저자는이 작품은 자연 과학 및 캐나다 (NSERC) 부여 공학 연구위원회에 의해 지원되었다 있음을 인정하고 싶습니다.

<ol>
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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 프로토콜은 중간 배아 발생 동안 화상 세포 분열에 대한 현미경의 각종 유형의 사용을 설명한다. 특히,이 프로토콜에서는 표피의 형태 형성을 촉진 할 수 neuroblasts의 분열, 세포를 이미지에 강조 표시합니다. 세포 - 세포 통신은 후생 동물 개발 및 C. 동안 조직 형성에 중요 엘레은 생체 내에서 조직 형성을 연구하는 훌륭한 모델입니다. 잘 조직의 상호 작용을 묘사 한 이벤트는 상?...

어떻게 이미지의 세포 분열에 대한 초기 C.에 설명 프로토콜이 있지만 엘레 배아,이 프로토콜은 어떻게 이미지 세포 분열 중순 배아 동안 조직 내에서 설명합니다. 개발하는 동안 생물 이미징의 주요 과제 중 하나는 광독성에 대한 민감성이다. 그러나, 회전 디스크 공 촛점 현미경 또는 휩쓸 필드 현미경에 대한 접근성 향상은 더 광범위한 이미징 어플리케이션을 허용했다. 두 시스템은 생물체에 노출 된 UV의 레벨을 제한 고체 레이저 산란광을 사용한다. 그러나 위드 스탠드는 여전히 높은 감도 (예 : EMCCD), 조리개 제어 및 조명 제어 (예를 들어, LED가 또는 조정 수은 전구)와 카메라 등이 갖추어져 있습니다 특히 경우, 생체 내 이미징에 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜은 C. 개발 내에서 이미지 세포 분열에 촛점 기반 시스템 또는 위드 시스템을 사용하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다 엘레 &lt;/ EM&gt; 배아. 예를 들어, 우리는 어떻게 이미지 neuroblast의 세포 분열에 대해 설명합니다. Neuroblasts는 상부 표피 세포에 화학적 또는 기계적 신호를 제공하여 표피 형태 형성을 촉진하고, 조직의 형성, 세포 간 통신의 중요성의 좋은 예를 제공 할 수있다. 예쁜 꼬마 선충은 투명성과 간단한 조직의 조직 1에 의한 현미경 기반 연구를위한 이상적인 모델 생물이다. 또한, C. elegans의 유전 적 방법 및 RNAi의 의무이며, 그 유전자의 대부분은 인간 동족체를 갖기 때문에, 그것을 조직 형성 2-5 보존 메커니즘을 식별하는 데 사용될 수있다. C.에서 배아&gt; 300 셀이 때의 elegans, 표피의 형성은, 중간 배 발생하는 동안 발생합니다. 표피의 형태 형성 배아가 수축 표피 세포의 레이어로 둘러싼 EMBR를 변환하는 확장하는 동안 몇 가지 주요 단계로 구성웜 (6)의 가늘고 긴 모양으로 타원형 형태에서 요. 복부 표피 세포가 태아의 복부 표면 (그림 1)을 커버하기 위해 복부 정중선으로 마이그레이션 할 때 복부 인클로저는, 이러한 형태 발생 이벤트 중 하나에 대해 설명합니다. 첫째, 전방에 위치한 리딩 엣지 세포 두 쌍은 반대편 이웃 6 복부가 준수 중간 선, 퓨즈를 향해 이동한다. 이것은 복부 포켓 6-7을 만드는 모양처럼 쐐기를 형성하는 후방에 위치한 포켓 세포의 이주가옵니다. 포켓을 닫 메커니즘이 잘 이해되지 않습니다. 하나의 가능성은 supracellular 말라 마이 오신 수축 구조가 8 상처 치유와 유사한, 패션 등 지갑 문자열에 함께 포켓 세포를 묶는 것입니다. 흥미롭게도, 포켓 세포의 일부 마이그레이션 epidermi 아래에 발견되는 기본 neuroblasts 9 (신경 세포 전구체의 특정 부분 집합에 의해 매개된다의, 그림 1B). 이전 연구는 neuroblasts가. VAB-1 (Ephrin 수용체)와 VAB-2 (Ephrin 리간드)이 높은 neuroblasts로 표현하고 서로 전방 및 후방 neuroblasts의 정렬을 용이하게하는 복부 표피 세포의 이동 및 복부 인클로저를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다 및 VAB-1 또는 VAB-2 원인 복부 인클로저에 돌연변이가 10-13 표현형. 그러나 발기인 구조 실험 VAB-1도 neuroblasts 분비 다른지도 단서의 상부 복부 표피 세포 수용체에 필요하다는 것을 보여 주었다은 복부 표피 세포를 9로 표현된다. 이들 수용체의 돌연변이는 복부 인클로저 표현형을 야기하지만 결점 때문에 neuroblast 위치 또는 의한 지침에 응답하는 복부 표피 세포의 실패가 14 큐들에 문제가 발생하는 경우에는, 그것이 명확하지 않다. neuroblasts 위스콘신의 분할을 변경안내 신호를 분비 할 수있는 능력에 영향을 미치는 thout는 neuroblasts의 역할과 표피의 형태 형성 동안 기계적 입력을 제공 할 수있는 능력에 대해 설명해 주실 수 있습니다. 최근에는 세포 분열의 유전자, ANI-1 (anillin)가 높은 neuroblasts (그림 2A)로 표현하고 그 고갈 neuroblast 부문 결함의 원인이되는 것으로 나타났습니다. 흥미롭게도,이 배아는 복부 인클로저 표현형 (Fotopoulos, Wernike 및 Piekny, 게시되지 않은 관찰)을 표시합니다. Anillin은 세포 분열에 필요한, ​​특히 어머니의 세포가 물리적으로 두 개의 딸 세포로 분할하는 과정을 설명 세포질 분열에 대한됩니다. 세포질 분열 긴밀 제대로 자매 염색 분체의 분리와 결합되도록 공간과 시간에서 제어 될 필요 actomyosin 수축 링의 형성에 의해 구동된다. 후생 동물 세포질 분열의 마스터 레귤레이터는 RhoA의 (C. elegans의에서 RHO-1) 인 작은 GTPase의입니다그 GTP-결합 형태 ctive. GEF Ect2/ECT-2는 RhoA의-GTP가 수축 고리를 형성하고 그 ingression 15 중재 하류 음향과 상호 작용 한 후, RhoA의 활성화됩니다. Anillin는 C-말단을 통해 그것의 N-말단을 통해 액틴과 미오신에 RhoA의에 결합하는 다중 도메인 단백질이다. Anillin는 포유 동물 초파리 S2 세포 (16)의 수축 링의 위치를 안정화하는 데 필요합니다. Anillin 고갈 측면 진동을 받아야 수축 반지의 원인과 세포질 분열은 결국 multinucleate 세포에게 17 ~ 19을 형성 실패합니다. 흥미롭게도, 비록 C. 엘레 ANI-1은 세포질 분열에 필수적인 아닌, 초기 배아에서 actomyosin의 수축을 조정합니다. 그러나, 전술 한 바와 같이, ANI-1은 중간 배아 (Fotopoulos, Wernike 및 Piekny, 게시되지 않은 관찰) 동안 neuroblast의 세포질 분열이 필요합니다. 세포질 분열 실패 neuroblasts의 개수와 위치를 변화시키는과 LOC에 영향을 미칠 수화학적 유도 큐 ATION 또는 그 조직의 기계적 특성을 변경할 수있다. 두 모델은 복부 인클로저 neuroblasts의 비 자립적 역할 및 배아 발달 동안 조직 - 조직의 의사 소통의 중요성을 강조. 이 실험 프로토콜을 설명하는 방법을 이미지 세포 분열을하는 동안 C. 엘레 형광 현미경을 이용하여 중간 배아. 세포 분열의 메커니즘을 연구 실험의 대부분은 세포의 제한된 수의 (예를 들면 C. 한 세포 배아, 제노, 또는 극피 동물 엘레 간스와 배양 접시 (예. 헬라 또는 S2 세포) 내에서 단일 세포 또는 초기 배아에서 수행 하였다 배아). 그러나, 분할면의 타이밍 및 배치에 영향을 미칠 수있는 외부 신호가로, 또한 조직 내 세포 분열을 연구하는 것이 중요하다. 또한, 세포는 주변 조직의 발달에 영향을 화학적 또는 기계적 신호를 제공 할 수있다의, 그리고 세포 간 통신을 개발하는 동안 형성하기 위해 조직을하는 데 도움이 방법을 이해하는 것이 중요합니다.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:291px;">Agar</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">#AGR001.1</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">For making C. elegans NGM and RNAi plates</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#9002-18-0</td>
