に言うと、オスの幼虫は脂肪体の後部3分の1に埋め込まれた大規模な、明確な、楕円形の構造（幼虫精巣）のペアが存在することによって、女性の幼虫と区別することができる。幼虫の精巣を単離するために、部分的にフレイ幼虫卵巣の単離のために説明したように腹部から精巣と周囲の脂肪体を分離するために男性の幼虫を開きます。本明細書に記載されたプロトコルのステップ2に直ちに進む。精巣は、後述する直前卵巣32について記載したように（2.3又は3.14〜ステップ）に取り付け脂肪体から除去することができる。 </li></ol><ol><li>優しく角のガラスカバースリップ上のPBSで4-5 mLの低下で精巣の2〜3ペアを配置するためにピンセットを使用してください。少なすぎる液体は時に押しつぶされ、細胞が破裂する原因となりますのに対し、あまりにも多くの液体が押しつぶされた場合に適切に広がるから細胞を防ぐことができます：PBSボリュームに精巣数の比を調整する必要があることに注意してください。オプション：使用シリコン処理カバーがステップ3.2でのスリップをカバーするために、組織の接着を最小限にするためにスリップ。 </li><li>押しつぶし中のスライド上に引き裂か領域からその精巣の内容が主になり、出力に注意（調製において所望の生殖系列細胞型の存在を最大にするように適切な位置に各精巣オープン引き裂くためにピンセットを使用しステップ）精原細胞および精母細胞を濃縮するため、その先端チップ（レベル1、 図2B）に隣接して精巣を開き涙。精母細胞および精子細胞を濃縮するため、涙は、POSでの精巣を開くレベル1（レベル2、 図2B）に少し基礎ition。より成熟した生殖細胞系細胞を濃縮するために、涙は曲率が（レベル3、 図2B）を開始する場所に近い精巣を開きます。 </li><li>優しく睾丸をつぶすためにカバースリップの上にガラス顕微鏡スライドを配置し、一人でカバースリップの重量が適切に押しつぶさ試料を得るために十分であるように手動で圧​​力を加えないでください。気泡をトラップ避けるようにしてください。オプション：使用したポリ-L-リジンコーティングした顕微鏡は、ステップ3.2にスライドする組織の付着を促進するためにスライドする。 </li><li>位相差顕微鏡による生きた細胞を観察するために（理想的には準備の15分以内）すぐに準備を使用してください。精巣内の蛍光タグ付きタンパク質の発現を有するトランスジェニックハエのために、生きている細胞は、この段階で、蛍光顕微鏡で検査することができる。代わりに、固定と抗体染色（プロトコル3）に進む。 </li><li>優しくクリーニングWを使用してカバーガラスの下から余分な液体を吸い上げる生殖細胞に焦点が明らかになるまでIPEは、調製物の平坦化を可能にする。 </li></ol> 3。ホルムアルデヒド固定および抗体染色<ol><li>スナップ（液体窒素バブリングを停止するまで）、液体窒素中で簡単にそれを浸漬金属トングのペアを使用して（プロトコル2）から押しつぶさ精巣を含む各スライドを凍結する。 </li><li>すぐにカミソリの刃を使用して、カバーガラスを取り外します。 </li><li>氷冷95％エタノール（分光光度グレード、メタノールを含まない）で満たされた予冷したガラススライドラックにスライドを転送するために、金属トングを使用する。 10分間-20℃で保存。 </li><li> PBS +0.1％トリトンX-100（PBS-T）中の4％ホルムアルデヒドを充填したガラススライドラックにスライドを転送するために、金属トングを使用する。 7分間室温で保管してください。 </li><li> PBSで満たしたガラススライドラックにスライドを転送するために金属製トングを使用してください。室温で5分間、PBSでスライドを洗浄する。 1Xを繰り返します。 （ガラススライドラックでソリューションを破棄することにより、すべての洗浄を行う<em&gt;つまり。それを注ぐ）と新鮮な溶液に置き換えて。 </li><li> PBSを捨て、細胞膜を透過性にするために、室温で30分間、PBS-Tでスライドを浸す。 </li><li>室温で5分間、PBSでスライドを洗浄する。 2Xを繰り返します。 </li><li>ステップ（オプション）ブロッキング：室温で45分間、PBS中のスライドプラス1％BSAを浸します。 </li><li> （ステップ3.9および3.11で追加）抗体溶液を閉じ込めるために（目で見えやすい）押しつぶされた組織の周囲にスライド上に円を描くように、疎水性のバリアペンを使用してください。免疫染色を行いながら組織を常に湿った保たれるべきである。 </li><li>円内の組織に（抗体によっては、1時50分にPBS-T、1:400で希釈）一次抗体の30〜40 mLを加え。ブロッキングを実行した場合、PBS-T +1％BSA中で一次抗体を希釈する。 （ 図4における中心体の染色のため）、抗-γ-チューブリン抗体を1:100に希釈した。 例えば （湿った、暗い室内でインキュベートする。閉じたプラスチックの箱室温または4℃で一晩2時間湿ったペーパータオル）と</li><li>洗浄は室温の3倍で5分間、PBS中でスライドする。ブロッキングを実行した場合、PBS-Tで二回洗浄し、PBSで一回（室温で各5分）。 </li><li>組織に蛍光団結合二次抗体（PBS中1:400希釈）の30〜40 mlを加え、室温で1〜2時間、暗所でインキュベートする。 </li><li>室温で5分間、PBSでスライドを洗浄する。 2Xを繰り返します。 </li><li>円内の組織にDAPI溶液（PBS中0.2 mg / ml）を30〜40 mLを加え。 </li><li>優しく、気泡を捕捉しないように注意しながら、組織の上のガラスカバースリップを配置。気泡が表示された場合は、気泡がカバースリップの側面から脱出するまで、スカッシュを破壊することなく、カバーガラスの周りに慎重に移動します。 </li><li>クリーニングに使用したスライドの端から余分なDAPI​​ブロットする拭き取ります。 </li><li>明確なマニキュアを使用してスライドにカバースリップをシール。 </li><li>この準備を使用する蛍光顕微鏡による免疫染色した細胞を表示するには、次の3〜4時間以内で。 （少なくとも数週間まで）スライドの長期的な保存のため、DAPIでメディアをマウントグリセロールベースの​​ハードを使用し、-20˚Cで店舗スライド</li><li>別の方法として、（抗原によって異なる）メタノールの代わりに、ホルムアルデヒドのサンプルを固定します。ステップ3.2を通してプロトコル全体を完了した後、-20℃で10分間メタノールに押しつぶさ精巣のスライドを浸す以降のステップ3.5に進みます。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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R., Machado, P., Callaini, G., Bettencourt-Dias, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscopy+methods+for+the+study+of+centriole+biogenesis+and+function+in+Drosophila.">Microscopy methods for the study of centriole biogenesis and function in Drosophila.</a> Methods in cell biology. 97, 223-242 (2010).</li><li>Maimon, I., Gilboa, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+and+staining+of+Drosophila+larval+ovaries.">Dissection and staining of Drosophila larval ovaries.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (10), (2011).</li><li>Gonzalez, C., Casal, J., Ripoll, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+chromosome+content+and+nuclear+diameter+in+early+spermatids+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Relationship between chromosome content and nuclear diameter in early spermatids of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Genet. Res. 54, 205-212 (1989).</li><li>Liebrich, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+cytochalasin+B+and+colchicine+on+the+morphogenesis+of+mitochondria+in+Drosophila+hydei+during+meiosis+and+early+spermiogenesis.+An+in+vitro+study.">The effects of cytochalasin B and colchicine on the morphogenesis of mitochondria in Drosophila hydei during meiosis and early spermiogenesis. An in vitro study.</a> Cell Tissue. Res. 224, 161-168 (1982).</li><li>Wong, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PIP2+hydrolysis+and+calcium+release+are+required+for+cytokinesis+in+Drosophila+spermatocytes.">PIP2 hydrolysis and calcium release are required for cytokinesis in Drosophila spermatocytes.</a> Curr. Biol. 15, 1401-1406 (2005).</li><li>Brand, A. 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著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

