私たちは、患者の組織サンプルの収集の支援については、ミネソタ大学の組織調達施設のスタッフに感謝したいと思います。この作品は、MBにし、MBに婦人科腫瘍学部門の資金によってミネソタ卵巣がんのアライアンスにより、MBにランディシェーバー癌研究およびコミュニティ基金によるMBに国防総省の卵巣癌研究プログラム（OCRP）OC093424、サポートされていました。資金提供者は、研究デザイン、データ収集と分析、公開することを決定、または原稿の準備に何の役割がありませんでした。

倫理に関する声明 ヒト被験者の委員会（IRB）の承認：卵巣癌の固体試料は、治験審査委員会委員の後にミネソタ大学の組織調達機能（TPF）から得た。 1。試薬のセットアップ<ol><li> 10％のFBS、100単位ペニシリン - ストレプトマイシンを含むDMEMを補充することにより完全DMEM培地を準備します。 4℃でメディアを格納し、温める37℃、使用前に。 </li><li>複数の凍結を回避するため5〜10 mlを別々のボリュームに分量のディスパーゼIIはnonfrostフリー冷凍庫に-20℃で解凍して保存。 </li></ol> 2。組織採取<ol><li>肉眼的病理学者によって癌と識別領域から手術時に卵巣癌（サイズは〜5グラム）の固体の試料を収集します。臨床検体は、制度的なプロトコルに従って脱識別され、登録されている。 </li><li>無菌、サウスカロライナ州での試験片を置きREW蓋、ポリプロピレン、氷冷PBS 30mlで充填された容器を片。氷上での処理のための研究室に外科病理検査室からの検体を輸送し、検体採取（ 図1）から30分以内。 </li></ol> 3。組織処理<ol><li> （（2mm以下）、さらに可能な限り最小の断片に切断、無菌条件下で作業し、ペトリ皿（X 60ミリメートル60ミリメートル）、新鮮な、氷冷PBSの10ミリリットルを含有し、滅菌したカミソリの刃を使用して上にサンプルを転送図2Aおよび2B）。 </li><li> DMEM中のディスパーゼII（2.4 U / ml）を（30分間37℃）温めておいた10mlのを含む15ミリリットルの円錐管に刻んだ組織を移し、30分間、5％CO 2、37℃でインキュベートする。標本の最適な消化を確実にするために、手動で細胞スラリーごとに5分を攪拌する。 </li><li> 30分間のインキュベーション、移動（使用した後10ミリリットルの血清学的ピペット）セルストレーナー（70ミクロンメッシュ）上に細胞スラリーは、50ミリリットルコニカルチューブの上に配置し、シリンジプランジャを使用してメッシュに対する穏やかな圧力を適用します。 （メッシュの上に残っている）すべての未解離組織を捨て、50ミリリットルの滅菌コニカルチューブ内の得られた細胞懸濁液を収集します。 4℃（ 図3）で7分間320×gで遠心します。 </li><li>上清を捨て、10％のFBSを含むDMEMの10ml中に細胞ペレットを再懸濁する。 </li><li> 5％のCO 2、37℃（ 図4）でのシャーレ中の細胞懸濁液をインキュベートする。 </li><li>最初のプレーティングから24時間後に培地を変更します。これは細胞片の除去及び培養物中に存在する赤血球の大半を可能にします。 </li><li>メディアをプライマリEOCの文化が下流のアプリケーションのための準備ができているし、その後、次の2週間、3日ごとに変更します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kurman, R. J., Visvanathan, K., Roden, R., Wu, T. C., Ie M, S. h. i. h. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+detection+and+treatment+of+ovarian+cancer:+shifting+from+early+stage+to+minimal+volume+of+disease+based+on+a+new+model+of+carcinogenesis.">Early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer: shifting from early stage to minimal volume of disease based on a new model of carcinogenesis.</a> Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198 (4), 351-356 (2008).</li><li>Kuhn, E., Kurman, R. J., Shih, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+Cancer+Is+an+Imported+Disease:+Fact+or+Fiction.">Ovarian Cancer Is an Imported Disease: Fact or Fiction.</a> Curr. Obstet. Gynecol. Rep. 1 (1), 1-9 (2012).</li><li>Sarojini, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+detection+biomarkers+for+ovarian.">Early detection biomarkers for ovarian.</a> J. Oncol. , (2012).</li><li>Shepherd, T. G., Theriault, B. L., Campbell, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nachtigal+M.W.+Primary+culture+of+ovarian+surface+epithelial+cells+and+ascites-derived+ovarian+cancer+cells+from+patients.">Nachtigal M.W. Primary culture of ovarian surface epithelial cells and ascites-derived ovarian cancer cells from patients.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1 (6), 2643-2649 (2006).</li><li>Tsao, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+human+ovarian+surface+epithelial+cells+immortalized+by+human+papilloma+viral+oncogenes+(HPV-E6E7+ORFs).">Characterization of human ovarian surface epithelial cells immortalized by human papilloma viral oncogenes (HPV-E6E7 ORFs).</a> Exp. Cell. Res. 218 (2), 499-507 (1995).</li><li>Auersperg, N., Maines-Bandiera, S. L., Dyck, H. G., Kruk, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+cultured+human+ovarian+surface+epithelial+cells:+phenotypic+plasticity+and+premalignant+changes.">Characterization of cultured human ovarian surface epithelial cells: phenotypic plasticity and premalignant changes.</a> Lab. Invest. 71 (4), 510-518 (1994).</li><li>Brewer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+model+of+normal,+immortalized+ovarian+surface+epithelial+and+ovarian+cancer+cells+for+chemoprevention+of+ovarian+cancer.">In vitro model of normal, immortalized ovarian surface epithelial and ovarian cancer cells for chemoprevention of ovarian cancer.</a> Gynecol. Oncol. 98 (2), 182-192 (2005).</li><li>Sueblinvong, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment,+characterization+and+downstream+application+of+primary+ovarian+cancer+cells+derived+from+solid+tumors.">Establishment, characterization and downstream application of primary ovarian cancer cells derived from solid tumors.</a> PLoS One. 7 (11), (2012).</li><li>Rockwell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo-in+vitro+tumour+cell+lines:+characteristics+and+limitations+as+models+for+human+cancer.">In vivo-in vitro tumour cell lines: characteristics and limitations as models for human cancer.</a> Br. J. Cancer Suppl. 41 (4), 118-122 (1980).</li><li>Wong, C., Chen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development,+application+and+limitations+of+breast+cancer+cell+lines+to+study+tamoxifen+and+aromatase+inhibitor+resistance.">The development, application and limitations of breast cancer cell lines to study tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor resistance.</a> J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 131 (3-5), 83-92 (2012).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