			<td>For making bacteria LB agar plates</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#AGA001.500</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-mouse Alexa 488 antibody</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td>#A11029</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-mouse anti-GFP antibody</td>
			<td>Roche Applied Science</td>
			<td>#11814460001</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-rabbit Alexa 568 antibody</td>
			<td>Life Technologies Corporation (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td>#A11011</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#AMP201.5</td>
			<td>Store powder at 4 &#176;C and dissolved ampicillin at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bactopetone&#160; (peptone-A)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#G213</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CaCl2 (calcium chloride)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#C302.1</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#CHL380.25</td>
			<td>Dissolve in ethanol</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>#D9542</td>
			<td>Use to stain nucleic acids (DNA)</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#GLY001.1</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IPTG (isopropylthio-&#946;-galactoside)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#367-93-1</td>
			<td>Store powder and dissolved IPTG at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">KH2PO4 (potassium phosphate, monobasic)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#PPM666.1</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">K2HPO4 (potassium phosphate, dibasic)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#PPD303.1</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">L4440&#160; (feeding vector)</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#1654</td>
			<td>Keep as glycerol stock at -80 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MgSO4&#160;&#160; (magnesium sulfate)</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#MAG511.500</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaCl (sodium chloride)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#7647-14-5</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Na2HPO4 (sodium phosphate, dibasic)</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#7558-79-4</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Donkey Serum (NDS)</td>
			<td>Wisent Bioproducts</td>
			<td>#035-110</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">n-propyl 3.4.5-trihydroxybenzoate (propyl gallate)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>#A10877</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>#P8920</td>
			<td>For optimal results coat microscope slides three times&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptomycin</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#STP101.50</td>
			<td>Store powder at 4 &#176;C and dissolved streptomycin at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tetracyclin</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#TET701.10</td>
			<td>Store powder at 4 &#176;C and dissolved tetracycline at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>CAS#9005-64-5</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tryptone</td>
			<td>BioShop Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>#TRP402.500</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Bio Basic Inc.</td>
			<td>#8013-01-2</td>
			<td></td>
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</table>

