著者らは、この作品は自然科学とカナダの工学研究評議会（NSERC）の助成金によって支えられていることを感謝したい。

<ol>
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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

このプロトコルは、中期胚発生時の画像の細胞分裂への顕微鏡の様々な種類の使用が記載されている。特に、このプロトコルは、どのように表皮の形態形成を容易にすることができる神経芽細胞の分裂、細胞をイメージに強調しています。細胞間連絡は、後生動物の発生およびC.中の組織形成に重要である虫は、生体内で組織形成を研究するための優れたモデルです。うまく組?...

初期のC言語で画像細胞分裂する方法を記述したプロトコルがありますが虫胚 、このプロトコルは、どのように中期胚発生の間に組織内の画像細胞分裂に説明します。開発中に生物を画像化における主要な課題の一つは、光毒性に対する感受性となっている。しかし、回転ディスク共焦点顕微鏡または掃引視野顕微鏡へのアクセシビリティの向上は、より広範な画像処理アプリケーションを可能にした。両方のシステムは、生物体が曝露されるUVのレベルを制限する、固体レーザ散乱光を使用する。しかし、広視野スタンドはまだ彼らは、高感度（ 例えば EMCCD）、絞り制御や調光（ 例えば LEDまたは調整可能な水銀灯）を搭載したカメラも完備されています場合は特に、 生体内での画像化に使用することができます。このプロトコルは、C.を開発内の画像、細胞分裂に共焦点ベースのシステムや広視野システムのいずれかを使用する方法について説明します虫&lt;/ em&gt;の胚。一例として、我々はどのように画像神経芽細胞分裂に説明します。神経芽細胞は、上にある表皮細胞に化学的または機械的な手がかりを提供することにより、表皮の形態形成を促進し、及び組織の形成において細胞間コミュニケーションの重要性の優れた例を提供してもよい。 線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）は、その透明性とシンプルな組織体制1による顕微鏡観察に基づく研究のための理想的なモデル生物である。さらに、C.エレガンスは、遺伝的方法およびRNAiに適しており、その遺伝子の多くは、ヒト相同体を有するので、組織形成のために保存された2-5のメカニズムを同定するために用いることができる。 Cでエレガンスは 、表皮の形成は胚が&gt; 300個の細胞を有する場合、中間胚形成の間に起こる。表皮の形態形成は、胚が収縮、表皮細胞の層で囲み、EMBRを変換するために拡張されている間、いくつかの主要な段階で構成されていワーム6の細長い形状に卵形のフォームからよ。腹側表皮細胞が胚（ 図1）の腹側表面を覆うように腹側正中線に向かって移動する際、腹側の筐体には、これらの形態形成のイベントのいずれかを説明します。まず、前方に位置する前縁細胞の2組は、その反対側の隣人6と腹彼らが付着正中線、ヒューズに向かって移動。これは、腹のポケット6-7を作成する図形のようなくさびを形成し、後方に位置するポケット細胞の遊走が続いている。ポケットを閉じメカニズムはよく分かっていない。一つの可能性は、細胞レベル以上のアクチンミオシン収縮構造は8創傷治癒と同様に、ファッションのような巾着で一緒にポケット細胞を結びつけることです。興味深いことに、ポケットセルの一部の移行はepidermiの下に発見され、基礎となる神経芽細胞の特定のサブセット9（神経前駆細胞によって媒介される秒; 図1B）。 以前の研究は、神経芽細胞が腹側表皮細胞遊走および腹側筐体を調節することを示したVAB-1（エフリン受容体）およびVAB-2（エフリンリガンド）は高度に神経芽細胞で発現させ、互いから前方および後方の神経芽細胞の選別を容易にし、及びVAB-1の突然変異またはVAB-2腹エンクロージャーの表現型の原因10月13日 。しかしながら、プロモーターレスキュー実験はVAB-1はまた、神経芽細胞によって分泌される他の指導の手がかりのため覆う腹側表皮細胞及び受容体は、腹側表皮細胞において発現される9で必要とされることを示した。これらの受容体のいずれかにおける突然変異は腹側筐体表現型を引き起こすが、欠陥がガイダンスに応答する神経芽細胞による位置決めにおける問題に起因又は腹側表皮細胞の障害を発生した場合、それは明らかではない14頭出し。神経芽細胞のWIの区分を変更すること指導の手がかりを分泌する能力に影響を与えるthout神経芽細胞の役割と表皮の形態形成の間に機械的な入力を提供する能力に光を当てることができます。最近では、細胞分裂遺伝子、 挙-1（anillin）は高度に神経芽細胞（ 図2A）で発現され、その枯渇は神経芽細胞分裂の欠陥を引き起こすことが見出された。興味深いことに、これらの胚は、腹側の筐体の表現型（Fotopoulos、WernikeとPiekny、未発表の観察）を表示します。 Anillinは、細胞分裂に必要であり、特に母細胞が物理的つの娘細胞に分割する方法を記載して細胞質分裂のためされる。細胞質分裂はきつく、それが適切に姉妹染色分体の分離と連結されることを保証するために空間及び時間的に制御する必要がアクトミオシン収縮環の形成により駆動される。後生動物細胞質分裂のマスターレギュレータはRhoAの（C.エレガンスにおけるRho-1）であり、低分子量GTPaseであるそのGTP結合型でのctive。 GEF Ect2/ECT-2はRhoAの-GTPが収縮環を形成し、その侵入15を仲介する下流のエフェクターと相互作用した後、RhoAのをアクティブにします。 Anillinは、そのC末端を介して、そのN末端を介して、アクチンとミオシンとのRhoAに特異的に結合するマルチドメインタンパク質である。 Anillinは、哺乳類やショウジョウバエS2細胞16における収縮環の位置を安定させるために必要とされている。 Anillin枯渇は、横振動を受けるように収縮環を引き起こし、最終的に細胞質分裂が多核細胞を17〜19を形成する失敗。興味深いことに、C.ものの虫ANI-1は、細胞質分裂に必須ではない、初期胚でアクトミオシンの収縮を調整します。しかし、上述したように、ANI-1は半ば胚発生（Fotopoulos、WernikeとPiekny、未発表の観察）の間、神経芽細胞質分裂に必要です。細胞質分裂の失敗は、神経芽細胞の数や位置を変更するであろうし、LOCに影響を与える可能性が化学的な指導の手がかりのATION、またはそれは、組織の機械的特性を変化させることができる。両モデルとも腹エンクロージャの神経芽細胞の非自律的役割、及び胚発生時の組織組織コミュニケーションの重要性を強調している。 この実験プロトコルは、C.の間にどのように画像細胞分裂に説明します蛍光顕微鏡を用いて、中間胚形成エレガンス 。細胞分裂のメカニズムを研究する実験の大部分は限られた数の細胞（ 例えば、C.一細胞胚、 アフリカツメガエル 、または棘皮動物エレガンスで培養皿（ 例 。HeLa細胞またはS2細胞）内の単一細胞または初期胚において行った胚）。しかし、分割面のタイミングおよび配置に影響を与えることができる外部の手がかりが存在するように、また組織内で細胞分裂を研究することが重要である。さらに、細胞が隣接する組織の発達に影響を与えるために化学的または機械的な手がかりを提供することができるS、それは細胞間の通信は、開発中に形成するために組織をどのように役立つかを理解することが重要です。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">#AGR001.1</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">For making C. elegans NGM and RNAi plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#9002-18-0</td>
			<td>For making bacteria LB agar plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#AGA001.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-mouse Alexa 488 antibody</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td>#A11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-mouse anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#11814460001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-rabbit Alexa 568 antibody</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td>#A11011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#AMP201.5</td>
			<td>Store powder at 4 &#176;C and dissolved ampicillin at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bactopetone&#160; (peptone-A)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#G213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2 (calcium chloride)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#C302.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#CHL380.25</td>
			<td>Dissolve in ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>#D9542</td>
			<td>Use to stain nucleic acids (DNA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#GLY001.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IPTG (isopropylthio-&#946;-galactoside)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#367-93-1</td>
			<td>Store powder and dissolved IPTG at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KH2PO4 (potassium phosphate, monobasic)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#PPM666.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">K2HPO4 (potassium phosphate, dibasic)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#PPD303.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L4440&#160; (feeding vector)</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#1654</td>
			<td>Keep as glycerol stock at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgSO4&#160;&#160; (magnesium sulfate)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#MAG511.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl (sodium chloride)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#7647-14-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2HPO4 (sodium phosphate, dibasic)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#7558-79-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Donkey Serum (NDS)</td>
			<td>Wisent Bioproducts</td>
			<td>#035-110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">n-propyl 3.4.5-trihydroxybenzoate (propyl gallate)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>#A10877</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>#P8920</td>
			<td>For optimal results coat microscope slides three times&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptomycin</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#STP101.50</td>
			<td>Store powder at 4 &#176;C and dissolved streptomycin at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetracyclin</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#TET701.10</td>
			<td>Store powder at 4 &#176;C and dissolved tetracycline at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>CAS#9005-64-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tryptone</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#TRP402.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#8013-01-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualizing neuroblast cytokinesis during c. elegans embryogenesis