卵巣がんの病因と開発のより良い理解は、この壊滅的な疾患に罹患した女性の結果を改善することが重要です。この文脈での使用が確立され、「市販の「卵巣癌細胞株は、間違いなく飛躍的に有用であった。しかし、今日、我々は癌細胞株は、彼らが異質9,10の欠如など、多くの面で由来するヒト腫瘍を代表するものではないことを知っている。 ここでは、直接?...

その比較的低い発生率にもかかわらず、卵巣癌は婦人科疾患と女性の1,2のがんによる死亡の第五の主要な原因の最も致命的である。これは主に忠実疾患3の開始および進行を再現信頼性の高いツールとモデルの不足が原因です。卵巣癌についての我々の知識今日のほとんどは、腹水から回収4-7不死化卵巣表面上皮細胞（IOSが）、卵巣癌細胞株および原発性卵巣癌細胞の使用により可能であった。残念ながら、それらの使用は、不死化プロセスまたは体外路及び腹水製剤から得られた集団の異質性に関連する遺伝的および表現型変化の数など、いくつかの制限があります。 そのため、卵巣癌の特定可能な、特定の固体標本由来の初代卵巣癌細胞はuniquを表す卵巣癌の進行を研究するための電子ツール。 これらの悪性細胞の取得に必要な主な困難は、生存率およびこれらのEOC細胞の培養における増殖能力の早期不足の損失に伴う間質細胞や線維芽細胞の異常増殖によるものである。固形腫瘍からの単細胞懸濁液を作成するには、いくつかの方法が、現在、しかし、特定の技術が有利な結果8より多くの量が得られ、機械的手段または酵素的解離によって、存在しています。ここでは、実行可能な、線維芽細胞のないEOC細胞の効果的な回復のディスパーゼIIの結果とその酵素消化を示しています。このようにして得られたEOC培養物は、遺伝子操作を非常に受けやすいと薬物スクリーニング試験においても有用であり、これらのEOC培養物は、多くの下流の用途に適していることを示している。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1X PBS, sterile&#160;</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;Screw lid, polypropylene specimen container, sterile (Thermoscientific)</td>
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			<td style="width:155px;">02 1090</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;DMEM medium, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11995-065</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">&#160;Fetal bovine serum, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Thermo Scientific Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">SH30396.03</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;100x penicillin-streptomycin, liquid (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15140-122</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Dispase II, sterile (Roche)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">04942 078 001</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">&#160;Small fine-tip forceps and scalpel blade, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">forceps: 08-953E, blades: 08-927-5D</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Small dissecting scissors, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">08-945</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;15 ml conical capped tubes, sterile (BD Falcon)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BD, Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">352097</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">50 ml conical capped tubes, sterile (BD Falcon)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BD, Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">352027</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;10 ml serological pipette, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">13-678-11E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 ml syringe plunger, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Tyco Healthcare</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">8881516911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Nylon filter (70 &#956;m ) cell strainer, sterile (BD Falcon)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-cm Petri dish, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">430166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10-cm Petri dish, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