visualizing neuroblast cytokinesis during c. elegans embryogenesis

이 프로토콜은 예쁜 꼬마 선충 배아를 개발 내에서 세포를 분할 이미지 형광 현미경의 사용을 설명합니다. 특히,이 프로토콜은 표피 세포 아래에서 발견되어 표피 형태 형성을 위해 중요 할 수있다 neuroblasts을 분할하는 방법을 이미지에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다. 조직의 형성은 후생 동물의 개발에 매우 중요하고 주변 조직에서 외부 단서에 의존한다. C. 엘레은 현미경을 통해 공부의 조직이 쉽게 만들기 때문에 투명성과 간단한 조직에 생체 내에서 조직의 형태 형성을 연구하는 훌륭한 모델 생물이다. 복부 인클로저는 배아의 복부 표면 상피 세포의 단일 층에 의해 커버되는 과정이다. 이 이벤트는 위에있는 상피 세포의 이동을 중재하기 위해 화학 지침의 단서를 제공하는 기본 neuroblasts에 의해 촉진 될 것으로 생각됩니다. 그러나 neuroblasts 높게 증식 있고 작용할 수있다복부 표피 세포에 대한 기계적인 기질로. 이 실험 프로토콜을 사용하여 연구는 조직 형성 동안 세포 간 통신의 중요성을 발견 할 수 있고, 개발 조직 내 세포 분열에 관련된 유전자의 역할을 나타 내기 위해 사용될 수있다.

이 실험 프로토콜은 어떻게 C에서 이미지 세포 분열에 대해 설명합니다 엘레 중반 배아 동안 배아. 특히, 표피 형태 형성을 촉진 할 수있는 방법을 화상 neuroblasts에, 설명한다. 표피 형태 형성으로 인해 표피 세포 모양의 변화, 마이그레이션 및 밀착성, 또한 내부 neuroblasts (도 1b)에서 화학적 또는 기계적 신호에 의존의 조합으로 발생한다. neuroblasts는 이주 10,14,25을...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis at JoVE.com

Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis

이 프로토콜은 이미지에 예쁜 꼬마 선충 배아의 조직 내에서 세포를 분할하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 여러 프로토콜은 초기 배아의 이미지 세포 분열에,이 프로토콜은 어떻게 중순 후반 배아 동안 개발 조직 내에서 세포 분열 이미지에 설명하는 방법을 설명하는 동안.

동안 Neuroblast 세포질 분열을 시각화<em&gt; C. 엘레</em&gt; 배아

This protocol describes the use of fluorescence microscopy to image dividing cells within developing Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. In particular, this ...

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Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis

11.8K 조회수.  Concordia University.  이 프로토콜은 이미지에 예쁜 꼬마 선충 배아의 조직 내에서 세포를 분할하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 여러 프로토콜은 초기 배아의 이미지 세포 분열에,이 프로토콜은 어떻게 중순 후반 배아 동안 개발 조직 내에서 세포 분열 이미지에 설명하는 방법을 설명하는 동안. 

비디오: Visualizing Neuroblast Cytokinesis During C. elegans Embryogenesis

Assaying &beta;-amyloid Toxicity using a Transgenic C. elegans Model

Accumulation of the &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;) is generally believed to be central to the induction of Alzheimer's disease, but the relevant mechanism(s) of toxicity are still unclear. A&beta; is also deposited intramuscularly in Inclusion Body Myositis, a severe human myopathy. The intensely studied nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be transgenically engineered to express human A&beta;. Depending on the tissue or timing of A&beta; expression, transgenic worms can have readily measurable phenotypes that serve as a read-out of A&beta; toxicity. For example, transgenic worms with pan-neuronal A&beta; expression have defects is associative learning (Dosanjh et al. 2009), while transgenic worms with constitutive muscle-specific expression show a progressive, age-dependent paralysis phenotype (Link, 1995; Cohen et al. 2006). One particularly useful C. elegans model employs a temperature-sensitive mutation in the mRNA surveillance system to engineer temperature-inducible muscle expression of an A&beta; transgene, resulting in a reproducible paralysis phenotype upon temperature upshift (Link et al. 2003). Treatments that counter A&beta; toxicity in this model [e.g., expression of a protective transgene (Hassan et al. 2009) or exposure to Ginkgo biloba extracts (Wu et al. 2006)] reproducibly alter the rate of paralysis induced by temperature upshift of these transgenic worms. Here we describe our protocol for measuring the rate of paralysis in this transgenic C. elegans model, with particular attention to experimental variables that can influence this measurement.

Assaying &#946;-amyloid Toxicity using a Transgenic C. elegans Model

The intensely studied nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans can be transgenically engineered to express the human &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;). Induced expression of A&beta; in C. elegans muscle leads to a rapid, reproducible paralysis phenotype that can be used to monitor treatments that modulate A&beta; toxicity.

유전자 변형을 사용하여 시금 β - 아밀로이드 독성 C. 엘레간스 모델

Accumulation of the &beta;-amyloid peptide (A&beta;) is generally believed to be central to the induction of Alzheimer's disease, but the relevant ...

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C. elegans Positive Butanone Learning, Short-term, and Long-term Associative Memory Assays

The memory of experiences and learned information is critical for organisms to make choices that aid their survival. C. elegans navigates its environment through neuron-specific detection of food and chemical odors1, 2, and can associate nutritive states with chemical odors3, temperature4, and the pathogenicity of a food source5.
Here, we describe assays of C. elegans associative learning and short- and long-term associative memory. We modified an aversive olfactory learning paradigm6 to instead produce a positive response; the assay involves starving ~400 worms, then feeding the worms in the presence of the AWC neuron-sensed volatile chemoattractant butanone at a concentration that elicits a low chemotactic index (similar to Toroyama et al.7). A standard population chemotaxis assay1 tests the worms' attraction to the odorant immediately or minutes to hours after conditioning.
After conditioning, wild-type animals' chemotaxis to butanone increases ~0.6 Chemotaxis Index units, its "Learning Index". Associative learning is dependent on the presence of both food and butanone during training. Pairing food and butanone for a single conditioning period ("massed training") produces short-term associative memory that lasts ~2 hours. Multiple conditioning periods with rest periods between ("spaced training") yields long-term associative memory (&lt;40 hours), and is dependent on the cAMP Response Element Binding protein (CREB),6 a transcription factor required for long-term memory across species.8
Our protocol also includes image analysis methods for quick and accurate determination of chemotaxis indices. High-contrast images of animals on chemotaxis assay plates are captured and analyzed by worm counting software in MatLab. The software corrects for uneven background using a morphological tophat transformation.9 Otsu's method is then used to determine a threshold to separate worms from the background.10 Very small particles are removed automatically and larger non-worm regions (plate edges or agar punches) are removed by manual selection. The software then estimates the size of single worm by ignoring regions that are above a specified maximum size and taking the median size of the remaining regions. The number of worms is then estimated by dividing the total area identified as occupied by worms by the estimated size of a single worm.
We have found that learning and short- and long-term memory can be distinguished, and that these processes share similar key molecules with higher organisms.6,8 Our assays can quickly test novel candidate genes or molecules that affect learning and short- or long-term memory in C. elegans that are relevant across species.

C. elegans Positive Butanone Learning, Short-term, and Long-term Associative Memory Assays

Here we describe methods to test C. elegans associative learning and short- and long-term associative memory. These population assays employ the worms abilities to chemotax toward volatile odorants, and form positive associations upon pairing food with the chemoattractant butanone. Increasing the number of conditioning periods induces long-term memory.

C. 엘레간스 긍정적인 Butanone 학습, 단기 및 장기 연관 메모리 Assays

The memory of experiences and learned information is critical for organisms to make choices that aid their survival. C. elegans navigates its environment ...

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron is damaged by injury or disease, it may regenerate. Cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence the ability of a neuron to regenerate and restore function. Recently, the nematode C. elegans has emerged as an excellent model organism to identify genes and signaling pathways that influence the regeneration of neurons1-6. The main way to initiate neuronal regeneration in C. elegans is laser-mediated cutting, or axotomy. During axotomy, a fluorescently-labeled neuronal process is severed using high-energy pulses. Initially, neuronal regeneration in C. elegans was examined using an amplified femtosecond laser5. However, subsequent regeneration studies have shown that a conventional pulsed laser can be used to accurately sever neurons in vivo and elicit a similar regenerative response1,3,7.
We present a protocol for performing in vivo laser axotomy in the worm using a MicroPoint pulsed laser, a turnkey system that is readily available and that has been widely used for targeted cell ablation. We describe aligning the laser, mounting the worms, cutting specific neurons, and assessing subsequent regeneration. The system provides the ability to cut large numbers of neurons in multiple worms during one experiment. Thus, laser axotomy as described herein is an efficient system for initiating and analyzing the process of regeneration.

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

A protocol to cut neurons in C. elegans with a MicroPoint pulsed laser is presented. We describe setting up the system, immobilizing worms, and severing labeled neurons. Advantages include a relatively low-cost system and the ability to sever neuronal processes or ablate cells in vivo.

C로 생체내 레이저 Axotomy에서 엘레간스

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall neural circuit function. Synapse strength critically depends on the abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synaptic sites on the postsynaptic membrane. Receptor levels are established developmentally, and can be altered by receptor trafficking between surface-localized, subsynaptic, and intracellular pools, representing important mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and neuromodulation. Rigorous methods to quantify synaptically-localized neurotransmitter receptor abundance are essential to study synaptic development and plasticity. Fluorescence microscopy is an optimal approach because it preserves spatial information, distinguishing synaptic from non-synaptic pools, and discriminating among receptor populations localized to different types of synapses. The genetic model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is particularly well suited for these studies due to the small size and relative simplicity of its nervous system, its transparency, and the availability of powerful genetic techniques, allowing examination of native synapses in intact animals.
Here we present a method for quantifying fluorescently-labeled synaptic neurotransmitter receptors in C. elegans. Its key feature is the automated identification and analysis of individual synapses in three dimensions in multi-plane confocal microscope output files, tabulating position, volume, fluorescence intensity, and total fluorescence for each synapse. This approach has two principal advantages over manual analysis of z-plane projections of confocal data. First, because every plane of the confocal data set is included, no data are lost through z-plane projection, typically based on pixel intensity averages or maxima. Second, identification of synapses is automated, but can be inspected by the experimenter as the data analysis proceeds, allowing fast and accurate extraction of data from large numbers of synapses. Hundreds to thousands of synapses per sample can easily be obtained, producing large data sets to maximize statistical power. Considerations for preparing C. elegans for analysis, and performing confocal imaging to minimize variability between animals within treatment groups are also discussed. Although developed to analyze C. elegans postsynaptic receptors, this method is generally useful for any type of synaptically-localized protein, or indeed, any fluorescence signal that is localized to discrete clusters, puncta, or organelles.
The procedure is performed in three steps: 1) preparation of samples, 2) confocal imaging, and 3) image analysis. Steps 1 and 2 are specific to C. elegans, while step 3 is generally applicable to any punctate fluorescence signal in confocal micrographs.

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

The abundance of neurotransmitter receptors clustered at synapses strongly influences synaptic strength. This method quantifies fluorescently-labeled neurotransmitter receptors in three dimensions with single-synapse resolution in C. elegans, allowing hundreds of synapses to be rapidly characterized within a single sample without distortions introduced by z-plane projection.

에서 시냅틱 형광의 자동 부량<em&gt; C. elegans</em

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall ...

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement

We have developed instrumentation, image processing, and data analysis techniques to quantify the locomotory behavior of C. elegans as it crawls on the surface of an agar plate. For the study of the genetic, biochemical, and neuronal basis of behavior, C. elegans is an ideal organism because it is genetically tractable, amenable to microscopy, and shows a number of complex behaviors, including taxis, learning, and social interaction1,2. Behavioral analysis based on tracking the movements of worms as they crawl on agar plates have been particularly useful in the study of sensory behavior3, locomotion4, and general mutational phenotyping5. Our system works by moving the camera and illumination system as the worms crawls on a stationary agar plate, which ensures no mechanical stimulus is transmitted to the worm. Our tracking system is easy to use and includes a semi-automatic calibration feature. A challenge of all video tracking systems is that it generates an enormous amount of data that is intrinsically high dimensional. Our image processing and data analysis programs deal with this challenge by reducing the worms shape into a set of independent components, which comprehensively reconstruct the worms behavior as a function of only 3-4 dimensions6,7. As an example of the process we show that the worm enters and exits its reversal state in a phase specific manner.

C. elegans Tracking and Behavioral Measurement

We have developed a video-rate tracking microscope system that can record and quantify C. elegans behavior at high resolution and high speeds. We have also developed computational methods to reduce the dimensionality of the worm images to a fundamental set of measurements that completely describe the shape of the worm.

C. elegans 추적 및 행동 측정

We have developed instrumentation, image processing, and data analysis techniques to quantify the locomotory behavior of C. elegans as it crawls on the ...

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps shape attention and also protects cells from over-stimulation. Adaptation within the olfactory circuit of C. elegans was first described by Colbert and Bargmann1,2. Here, the authors defined parameters of the olfactory adaptation paradigm, which they used to design a genetic screen to isolate mutants defective in their ability to adapt to volatile odors sensed by the Amphid Wing cells type C (AWC) sensory neurons. When wildtype C. elegans animals are exposed to an attractive AWC-sensed odor3 for 30 min they will adapt their responsiveness to the odor and will then ignore the adapting odor in a chemotaxis behavioral assay for ~1 hr. When wildtype C. elegans animals are exposed to an attractive AWC-sensed odor for ~1 hr they will then ignore the adapting odor in a chemotaxis behavioral assay for ~3 hr. These two phases of olfactory adaptation in C. elegans were described as short-term olfactory adaptation (induced after 30 min odor exposure), and long-term olfactory adaptation (induced after 60 min odor exposure). Later work from L'Etoile et al.,4 uncovered a Protein Kinase G (PKG) called EGL-4 that is required for both the short-term and long-term olfactory adaptation in AWC neurons. The EGL-4 protein contains a nuclear localization sequence that is necessary for long-term olfactory adaptation responses but dispensable for short-term olfactory adaptation responses in the AWC4. By tagging EGL-4 with a green fluorescent protein, it was possible to visualize the localization of EGL-4 in the AWC during prolonged odor exposure. Using this fully functional GFP-tagged EGL-4 (GFP::EGL-4) molecule we have been able to develop a molecular readout of long-term olfactory adaptation in the AWC5. Using this molecular readout of olfactory adaptation we have been able to perform both forward and reverse genetic screens to identify mutant animals that exhibit defective subcellular localization patterns of GFP::EGL-4 in the AWC6,7. Here we describe: 1) the construction of GFP::EGL-4 expressing animals; 2) the protocol for cultivation of animals for long-term odor-induced nuclear translocation assays; and 3) the scoring of the long-term odor-induced nuclear translocation event and recovery (re-sensitization) from the nuclear GFP::EGL-4 state.

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

Here we describe a molecular readout of long-term olfactory adaptation in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Protein Kinase G, EGL-4, is necessary for stable adaptation responses in the primary sensory neuron pair called AWC. During prolonged odor exposure EGL-4 translocates from the cytosol to nucleus of the AWC.

의 장기 강한 적응의 분자 판독<em&gt; C. elegans</em

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps ...

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Modulation of hippocampally-dependent spatial working memory by direct intrahippocampal microinjection, accompanied and followed by in vivo microdialysis for metabolites in conscious, behaving animals.

Hippocampal 인슐린 Microinjection 및<em&gt; 생체에</em공간 메모리 테스트 기간 동안&gt; Microdialysis

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

C.의 생체 Neuronal 칼슘 이미징에서 elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of stress-induced plasticity is the dauer stage of C. elegans. Dauers are an alternative developmental larval stage formed under conditions of low concentrations of bacterial food and high concentrations of a dauer pheromone. Dauers display extensive developmental and behavioral plasticity. For example, a set of four inner-labial quadrant (IL2Q) neurons undergo extensive reversible remodeling during dauer formation. Utilizing the well-known environmental pathways regulating dauer entry, a previously established method for the production of crude dauer pheromone from large-scale liquid nematode cultures is demonstrated. With this method, a concentration of 50,000 - 75,000 nematodes/ml of liquid culture is sufficient to produce a highly potent crude dauer pheromone. The crude pheromone potency is determined by a dose-response bioassay. Finally, the methods used for in vivo time-lapse imaging of the IL2Qs during dauer formation are described.

In Vivo Imaging of Dauer-specific Neuronal Remodeling in C. elegans

Following exposure to specific environmental stressors, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans undergoes extensive phenotypic plasticity to enter into a stress-resistant &#8216;dauer&#8217; juvenile stage. We present methods for the controlled induction and imaging of neuroplasticity during dauer.

C.에서 영속 특정 신경 세포 리모델링의 생체 내 이미징에서 엘레

The mechanisms controlling stress-induced phenotypic plasticity in animals are frequently complex and difficult to study in vivo. A classic example of ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

의 로코 속도에 에탄올의 효과를 측정하는 분석<em&gt; 예쁜 꼬마 선충</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...