野生型のハエの精巣は、容易に、それらの黄色（これとは対照的に、隣接する白の組織）に識別することができますが、 白の変異型ハエの精巣は白であり、従って、時折、腸と混同することができます。 P-エレメントで見つかったミニ白遺伝子が精巣内の色素蓄積を促進しないので、 白の背景に、典型的には、ほとんどのトランスジェニック株は、、また白い精?...

ショウジョウバエの精巣は、幹細胞の調節、減数分裂および精子の開発13-18を含む多くの生物学的プロセスの研究のための理想的なモデル系である。精母細胞とその減数分裂のスピンドルは精子形成の間に大規模なので、細胞学的分析のための便利な、リラックスした細胞周期チェックポイントである細胞周期遺伝子の変異の研究を促進する。異なる細胞型は、精巣の長さに沿って順序付けられた進行において観察することができ、精子形成を中断させるが、この全体的な配置に変化をもたらすことができる。 ショウジョウバエの遺伝学的ツールと組み合わせ、これらの機能は、精子形成21〜23の変異解析を容易にした。 ショウジョウバエの精子形成の段階は明確に定義されています。嚢胞内で同期開発の生殖系列細胞は精巣の長さに沿って精子形成の段階を経て順次進行する。 BOの間に雄の生殖細胞の有糸分裂と減数分裂番目、細胞質分裂が娘細胞がリング運河（ 図1）として知られている細胞質の橋で接続されたままである不完全な発生します。精巣の先端チップは、一次精母細胞の16細胞嚢胞を生成するために、不完全な細胞質分裂で4糸分裂を経る精原細胞に生じる生殖細胞系列幹細胞の集団が含まれています。減数分裂前S期の後、一次精母細胞はG2、〜25倍〜90時間の間に細胞容積の増加に長期の成長期に入る。二次精母細胞とそれぞれ半数体精子細胞の64細胞嚢胞の32細胞嚢胞の形成における減数分裂Iおよび減数分裂IIの結果を通じて進行。未熟、円形精子が成熟精子を形成するために、広範な細胞リモデリングを受ける。減数分裂後の細胞は、伸長のバンドルと成熟した精子細胞、特に、精巣の容積の大部分を占める。 T女性のハエに対する機能精子の彼の成功の輸送は、いくつかの対になった構造（精巣、精嚢、および付属腺）および単一射精管で構成されている男性生殖器系、（ 図2）の異なる部分間の調整が必要になります。精子は、精巣内で生産され、交尾24まで精嚢内に格納されます。付属腺は、精液を生産分泌細胞が含まれています。精嚢からの移行精子精嚢および付属腺の両方に接続されて射精管、内の精液と混合される。精子と精液のこの混合物は、最終的には雄雌の腹部25の後方端部に配置射精バルブを介してフライの膣内に雄から排出される。精液中のタンパク質は、REPにspermathecaの複数形と呼ばれる特殊な器官内で精子の長期保管のために必須であるショウジョウバエのメス26のroductiveトラクト。 ショウジョウバエの精巣の単離および精子形成の様々な段階での細胞の可視化のための優れた方法は、科学文献3月12日で利用できます。私たちは、ここに添付のビデオデモで、これらのプロトコルの例を提示することによって、知識のボディに追加します。位相差顕微鏡のための生精巣試料の調製のためのプロトコールは、以前に記載された方法27に基づいている。ホルムアルデヒド固定および精巣の免疫染色のためのプロトコルは、先に説明した方法28に基づいています。本明細書に記載されるアプローチは、 ショウジョウバエの精子形成（例えば、ダイニンの役割を評価するために、 ショウジョウバエの精子形成中のマイナス端指向性微小管モーター）の多くの研究で使用されてきた。 基本的なプロトコルに加え、提案がvaryinために提供されG解剖精原細胞、精母細胞、または成熟精子を濃縮するようになっている。嚢胞がそのまま残るか、必要に応じて破壊さどちらように精巣を処理するための異なる方法が記載されている。モデル系としてショウジョウバエ精巣を使用する利点は、 ショウジョウバエの卵母細胞および胚と比較して、抗体および色素が容易に精巣からの分散次の細胞に浸透することができ、より少ない洗浄ステップが必要とされる、ということであるため、プロトコルは、比較的に行うことができる短い時間。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1013">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:351px;">Sylgard</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SYLG184</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Two-part silicon elastomer for making silicone-coated dissection dish from Kimax Petri dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">PAP pen</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">NC9888126</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Ted Pella #22309</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Clear nail protector</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Wet n Wild</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">7780235001</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse anti-gamma-tubulin antibody (clone GTU-88)</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6557</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cy3-AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-165-003</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">BP151-100</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">AC61511-0040</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A412-4</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">16% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">28908</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">Sigmacote</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">SL2</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Use according to manufacturer&#39;s directions to siliconize cover slips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">D-9542</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">0.5 mg/ml in 75% ethanol; store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S23020</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S9763</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">NaH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S0751</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipes delicate task wipers</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S47299</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:351px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Research Products International Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">A30075</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Molecular biology grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Glass Coplin staining jar, screw cap</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>70315</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Single frosted microscope slides</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>2948-75X25</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;">Poly-L-lysine coated microscope slides</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>22247-1</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Optional (to replace untreated microscope slides )</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Square cover glass</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">2865-22</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">12-640</td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimax Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">S31473</td>
			<td style="width:321px;">Kimble #23060 10015 EMD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>52100-51S</td>
			<td>Pattern 5 INOX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;"></td>
			<td style="width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Stemi 2000-CS stereoscope</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Eclipse 80i</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Plan-Fluor 40x objective</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Axiophot</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Plan-Neofluar Ph2 40x objective</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:321px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cytological analysis of spermatogenesis: live and fixed preparations of drosophila testes

キイロショウジョウバエは、広く様々な生物学的プロセスを解明するために使用されている強力なモデル系である。例えば、 ショウジョウバエの雌雄生殖系の両方の研究は、現在の減数分裂の理解だけでなく、幹細胞生物学に大きく貢献しています。優れたプロトコルは、 ショウジョウバエの卵巣と精巣3月12日の単離およびイメージングのための文献で ​​利用可能です。ここでは、顕微鏡分析のための切開およびショウジョウバエ精巣の調製方法は、添付のデモビデオで説明されています。成人男性の腹部から精巣を単離し、蛍光顕微鏡による分析のために精巣を固定し、免疫染色のために位相差顕微鏡ならびにプロトコルによる分析のために生きている組織のスライドを調製するためのプロトコルが提示される。これらの技術は、dは示すショウジョウバエの変異体の特徴付けにも適用することができる精子形成においてだけでなく、タンパク質の細胞内局在を可視化する中efects。

ショウジョウバエの雄性生殖器官の解剖正しくペアの例は、 図2Aに示されている。成人男性のハエの腹部から削除精巣は通常、射精管（茶色、 図2A &#39;）と付属腺（緑、 図2Aのペア&#39;精嚢（青、 図2A &#39;）の対を介して）に接続されている。添付体細胞組織のほとんどから精巣を分離するために、射精管および付属腺は...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes at JoVE.com

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

単離および位相コントラストおよび蛍光顕微鏡によって撮像するためのショウジョウバエ精巣サンプル（ライブおよび固定）の製造方法は、本明細書に記載されている。

精子形成細胞学的分析：ライブとの固定の準備<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;精巣

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model system that has been widely used to elucidate a variety of biological processes. For example, studies of both ...

cytological-analysis-spermatogenesis-live-fixed-preparations

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

25.9K ビュー.  Vanderbilt University Medical Center. 単離および位相コントラストおよび蛍光顕微鏡によって撮像するためのショウジョウバエ精巣サンプル（ライブおよび固定）の製造方法は、本明細書に記載されている。 

ビデオ: Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis: Live and Fixed Preparations of Drosophila Testes

Thin Sectioning of Slice Preparations for Immunohistochemistry

Many investigations in neuroscience, as well as other disciplines, involve studying small, yet macroscopic pieces or sections of tissue that have been preserved, freshly removed, or excised but kept viable, as in slice preparations of brain tissue.  Subsequent microscopic studies of this material can be challenging, as the tissue samples may be difficult to handle.  Demonstrated here is a method for obtaining thin cryostat sections of tissue with a thickness that may range from 0.2-5.0 mm.  We routinely cut 400 micron thick Vibratome brain slices serially into 5-10 micron coronal cryostat sections.  The slices are typically first used for electrophysiology experiments and then require microscopic analysis of the cytoarchitecture of the region from which the recordings were observed.  We have constructed a simple device that allows controlled and reproducible preparation and positioning of the tissue slice.  This device consists of a cylinder 5 cm in length with a diameter of 1.2 cm, which serves as a freezing stage for the slice.  A ring snugly slides over the cylinder providing walls around the slice allowing the tissue to be immersed in freezing compound (e.g., OCT).  This is then quickly frozen with crushed dry ice and the resulting  wafer  can be position easily for cryostat sectioning.  Thin sections can be thaw-mounted onto coated slides to allow further studies to be performed, such as various staining methods, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry, as demonstrated here.

The present method allows reproducible cryostat sectioning of small, difficult-to-manage, tissue pieces, such as biopsies and brain slices. We utilize a simple aluminum freezing stage to facilitate handling of tissue and a standard cryostat to routinely produce 5-10 micron serial sections from 400 micron thick brain slices.

免疫組織化学のためのスライス標本の薄いセクショニング

Many investigations in neuroscience, as well as other disciplines, involve studying small, yet macroscopic pieces or sections of tissue that have been ...

生物学

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

のライブイメージングキイロショウジョウバエ胚性血球移行

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three preparations of the brain and visual system that cover the range from the developing eye disc-brain complex in the developing pupae to individual eye and brain dissection from adult flies. All protocols are optimized for the live culture of the preparations. However, we also present the conditions for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry where applicable. Finally, we show live imaging conditions for these preparations using conventional and resonant 4D confocal live imaging in a perfusion chamber. Together, these protocols provide a basis for live imaging on different time scales ranging from functional intracellular assays on the scale of minutes to developmental or degenerative processes on the scale of many hours.

Preparation of Developing and Adult Drosophila Brains and Retinae for Live Imaging

This protocol describes three Drosophila preparations: 1) adult brain dissection, 2) adult retina dissection and 3) developing eye disc- brain complexes dissection. Emphasis is laid on special preparation techniques and conditions for live imaging, although all preparations can be used for fixed tissue immunohistochemistry.

開発と大人の準備ショウジョウバエ</emライブイメージングのための>脳と網膜

The Drosophila brain and visual system are widely utilized model systems to study neuronal development, function and degeneration. Here we show three ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

の分離キイロショウジョウバエ精巣

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Quantitative Live Cell Fluorescence-microscopy Analysis of Fission Yeast

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using fluorochromes like Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) directly attached to the protein of interest has become increasingly popular 1. Using GFP and similar fluorochromes the subcellular localisations and movements of proteins can be detected in a fluorescent microscope. Moreover, also the subnuclear localisation of a certain region of a chromosome can be studied using this technique. GFP is fused to the Lac Repressor protein (LacR) and ectopically expressed in the cell where tandem repeats of the lacO sequence has been inserted into the region of interest on the chromosome2. The LacR-GFP will bind to the lacO repeats and that area of the genome will be visible as a green dot in the fluorescence microscope. Yeast is especially suited for this type of manipulation since homologous recombination is very efficient and thereby enables targeted integration of the lacO repeats and engineered fusion proteins with GFP 3. Here we describe a quantitative method for live cell analysis of fission yeast. Additional protocols for live cell analysis of fission yeast can be found, for example on how to make a movie of the meiotic chromosomal behaviour 4. In this particular experiment we focus on subnuclear organisation and how it is affected during gene induction. We have labelled a gene cluster, named Chr1, by the introduction of lacO binding sites in the vicinity of the genes. The gene cluster is enriched for genes that are induced early during nitrogen starvation of fission yeast 5. In the strain the nuclear membrane (NM) is labelled by the attachment of mCherry to the NM protein Cut11 giving rise to a red fluorescent signal. The Spindle Pole body (SPB) compound Sid4 is fused to Red Fluorescent Protein (Sid4-mRFP) 6. In vegetatively growing yeast cells the centromeres are always attached to the SPB that is embedded in the NM 7. The SPB is identified as a large round structure in the NM. By imaging before and 20 minutes after depletion of the nitrogen source we can determine the distance between the gene cluster (GFP) and the NM/SPB. The mean or median distances before and after nitrogen depletion are compared and we can thus quantify whether or not there is a shift in subcellular localisation of the gene cluster after nitrogen depletion.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a good model system to study basic cellular processes. Here we describe a method to perform quantitative live cell analysis of fission yeast. In this particular experiment we focus on organisation of the genome within the cell nucleus, but the method can also be used to study cytosolic factors.

分裂酵母の定量的なライブセル蛍光-顕微鏡解析

Several microscopy techniques are available today that can detect a specific protein within the cell. During the last decade live cell imaging using ...

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, cell differentiation and organogenesis 1. Correct preparation of the experimental samples is a crucial, often neglected, step. The goal of preparation is to ensure physiological relevance and to establish optimal imaging conditions. To maintain tissue viability, it is critical to avoid dehydration, hypoxia, overheating or medium deterioration 2. 
 The Drosophila egg chamber is a well established system for examining questions relating, but not limited, to body patterning, mRNA localization and cytoskeletal organization 3,4. For early- and mid-stage egg chambers, mounting in halocarbon oil is good for survival in that it allows free diffusion of oxygen, prevents dehydration and hypoxia and has superb optical properties for microscopy. Imaging of fluorescent proteins is possible through the introduction of transgenes into the egg chamber or physical injection of labeled RNA, protein or antibodies 5-7. For example, addition of MS2 constructs to the genome of animals enables real time observation of mRNAs in the oocyte 8. These constructs allow for in vivo labeling of mRNA through utilization of the MS2 bacteriophage RNA stem loop interaction with its coat protein 9. 
 Here, we present a protocol for the extraction of ovaries as well as isolating individual ovarioles and egg chambers from the female Drosophila. For a detailed description of Drosophila oogenesis see Allan C. Spradling (1993, reprinted 2009) 10.

Preparing Individual Drosophila Egg Chambers for Live Imaging

The Drosophila egg chamber is an excellent model for studying the mechanisms of mRNA localization. In order to capture the dynamic events that underpin the processes of localization, rapid high resolution imaging of live tissue is required. Here, we present a protocol for dissection and imaging of live samples with minimal disruption.

個々の準備ショウジョウバエ</emライブイメージングのための>エッグチェンバース

Live cell imaging is an important technique applied to a number of Drosophila tissues used as models to investigate topics such as axis specification, ...

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

The Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell organization, and organelle structure and function. The availability of various GFP-tagged proteins means that many cellular processes can be monitored in living cells over the course of minutes or hours, and using this technique, processes such as RNP transport, epithelial morphogenesis, and tissue remodeling have been described in great detail in Drosophila oocytes1,2.
The ability to perform video imaging combined with a rich repertoire of mutants allows an enormous variety of genes and processes to be examined in incredible detail. One such example is the process of ooplasmic streaming, which initiates at mid-oogenesis3,4. This vigorous movement of cytoplasmic vesicles is microtubule and kinesin-dependent5 and provides a useful system for investigating cytoskeleton function at these stages.
Here I present a protocol for time lapse imaging of living oocytes using virtually any confocal microscopy setup.

Live Imaging of GFP-labeled Proteins in Drosophila Oocytes

A protocol for live imaging of GFP-tagged proteins or autofluorescent structures in individual Drosophila oocytes is described.

でGFP標識タンパク質のイメージングを生きる<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;卵母細胞

The  Drosophila oocyte has been established as a versatile system for investigating  fundamental questions such as cytoskeletal function, cell ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

アポトーシス細胞のクリアランスのイメージング中に生きる<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;胚

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Live Cell Cycle Analysis of Drosophila Tissues using the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer and Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

Flow cytometry has been widely used to obtain information about DNA content in a population of cells, to infer relative percentages in different cell cycle phases. This technique has been successfully extended to the mitotic tissues of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster for genetic studies of cell cycle regulation in vivo. When coupled with cell-type specific fluorescent protein expression and genetic manipulations, one can obtain detailed information about effects on cell number, cell size and cell cycle phasing in vivo. However this live-cell method has relied on the use of the cell permeable Hoechst 33342 DNA-intercalating dye, limiting users to flow cytometers equipped with a UV laser. We have modified this protocol to use a newer live-cell DNA dye, Vybrant DyeCycle Violet, compatible with the more common violet 405nm laser. The protocol presented here allows for efficient cell cycle analysis coupled with cell type, relative cell size and cell number information, in a variety of Drosophila tissues. This protocol extends the useful cell cycle analysis technique for live Drosophila tissues to a small benchtop analyzer, the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer, which can be run and maintained on a single-lab scale.

Live Cell Cycle Analysis of Drosophila Tissues using the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer and Vybrant DyeCycle Violet DNA Stain

A protocol for cell cycle analysis of live Drosophila tissues using the Attune Acoustic Focusing Cytometer is described. This protocol simultaneously provides information about relative cell size, cell number, DNA content and cell type via lineage tracing or tissue specific expression of fluorescent proteins in vivo.

の生細胞サイクル分析<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em同調させるアコースティック·フォーカスサイトメーターとVybrant DyeCycleバイオレットDNA染色を使用して&gt;組織

Flow cytometry has  been widely used to obtain information about DNA content in a population of  cells, to infer relative percentages in different cell ...

Analysis of Embryonic and Larval Zebrafish Skeletal Myofibers from Dissociated Preparations

The zebrafish has proven to be a valuable model system for exploring skeletal muscle function and for studying human muscle diseases. Despite the many advantages offered by in vivo analysis of skeletal muscle in the zebrafish, visualizing the complex and finely structured protein milieu responsible for muscle function, especially in whole embryos, can be problematic. This hindrance stems from the small size of zebrafish skeletal muscle (60 &mu;m) and the even smaller size of the sarcomere. Here we describe and demonstrate a simple and rapid method for isolating skeletal myofibers from zebrafish embryos and larvae. We also include protocols that illustrate post preparation techniques useful for analyzing muscle structure and function. Specifically, we detail the subsequent immunocytochemical localization of skeletal muscle proteins and the qualitative analysis of stimulated calcium release via live cell calcium imaging. Overall, this video article provides a straight-forward and efficient method for the isolation and characterization of zebrafish skeletal myofibers, a technique which provides a conduit for myriad subsequent studies of muscle structure and function.

Zebrafish are an emerging system for modeling human disorders of the skeletal muscle. We describe a fast and efficient method to isolate skeletal muscle myofibers from embryonic and larval zebrafish. This method yields a high-density myofiber preparation suitable for study of single skeletal muscle fiber morphology, protein subcellular localization, and muscle physiology.

解離調製物から胚および幼虫のゼブラフィッシュ骨格筋線維の分析

The zebrafish has  proven to be a valuable model system for exploring skeletal muscle function and  for studying human muscle diseases. Despite  the many ...