method for obtaining primary ovarian cancer cells from solid specimens

卵巣癌の発生および進行を調査するための信頼性の高いツールが緊急に必要とされている。卵巣癌細胞株の使用は、卵巣癌を理解するための貴重なツールのままで、それらの使用は多くの制限がある。これらは、異質性の欠如および拡張のin vitro継代に関連した遺伝子変異の過多があります。ここでは、手術時に回収した固体臨床検体を形成原発性卵巣癌細胞の迅速な確立を可能にする方法を記載している。この方法は、30分間酵素消化に臨床検体を施すからなる。単離された細胞懸濁液を増殖させ、薬物スクリーニングを含め下流側のアプリケーションのために使用することができる。確立された卵巣癌細胞株上の原発性卵巣癌細胞株の利点は、それらが由来し、異なる部位か否かに由来することができる元の特定の臨床検体の代表的なものであるということで一応RYまたは転移性卵巣癌。

卵巣癌の臨床検体を、新鮮な細胞スラリーを構成する（ 図1）手術後に収集し、小片（ 図2Aおよび2B）に切断される。これは酵素処理への検体の最適な露出が可能になります。細胞スラリーを酵素消化に曝し、30分間37℃でインキュベートする。インキュベーション時間の間、スラリーは、（特に、各攪拌後）ますます濁り、これは、組織脱凝集のサイン?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens at JoVE.com

Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

本研究では、固体の臨床検体からの原発性卵巣癌細胞の単離および特徴付けのための詳細な方法を記載している。卵巣癌臨床検体は、下流の用途に非常に適した生存可能な、線維芽細胞を含まない上皮性卵巣癌（EOC）細胞を得るために酵素消化に供される。

ソリッド検体からの原発性卵巣癌細胞を得る方法

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a ...

method-for-obtaining-primary-ovarian-cancer-cells-from-solid-specimens

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13.3K ビュー.  University of Minnesota. 本研究では、固体の臨床検体からの原発性卵巣癌細胞の単離および特徴付けのための詳細な方法を記載している。卵巣癌臨床検体は、下流の用途に非常に適した生存可能な、線維芽細胞を含まない上皮性卵巣癌（EOC）細胞を得るために酵素消化に供される。 

ビデオ: Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

Method for Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Development using Tumor Explants of Surgical Specimens

The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined by current drug efficacy tests and the efficacy on patients. Thus, novel and reliable methods for evaluating drug efficacy are warranted in pre-clinical phase. In vitro culture of tumor tissues, including cell lines, has substantial phenotypic, genetic, and epigenetic alterations of cancer cells caused by artificial environment of cell culture, which may not reflect the biology of original tumors in situ. Xenograft models with the immunodeficient mice also have limitations, i.e., the lack of immune system and interspecies genetic and epigenetic discrepancies in microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate a novel method using the surgical specimens of malignant glioma as undissociated tumor blocks to evaluate treatment effects. To validate this method, data with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), are described.


We used the freshly-removed surgical specimen of malignant glioma for our experiments. We performed intratumoral injection of TMZ or other drug candidates, followed by incubation and analysis on surgical specimens. Here, we sought to establish a tumor tissue explant method as a platform to determine the efficacy of novel anti-cancer therapies so that we may be able to overcome, at least, some of the current limitations and fill the existing gap between the current experimental data and the efficacy on an actual patient's tumor. This method may have the potential to accelerate identifying novel chemotherapeutic agents for solid cancer treatment.