このプロトコルは、 線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）の胚の開発内のセルを分割するイメージに蛍光顕微鏡の使用が記載されている。特に、このプロトコルは、表皮細胞の下に見られ、表皮の形態形成に重要であり得る神経芽細胞を、割るどの画像に焦点を当てています。組織形成は、後生動物の開発のために重要であると、隣接する組織から外部の手がかりに依存しています。 で虫顕微鏡を通して勉強するために、その組織が ​​容易、、その透明性とシンプルな組織に生体内で組織の形態形成を研究するための優れたモデル生物である。腹側筐体は、胚の腹側表面は、上皮細胞の単層によって覆われているプロセスである。このイベントは、上に横たわる上皮細胞の遊走を媒介する化学的な指導の手がかりを提供する基礎となる神経芽細胞によって促進されると考えられている。しかし、神経芽細胞は、高度に増殖性であり、また働くことができる腹側表皮細胞のための機械的な基質として。この実験プロトコルを用いた研究は、組織形成の間に細胞間コミュニケーションの重要性を明らかにでき、現像組織内の細胞分裂に関与する遺伝子の役割を明らかにするために使用することができる。

この実験的なプロトコルは、C言語でどのように画像細胞分裂に説明します中期胚発生中の線虫胚 。特に、表皮の形態形成を容易にすることができる、どのように画像神経芽細胞に説明します。上皮形態形成は、上皮細胞形状の変化、遊走および接着の組み合わせに発生するだけでなく、根底にある神経芽細胞（ 図1B）から、化学的または機械的な合図に依存してい...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis at JoVE.com

Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis

このプロトコルは、画像に線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）の胚における組織内の細胞を分割する方法について説明します。いくつかのプロトコルは、初期胚の画像細胞分裂に、このプロトコルはどのように中期後期胚形成の間に開発し、組織内の細胞分裂像に説明して方法について説明している。

中に神経芽細胞細胞質分裂を可視化する<em&gt; C.虫</em&gt;胚

This protocol describes the use of fluorescence microscopy to image dividing cells within developing Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. In particular, this ...

visualizing-neuroblast-cytokinesis-during-c-elegans-embryogenesis

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis

11.7K ビュー.  Concordia University. このプロトコルは、画像に線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）の胚における組織内の細胞を分割する方法について説明します。いくつかのプロトコルは、初期胚の画像細胞分裂に、このプロトコルはどのように中期後期胚形成の間に開発し、組織内の細胞分裂像に説明して方法について説明している。 

ビデオ: Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis

Assaying &beta;-amyloid Toxicity using a Transgenic C. elegans Model

Accumulation of the &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;) is generally believed to be central to the induction of Alzheimer's disease, but the relevant mechanism(s) of toxicity are still unclear. A&beta; is also deposited intramuscularly in Inclusion Body Myositis, a severe human myopathy. The intensely studied nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be transgenically engineered to express human A&beta;. Depending on the tissue or timing of A&beta; expression, transgenic worms can have readily measurable phenotypes that serve as a read-out of A&beta; toxicity. For example, transgenic worms with pan-neuronal A&beta; expression have defects is associative learning (Dosanjh et al. 2009), while transgenic worms with constitutive muscle-specific expression show a progressive, age-dependent paralysis phenotype (Link, 1995; Cohen et al. 2006). One particularly useful C. elegans model employs a temperature-sensitive mutation in the mRNA surveillance system to engineer temperature-inducible muscle expression of an A&beta; transgene, resulting in a reproducible paralysis phenotype upon temperature upshift (Link et al. 2003). Treatments that counter A&beta; toxicity in this model [e.g., expression of a protective transgene (Hassan et al. 2009) or exposure to Ginkgo biloba extracts (Wu et al. 2006)] reproducibly alter the rate of paralysis induced by temperature upshift of these transgenic worms. Here we describe our protocol for measuring the rate of paralysis in this transgenic C. elegans model, with particular attention to experimental variables that can influence this measurement.

Assaying &amp;#946;-amyloid Toxicity using a Transgenic C. elegans Model

The intensely studied nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be transgenically engineered to express the human &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;). Induced expression of A&beta; in C. elegans muscle leads to a rapid, reproducible paralysis phenotype that can be used to monitor treatments that modulate A&beta; toxicity.

トランスジェニックを用いてアッセイするβ-アミロイドの毒性 C.エレガンスモデル

Accumulation of the &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;) is generally believed to be central to the induction of Alzheimer's disease, but the relevant ...

神経科学

C. elegans Positive Butanone Learning, Short-term, and Long-term Associative Memory Assays

The memory of experiences and learned information is critical for organisms to make choices that aid their survival. C. elegans navigates its environment through neuron-specific detection of food and chemical odors1, 2, and can associate nutritive states with chemical odors3, temperature4, and the pathogenicity of a food source5.
Here, we describe assays of C. elegans associative learning and short- and long-term associative memory. We modified an aversive olfactory learning paradigm6 to instead produce a positive response; the assay involves starving ~400 worms, then feeding the worms in the presence of the AWC neuron-sensed volatile chemoattractant butanone at a concentration that elicits a low chemotactic index (similar to Toroyama et al.7). A standard population chemotaxis assay1 tests the worms' attraction to the odorant immediately or minutes to hours after conditioning.
After conditioning, wild-type animals' chemotaxis to butanone increases ~0.6 Chemotaxis Index units, its "Learning Index". Associative learning is dependent on the presence of both food and butanone during training. Pairing food and butanone for a single conditioning period ("massed training") produces short-term associative memory that lasts ~2 hours. Multiple conditioning periods with rest periods between ("spaced training") yields long-term associative memory (&lt;40 hours), and is dependent on the cAMP Response Element Binding protein (CREB),6 a transcription factor required for long-term memory across species.8
Our protocol also includes image analysis methods for quick and accurate determination of chemotaxis indices. High-contrast images of animals on chemotaxis assay plates are captured and analyzed by worm counting software in MatLab. The software corrects for uneven background using a morphological tophat transformation.9 Otsu's method is then used to determine a threshold to separate worms from the background.10 Very small particles are removed automatically and larger non-worm regions (plate edges or agar punches) are removed by manual selection. The software then estimates the size of single worm by ignoring regions that are above a specified maximum size and taking the median size of the remaining regions. The number of worms is then estimated by dividing the total area identified as occupied by worms by the estimated size of a single worm.
We have found that learning and short- and long-term memory can be distinguished, and that these processes share similar key molecules with higher organisms.6,8 Our assays can quickly test novel candidate genes or molecules that affect learning and short- or long-term memory in C. elegans that are relevant across species.

C. elegans Positive Butanone Learning, Short-term, and Long-term Associative Memory Assays

Here we describe methods to test C. elegans associative learning and short- and long-term associative memory. These population assays employ the worms abilities to chemotax toward volatile odorants, and form positive associations upon pairing food with the chemoattractant butanone. Increasing the number of conditioning periods induces long-term memory.

C. elegansの正ブタノンの学習、短期、および長期連想記憶アッセイ

The memory of experiences and learned information is critical for organisms to make choices that aid their survival. C. elegans navigates its environment ...

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron is damaged by injury or disease, it may regenerate. Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the ability of a neuron to regenerate and restore function. Recently, the nematode C. elegans has emerged as an excellent model organism to identify genes and signaling pathways that influence the regeneration of neurons1-6. The main way to initiate neuronal regeneration in C. elegans is laser-mediated cutting, or axotomy. During axotomy, a fluorescently-labeled neuronal process is severed using high-energy pulses. Initially, neuronal regeneration in C. elegans was examined using an amplified femtosecond laser5. However, subsequent regeneration studies have shown that a conventional pulsed laser can be used to accurately sever neurons in vivo and elicit a similar regenerative response1,3,7.
We present a protocol for performing in vivo laser axotomy in the worm using a MicroPoint pulsed laser, a turnkey system that is readily available and that has been widely used for targeted cell ablation. We describe aligning the laser, mounting the worms, cutting specific neurons, and assessing subsequent regeneration. The system provides the ability to cut large numbers of neurons in multiple worms during one experiment. Thus, laser axotomy as described herein is an efficient system for initiating and analyzing the process of regeneration.

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

A protocol to cut neurons in C. elegans with a MicroPoint pulsed laser is presented. We describe setting up the system, immobilizing worms, and severing labeled neurons. Advantages include a relatively low-cost system and the ability to sever neuronal processes or ablate cells in vivo.

Cの生体レーザー軸索切断にエレガンス

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall neural circuit function. Synapse strength critically depends on the abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synaptic sites on the postsynaptic membrane. Receptor levels are established developmentally, and can be altered by receptor trafficking between surface-localized, subsynaptic, and intracellular pools, representing important mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation. Rigorous methods to quantify synaptically-localized neurotransmitter receptor abundance are essential to study synaptic development and plasticity. Fluorescence microscopy is an optimal approach because it preserves spatial information, distinguishing synaptic from non-synaptic pools, and discriminating among receptor populations localized to different types of synapses. The genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is particularly well suited for these studies due to the small size and relative simplicity of its nervous system, its transparency, and the availability of powerful genetic techniques, allowing examination of native synapses in intact animals.
Here we present a method for quantifying fluorescently-labeled synaptic neurotransmitter receptors in C. elegans. Its key feature is the automated identification and analysis of individual synapses in three dimensions in multi-plane confocal microscope output files, tabulating position, volume, fluorescence intensity, and total fluorescence for each synapse. This approach has two principal advantages over manual analysis of z-plane projections of confocal data. First, because every plane of the confocal data set is included, no data are lost through z-plane projection, typically based on pixel intensity averages or maxima. Second, identification of synapses is automated, but can be inspected by the experimenter as the data analysis proceeds, allowing fast and accurate extraction of data from large numbers of synapses. Hundreds to thousands of synapses per sample can easily be obtained, producing large data sets to maximize statistical power. Considerations for preparing C. elegans for analysis, and performing confocal imaging to minimize variability between animals within treatment groups are also discussed. Although developed to analyze C. elegans postsynaptic receptors, this method is generally useful for any type of synaptically-localized protein, or indeed, any fluorescence signal that is localized to discrete clusters, puncta, or organelles.
The procedure is performed in three steps: 1) preparation of samples, 2) confocal imaging, and 3) image analysis. Steps 1 and 2 are specific to C. elegans, while step 3 is generally applicable to any punctate fluorescence signal in confocal micrographs.

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

The abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synapses strongly influences synaptic strength. This method quantifies fluorescently-labeled neurotransmitter receptors in three dimensions with single-synapse resolution in C. elegans, allowing hundreds of synapses to be rapidly characterized within a single sample without distortions introduced by z-plane projection.

シナプス蛍光の自動定量<em&gt; C.エレガンス</em

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall ...

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement

We have developed instrumentation, image processing, and data analysis techniques to quantify the locomotory behavior of C. elegans as it crawls on the surface of an agar plate. For the study of the genetic, biochemical, and neuronal basis of behavior, C. elegans is an ideal organism because it is genetically tractable, amenable to microscopy, and shows a number of complex behaviors, including taxis, learning, and social interaction1,2. Behavioral analysis based on tracking the movements of worms as they crawl on agar plates have been particularly useful in the study of sensory behavior3, locomotion4, and general mutational phenotyping5. Our system works by moving the camera and illumination system as the worms crawls on a stationary agar plate, which ensures no mechanical stimulus is transmitted to the worm. Our tracking system is easy to use and includes a semi-automatic calibration feature. A challenge of all video tracking systems is that it generates an enormous amount of data that is intrinsically high dimensional. Our image processing and data analysis programs deal with this challenge by reducing the worms shape into a set of independent components, which comprehensively reconstruct the worms behavior as a function of only 3-4 dimensions6,7. As an example of the process we show that the worm enters and exits its reversal state in a phase specific manner.

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement

We have developed a video-rate tracking microscope system that can record and quantify C. elegans behavior at high resolution and high speeds. We have also developed computational methods to reduce the dimensionality of the worm images to a fundamental set of measurements that completely describe the shape of the worm.

C. elegansの追跡と行動計測

We have developed instrumentation, image processing, and data analysis techniques to quantify the locomotory behavior of C. elegans as it crawls on the ...

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps shape attention and also protects cells from over-stimulation. Adaptation within the olfactory circuit of C. elegans was first described by Colbert and Bargmann1,2. Here, the authors defined parameters of the olfactory adaptation paradigm, which they used to design a genetic screen to isolate mutants defective in their ability to adapt to volatile odors sensed by the Amphid Wing cells type C (AWC) sensory neurons. When wildtype C. elegans animals are exposed to an attractive AWC-sensed odor3 for 30 min they will adapt their responsiveness to the odor and will then ignore the adapting odor in a chemotaxis behavioral assay for ~1 hr. When wildtype C. elegans animals are exposed to an attractive AWC-sensed odor for ~1 hr they will then ignore the adapting odor in a chemotaxis behavioral assay for ~3 hr. These two phases of olfactory adaptation in C. elegans were described as short-term olfactory adaptation (induced after 30 min odor exposure), and long-term olfactory adaptation (induced after 60 min odor exposure). Later work from L'Etoile et al.,4 uncovered a Protein Kinase G (PKG) called EGL-4 that is required for both the short-term and long-term olfactory adaptation in AWC neurons. The EGL-4 protein contains a nuclear localization sequence that is necessary for long-term olfactory adaptation responses but dispensable for short-term olfactory adaptation responses in the AWC4. By tagging EGL-4 with a green fluorescent protein, it was possible to visualize the localization of EGL-4 in the AWC during prolonged odor exposure. Using this fully functional GFP-tagged EGL-4 (GFP::EGL-4) molecule we have been able to develop a molecular readout of long-term olfactory adaptation in the AWC5. Using this molecular readout of olfactory adaptation we have been able to perform both forward and reverse genetic screens to identify mutant animals that exhibit defective subcellular localization patterns of GFP::EGL-4 in the AWC6,7. Here we describe: 1) the construction of GFP::EGL-4 expressing animals; 2) the protocol for cultivation of animals for long-term odor-induced nuclear translocation assays; and 3) the scoring of the long-term odor-induced nuclear translocation event and recovery (re-sensitization) from the nuclear GFP::EGL-4 state.

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

Here we describe a molecular readout of long-term olfactory adaptation in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Protein Kinase G, EGL-4, is necessary for stable adaptation responses in the primary sensory neuron pair called AWC. During prolonged odor exposure EGL-4 translocates from the cytosol to nucleus of the AWC.

の長期嗅覚順応の分子読み出し<em&gt; Cエレガンス</em

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps ...

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Modulation of hippocampally-dependent spatial working memory by direct intrahippocampal microinjection, accompanied and followed by in vivo microdialysis for metabolites in conscious, behaving animals.

海馬のインスリンおよびマイクロインジェクション<emインビボ&gt;</em空間記憶テスト中&gt;マイクロダイアリシス

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

Cの生体内神経カルシウムイメージングでエレガンス

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

Nucleofection of Rodent Neuroblasts to Study Neuroblast Migration In vitro

The subventricular zone (SVZ) located in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles plays a fundamental role in adult neurogenesis. In this restricted area of the brain, neural stem cells proliferate and constantly generate neuroblasts that migrate tangentially in chains along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to reach the olfactory bulb (OB). Once in the OB, neuroblasts switch to radial migration and then differentiate into mature neurons able to incorporate into the preexisting neuronal network. Proper neuroblast migration is a fundamental step in neurogenesis, ensuring the correct functional maturation of newborn neurons. Given the ability of SVZ-derived neuroblasts to target injured areas in the brain, investigating the intracellular mechanisms underlying their motility will not only enhance the understanding of neurogenesis but may also promote the development of neuroregenerative strategies.
This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for the transfection of primary rodent RMS postnatal neuroblasts and the analysis of their motility using a 3D in vitro migration assay recapitulating their mode of migration observed in vivo. Both rat and mouse neuroblasts can be quickly and efficiently transfected via nucleofection with either plasmid DNA, small hairpin (sh)RNA or short interfering (si)RNA oligos targeting genes of interest. To analyze migration, nucleofected cells are reaggregated in &#39;hanging drops&#39; and subsequently embedded in a three-dimensional matrix. Nucleofection per se does not significantly impair the migration of neuroblasts. Pharmacological treatment of nucleofected and reaggregated neuroblasts can also be performed to study the role of signaling pathways involved in neuroblast migration.

Nucleofection of Rodent Neuroblasts to Study Neuroblast Migration In vitro

Neuroblast migration is a crucial step in postnatal neurogenesis. The protocol described here can be used to investigate the role of candidate regulators of neuroblast migration by employing DNA/small hairpin RNA (shRNA) nucleofection and a 3D migration assay with neuroblasts isolated from the rodent postnatal rostral migratory stream.

神経芽細胞の移行を検討するために、げっ歯類神経芽細胞のクレオ<em&gt;インビトロ</em

The subventricular zone (SVZ) located in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles plays a fundamental role in adult neurogenesis. In this restricted ...

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of stress-induced plasticity is the dauer stage of C. elegans. Dauers are an alternative developmental larval stage formed under conditions of low concentrations of bacterial food and high concentrations of a dauer pheromone. Dauers display extensive developmental and behavioral plasticity. For example, a set of four inner-labial quadrant (IL2Q) neurons undergo extensive reversible remodeling during dauer formation. Utilizing the well-known environmental pathways regulating dauer entry, a previously established method for the production of crude dauer pheromone from large-scale liquid nematode cultures is demonstrated. With this method, a concentration of 50,000 - 75,000 nematodes/ml of liquid culture is sufficient to produce a highly potent crude dauer pheromone. The crude pheromone potency is determined by a dose-response bioassay. Finally, the methods used for in vivo time-lapse imaging of the IL2Qs during dauer formation are described.

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

Following exposure to specific environmental stressors, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans undergoes extensive phenotypic plasticity to enter into a stress-resistant &#8216;dauer&#8217; juvenile stage. We present methods for the controlled induction and imaging of neuroplasticity during dauer.

CのDauer固有の神経リモデリングのin vivoイメージングエレガンス

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of ...