Here, we established a method for drug efficacy testing with surgical specimens of brain tumors, termed &#x201C;tumor explant method&#x201D;. With this method, we can evaluate drug efficacy without breaking the microenvironment of solid tumors. To validate reliability of this method, we describe representative data with our glioma specimen treated with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide.

手術標本の腫瘍外植片を用いて新規抗がん薬の開発のための方法


The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined ...

医学

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

Genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of human tumors indicate that there are thousands of anomalies within each cancer genome compared to matched normal tissue. Based on these analyses it is evident that there are many undiscovered genetic drivers of cancer1. Unfortunately these drivers are hidden within a much larger number of passenger anomalies in the genome that do not directly contribute to tumor formation. Another aspect of the cancer genome is that there is considerable genetic heterogeneity within similar tumor types. Each tumor can harbor different mutations that provide a selective advantage for tumor formation2. Performing an unbiased forward genetic screen in mice provides the tools to generate tumors and analyze their genetic composition, while reducing the background of passenger mutations. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is one such method3. The SB system utilizes mobile vectors (transposons) that can be inserted throughout the genome by the transposase enzyme. Mutations are limited to a specific cell type through the use of a conditional transposase allele that is activated by Cre Recombinase. Many mouse lines exist that express Cre Recombinase in specific tissues. By crossing one of these lines to the conditional transposase allele (e.g. Lox-stop-Lox-SB11), the SB system is activated only in cells that express Cre Recombinase. The Cre Recombinase will excise a stop cassette that blocks expression of the transposase allele, thereby activating transposon mutagenesis within the designated cell type. An SB screen is initiated by breeding three strains of transgenic mice so that the experimental mice carry a conditional transposase allele, a concatamer of transposons, and a tissue-specific Cre Recombinase allele. These mice are allowed to age until tumors form and they become moribund. The mice are then necropsied and genomic DNA is isolated from the tumors. Next, the genomic DNA is subjected to linker-mediated-PCR (LM-PCR) that results in amplification of genomic loci containing an SB transposon. LM-PCR performed on a single tumor will result in hundreds of distinct amplicons representing the hundreds of genomic loci containing transposon insertions in a single tumor4. The transposon insertions in all tumors are analyzed and common insertion sites (CISs) are identified using an appropriate statistical method5. Genes within the CIS are highly likely to be oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, and are considered candidate cancer genes. The advantages of using the SB system to identify candidate cancer genes are: 1) the transposon can easily be located in the genome because its sequence is known, 2) transposition can be directed to almost any cell type and 3) the transposon is capable of introducing both gain- and loss-of-function mutations6. The following protocol describes how to devise and execute a forward genetic screen using the SB transposon system to identify candidate cancer genes (Figure 1).

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

A method of identifying unknown drivers of carcinogenesis using an unbiased approach is described. The method uses the Sleeping Beauty transposon as a random mutagen directed to specific tissues. Genomic mapping of transposon insertions that drive tumor formation identifies novel oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

の同定<em&gt;眠れる森の美女</emリンカ媒介PCRを用いた固形腫瘍&gt;トランスポゾン挿入

Genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of human tumors indicate that there are thousands of anomalies within each cancer genome ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

乳がんの遺伝子改変マウスモデル由来の初代前癌乳腺上皮細胞のタイムラプスイメージング

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. Several cellular mechanisms, such as telomere shortening and abnormal expression of mitogenic oncogenes, have been shown to cause senescence. Senescence is not restricted to normal cells; cancer cells have also been reported to senesce.
	Chemotherapeutical drugs have been shown to induce senescence in cancer cells. However, it remains controversial whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis. As it might eventually be patient-specific, a rapid and sensitive method to assess senescence in cancer cell will soon be required.
	To this end, the standard &beta;-galactosidase assay, the currently used method, presents major drawbacks: it is time consuming and not sensitive. We propose here a flow cytometry-based assay to study senescence on live cells. This assay offers the advantage of being rapid, sensitive, and can be coupled to the immunolabeling of various cellular markers.

Whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis remains controversial. Since chemotherapeutical drugs can induce cancer cells to senesce, studying senescence is essential for proposing new therapies. However, the standard and broadly used &beta;-galactosidase assay presents major drawbacks. We propose here a rapid and sensitive flow cytometry-based assay to quantify senescence.

老化がん細胞を定量化するための感度の高い方法

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

ヒト前立腺癌サンプルからがん幹細胞の単離

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Many efforts have been devoted to establish in vitro cell culture systems. These systems are designed to model a vast number of in vivo processes. Cell culture systems arising from human endometrial samples are no exception. Applications range from normal cyclic physiological processes to endometrial pathologies such as gynecological cancers, infectious diseases, and reproductive deficiencies. Here, we provide two methods for establishing primary endometrial stromal cells from surgically resected endometrial hysterectomy specimens. The first method is referred to as &#8220;the scraping method&#8221; and incorporates mechanical scraping using surgical or razor blades whereas the second method is termed &#8220;the trypsin method.&#8221; This latter method uses the enzymatic activity of trypsin to promote the separation of cells and primary cell outgrowth. We illustrate step-by-step methodology through digital images and microscopy. We also provide examples for validating endometrial stromal cell lines via quantitative real time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) and immunofluorescence (IF).

Establishing primary endometrial stromal cell culture systems from hysterectomy specimens is a valuable biological technique and a crucial step prior to pursuing a vast array of research aims. Here, we describe two methods used to establish stromal cultures from surgically resected endometrial tissues of human patients.&#160;

子宮摘出標本から初代ヒト子宮内膜間質細胞の確立するための2つの方法

Many efforts have been devoted to establish in vitro cell culture systems. These systems are designed to model a vast number of in vivo processes. Cell ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

リアルタイムで中皮細胞の卵巣癌スフェロイドアタッチメントおよび浸潤の評価

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

卵巣がん再発を検出し、モニターするための非侵襲的イメージングのためのマウスモデル

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, invasive, and chemoresistant tumor cells. Therefore, CSCs are an attractive population of cells to target therapeutically. CSCs are predicted to contribute to a number of types of malignancies including those in the blood, brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and ovary. Isolating and enriching a tumor cell population for CSCs will enable researchers to study the properties, genetics, and therapeutic response of CSCs. We generated a protocol that reproducibly enriches for ovarian cancer CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and OVCA429). Cell lines are treated with 20 &#181;M cisplatin for 3 days. Surviving cells are isolated and cultured in a serum-free stem cell media containing cytokines and growth factors. We demonstrate an enrichment of these purified CSCs by analyzing the isolated cells for known stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, and Prom1 (CD133) and cell surface expression of CD177 and CD133. The CSCs exhibit increased chemoresistance. This method for isolation of CSCs is a useful tool for studying the role of CSCs in chemoresistance and tumor relapse.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are&#160;implicated in tumor relapse due to chemoresistance. We have optimized a protocol for selection and expansion of CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines. By treating cells with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin and culturing&#160;in a stem cell promoting media we enrich for non-adherent CSC cultures.

ヒト細胞株から化学療法抵抗性の卵巣がん幹細胞の濃縮

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, ...

Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Cancer-cell Proteomes Derived From Liquid and Solid Tumors

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, methods for quantitative proteomic characterization of patient-derived tumors and in particular their cellular subpopulations are largely lacking. Here we describe an experimental set-up that allows quantitative analysis of proteomes of cancer cell subpopulations derived from either liquid or solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatic data analysis. To enrich specific cellular subsets, liquid tumors are first immunophenotyped by flow cytometry followed by FACS-sorting; for solid tumors, laser-capture microdissection is used to purify specific cellular subpopulations. In a second step, proteins are extracted from the purified cells and subsequently combined with a tumor-specific, SILAC-labeled spike-in standard that enables protein quantification. The resulting protein mixture is subjected to either gel electrophoresis or Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) followed by tryptic digestion. Finally, tryptic peptides are analyzed using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, and the data obtained are processed with bioinformatic software suites including MaxQuant. By means of the workflow presented here, up to 8,000 proteins can be identified and quantified in patient-derived samples, and the resulting protein expression profiles can be compared among patients to identify diagnostic proteomic signatures or potential drug targets.

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes facilitate identification of novel drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. We describe an experimental workflow for quantitative analysis of (phospho-)proteomes in cancer cell subpopulations derived from liquid and solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry.

液体および固形腫瘍由来の癌細胞のプロテオームの定量的質量分析プロファイリング

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic ...