Vorremmo ringraziare il personale del Fondo prelievo del tessuto della University of Minnesota di assistenza e raccolta campioni di tessuto del paziente. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dal Dipartimento della Difesa Programma Ovarian Cancer Research (OCRP) OC093424 a MB, con la Randy Shaver Cancer Research Fund e Comunità MB, dal Minnesota Ovarian Cancer Alliance a MB e dal fondo di Oncologia Ginecologica del Dipartimento di MB. I finanziatori hanno avuto alcun ruolo nel disegno dello studio, la raccolta e l&#39;analisi dei dati, la decisione di pubblicare o preparazione del manoscritto.

Dichiarazione Etica Esemplari solide di cancro ovarico sono stati ottenuti dalla University of Minnesota Procurement Tissue Facility (TPF) dopo che il Comitato Institutional Review Board: Human Subject Board (IRB) di approvazione. 1. Setup reagente <ol><li> Preparare Complete mezzo DMEM completandola DMEM con 10% FBS, e 100 unità di penicillina-streptomicina. Conservare il terreno a 4 ° C e riscaldare a 37 ° C prima dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Aliquota dispasi II in volumi separati di 5-10 ml per evitare di congelare più scongela e conservare a -20 ° C in un congelatore no-nonfrost. </li></ol> 2. Tissue Collection <ol><li> Raccogliere campioni solidi di cancro ovarico (~ 5 g di dimensione) al momento dell&#39;intervento da aree macroscopicamente identificate come cancro da un patologo. Campioni clinici sono de-identificati e registrati secondo i protocolli istituzionali. </li><li> Mettere i campioni in una sterile, sccoperchio rew, polipropilene campioni contenitore riempito con 30 ml di PBS freddo. Trasportare i campioni dal laboratorio patologia chirurgica al laboratorio di ricerca per la trasformazione in ghiaccio, e in 30 min dalla raccolta del campione (Figura 1). </li></ol> 3. Tissue Processing <ol><li> Lavorando in condizioni sterili, trasferire i campioni sul piatto Petri (60 mm x 60 mm) contenenti 10 ml di fresco, PBS freddo e con una lama di rasoio sterile, ulteriormente tagliato in piccoli pezzi possibili (2 mm o meno) ( Figure 2A e 2 B). </li><li> Trasferire i tessuti macinate in una provetta conica da 15 ml contenente 10 ml di preriscaldata (37 ° C per 30 min) dispasi II (2,4 U / ml) in DMEM e incubare a 5% di CO 2 e 37 ° C per 30 min. Per assicurare una digestione ottimale dei campioni, agitare manualmente lo slurry cella ogni 5 min. </li><li> Dopo 30 minuti di incubazione, il trasferimento (usandoA 10 ml pipetta sierologica) slurry cella su un filtro cella (70 micron mesh) collocata sopra un tubo conico da 50 ml e applicare una leggera pressione contro la maglia utilizzando uno stantuffo della siringa. Scartare qualsiasi tessuto non dissociato (rimanente sulla parte superiore della maglia) e raccogliere la sospensione cellulare ottenuta nella provetta sterile da 50 ml. Centrifugare a 320 xg per 7 minuti a 4 ° C (Figura 3). </li><li> Eliminare il surnatante e risospendere il pellet cellulare in 10 ml di DMEM contenente 10% FBS. </li><li> Incubare la sospensione cellulare in una capsula di Petri in 5% CO 2 e 37 ° C (Figura 4). </li><li> Cambia il mezzo dopo 24 ore dal fasciame iniziale. Questo consente la rimozione di detriti cellulari e la maggior parte degli eritrociti presenti in coltura. </li><li> Cambia il mezzo ogni tre giorni per le due settimane successive, dopo di che le culture di primaria EOC sono pronti per le applicazioni a valle. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Kurman, R. J., Visvanathan, K., Roden, R., Wu, T. C., Ie M, S. h. i. h. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+detection+and+treatment+of+ovarian+cancer:+shifting+from+early+stage+to+minimal+volume+of+disease+based+on+a+new+model+of+carcinogenesis.">Early detection and treatment of ovarian cancer: shifting from early stage to minimal volume of disease based on a new model of carcinogenesis.</a> Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198 (4), 351-356 (2008).</li><li>Kuhn, E., Kurman, R. J., Shih, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+Cancer+Is+an+Imported+Disease:+Fact+or+Fiction.">Ovarian Cancer Is an Imported Disease: Fact or Fiction.</a> Curr. Obstet. Gynecol. Rep. 1 (1), 1-9 (2012).</li><li>Sarojini, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+detection+biomarkers+for+ovarian.">Early detection biomarkers for ovarian.</a> J. Oncol. , (2012).</li><li>Shepherd, T. G., Theriault, B. L., Campbell, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nachtigal+M.W.+Primary+culture+of+ovarian+surface+epithelial+cells+and+ascites-derived+ovarian+cancer+cells+from+patients.">Nachtigal M.W. Primary culture of ovarian surface epithelial cells and ascites-derived ovarian cancer cells from patients.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1 (6), 2643-2649 (2006).</li><li>Tsao, S. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+human+ovarian+surface+epithelial+cells+immortalized+by+human+papilloma+viral+oncogenes+(HPV-E6E7+ORFs).">Characterization of human ovarian surface epithelial cells immortalized by human papilloma viral oncogenes (HPV-E6E7 ORFs).</a> Exp. Cell. Res. 218 (2), 499-507 (1995).</li><li>Auersperg, N., Maines-Bandiera, S. L., Dyck, H. G., Kruk, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+cultured+human+ovarian+surface+epithelial+cells:+phenotypic+plasticity+and+premalignant+changes.">Characterization of cultured human ovarian surface epithelial cells: phenotypic plasticity and premalignant changes.</a> Lab. Invest. 71 (4), 510-518 (1994).</li><li>Brewer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+model+of+normal,+immortalized+ovarian+surface+epithelial+and+ovarian+cancer+cells+for+chemoprevention+of+ovarian+cancer.">In vitro model of normal, immortalized ovarian surface epithelial and ovarian cancer cells for chemoprevention of ovarian cancer.</a> Gynecol. Oncol. 98 (2), 182-192 (2005).</li><li>Sueblinvong, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment,+characterization+and+downstream+application+of+primary+ovarian+cancer+cells+derived+from+solid+tumors.">Establishment, characterization and downstream application of primary ovarian cancer cells derived from solid tumors.</a> PLoS One. 7 (11), (2012).</li><li>Rockwell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo-in+vitro+tumour+cell+lines:+characteristics+and+limitations+as+models+for+human+cancer.">In vivo-in vitro tumour cell lines: characteristics and limitations as models for human cancer.</a> Br. J. Cancer Suppl. 41 (4), 118-122 (1980).</li><li>Wong, C., Chen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development,+application+and+limitations+of+breast+cancer+cell+lines+to+study+tamoxifen+and+aromatase+inhibitor+resistance.">The development, application and limitations of breast cancer cell lines to study tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitor resistance.</a> J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 131 (3-5), 83-92 (2012).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla da rivelare.

Una migliore comprensione della eziologia cancro ovarico e sviluppo è fondamentale per migliorare l&#39;esito delle donne affette da questa malattia devastante. In questo contesto, l&#39;uso di stabilito e &quot;disponibili commercialmente&quot; ovarico linea cellulare di cancro è stato indubbiamente estremamente utile. Tuttavia, oggi sappiamo che le linee cellulari del cancro non sono rappresentativi del tumore umano hanno avuto origine da molti aspetti, tra cui la mancanza di eterogeneità 9,10. <p cl...

Nonostante la sua relativamente bassa incidenza, il cancro ovarico è il più letale delle malattie ginecologiche e la quinta causa di decessi per cancro tra le donne 1,2. Ciò è dovuto principalmente alla mancanza di strumenti affidabili e modelli che ricapitolano fedelmente l&#39;inizio e la progressione della malattia 3. La maggior parte delle nostre conoscenze oggi sul cancro ovarico è stato possibile attraverso l&#39;uso di cellule immortalizzate ovarici epiteliali di superficie (IOSEs), linee di cellule di cancro ovarico e le cellule tumorali ovariche primarie recuperati dal liquido ascitico 4-7. Purtroppo, il loro utilizzo ha diverse limitazioni, tra cui una serie di modifiche genetiche e fenotipiche associate a processi immortalization o nei passaggi in vitro e l&#39;eterogeneità della popolazione risultante dalla preparazione del liquido ascitico. Pertanto, le cellule tumorali ovariche primarie derivate da campioni solidi identificabili e specifici del cancro ovarico rappresentano un unique strumento per studiare la progressione del cancro ovarico. Le principali difficoltà che comporta l&#39;ottenimento queste cellule maligne sono dovute ad una crescita eccessiva di cellule stromali o fibroblasti con perdita di vitalità e prematura mancanza di capacità proliferativa nella cultura di queste cellule EdC. Attualmente esistono diversi metodi per creare sospensioni monocellulari da tumori solidi, con mezzi meccanici o dissociazione enzimatica, tuttavia alcune tecniche producono una quantità maggiore del risultato preferito 8. Qui mostriamo che la digestione enzimatica con dispasi II si traduca in un effettivo recupero di, privo di fibroblasti cellule EdC vitali. Le culture EOC così ottenuti sono altamente suscettibili alla manipolazione genetica e sono utili anche nel test di screening di farmaci, indicando che queste culture EOC sono adatti per molte applicazioni a valle.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="720">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">REAGENTS:</td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1X PBS, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">14190-144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;Screw lid, polypropylene specimen container, sterile (Thermoscientific)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Thermoscientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">02 1090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;DMEM medium, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">11995-065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">&#160;Fetal bovine serum, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Thermo Scientific Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">SH30396.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;100x penicillin-streptomycin, liquid (Invitrogen)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Dispase II, sterile (Roche)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">04942 078 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">&#160;Small fine-tip forceps and scalpel blade, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">forceps: 08-953E, blades: 08-927-5D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;Small dissecting scissors, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">08-945</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">&#160;15 ml conical capped tubes, sterile (BD Falcon)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BD, Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">50 ml conical capped tubes, sterile (BD Falcon)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BD, Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">352027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#160;10 ml serological pipette, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">13-678-11E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">6 ml syringe plunger, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Tyco Healthcare</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">8881516911</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Nylon filter (70 &#956;m ) cell strainer, sterile (BD Falcon)</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">352350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-cm Petri dish, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">430166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:125px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10-cm Petri dish, sterile&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:155px;">430167</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

method for obtaining primary ovarian cancer cells from solid specimens

Sono urgentemente necessari strumenti affidabili per indagare l&#39;iniziazione e la progressione del cancro ovarico. Mentre l&#39;uso di linee di cellule di cancro ovarico rimane uno strumento utile per comprendere il cancro ovarico, il loro uso ha molte limitazioni. Questi includono la mancanza di eterogeneità e la pletora di alterazioni genetiche associate con prolungato passaging in vitro. Qui si descrive un metodo che consente di fissare rapidamente cellule tumorali ovariche primarie formare campioni clinici solidi raccolti al momento dell&#39;intervento. Il metodo consiste nel sottoporre campioni clinici per digestione enzimatica per 30 min. La sospensione cellulare isolato è permesso di crescere e può essere usato per applicazioni a valle compreso screening di farmaci. Il vantaggio di linee primarie di cellule di cancro ovarico su linee di cellule di cancro ovarico stabilito è che sono rappresentativi dei campioni clinici specifiche originali sono stati derivati ​​da e possono essere derivati ​​da diversi siti se primacarcinoma ovarico ry o metastatico.

Campioni clinici freschi di cancro ovarico vengono raccolti dopo l&#39;intervento (Figura 1) e tagliati in piccoli pezzi (figure 2a e 2b) costituenti il liquame cella. Questo permette l&#39;esposizione ottimale dei campioni al trattamento enzimatico. Slurry cellula è esposta a digestione enzimatica ed incubato a 37 ° C per 30 min. Durante il tempo di incubazione slurry diventa sempre più torbida (soprattutto dopo ogni agitazione) e questo è un segno di disaggregazione tessuto. Al te...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens at JoVE.com

Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

Questo studio descrive un metodo dettagliato per l&#39;isolamento e la caratterizzazione di cellule tumorali ovariche primarie da campioni clinici solidi. Cancro ovarico campioni clinici sono sottoposti a digestione enzimatica per ottenere praticabile, privo di fibroblasti cancro ovarico epiteliale (EOC), le cellule particolarmente adatto per applicazioni a valle.

Metodo per ottenere primarie cellule tumorali ovariche da campioni solidi

Reliable tools for investigating ovarian cancer initiation and progression are urgently needed. While the use of ovarian cancer cell lines remains a ...

method-for-obtaining-primary-ovarian-cancer-cells-from-solid-specimens

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.4K Views.  University of Minnesota.  Questo studio descrive un metodo dettagliato per l'isolamento e la caratterizzazione di cellule tumorali ovariche primarie da campioni clinici solidi. Cancro ovarico campioni clinici sono sottoposti a digestione enzimatica per ottenere praticabile, privo di fibroblasti cancro ovarico epiteliale (EOC), le cellule particolarmente adatto per applicazioni a valle. 

Video: Method for Obtaining Primary Ovarian Cancer Cells From Solid Specimens

Method for Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Development using Tumor Explants of Surgical Specimens

The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined by current drug efficacy tests and the efficacy on patients. Thus, novel and reliable methods for evaluating drug efficacy are warranted in pre-clinical phase. In vitro culture of tumor tissues, including cell lines, has substantial phenotypic, genetic, and epigenetic alterations of cancer cells caused by artificial environment of cell culture, which may not reflect the biology of original tumors in situ. Xenograft models with the immunodeficient mice also have limitations, i.e., the lack of immune system and interspecies genetic and epigenetic discrepancies in microenvironment. Here, we demonstrate a novel method using the surgical specimens of malignant glioma as undissociated tumor blocks to evaluate treatment effects. To validate this method, data with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide (TMZ), are described.


We used the freshly-removed surgical specimen of malignant glioma for our experiments. We performed intratumoral injection of TMZ or other drug candidates, followed by incubation and analysis on surgical specimens. Here, we sought to establish a tumor tissue explant method as a platform to determine the efficacy of novel anti-cancer therapies so that we may be able to overcome, at least, some of the current limitations and fill the existing gap between the current experimental data and the efficacy on an actual patient's tumor. This method may have the potential to accelerate identifying novel chemotherapeutic agents for solid cancer treatment.

Here, we established a method for drug efficacy testing with surgical specimens of brain tumors, termed &#x201C;tumor explant method&#x201D;. With this method, we can evaluate drug efficacy without breaking the microenvironment of solid tumors. To validate reliability of this method, we describe representative data with our glioma specimen treated with the current first-line chemotherapeutic agent, temozolomide.

Metodo per Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Development utilizzando Espianti Tumore di campioni chirurgici


The current therapies for malignant glioma have only palliative effect. For therapeutic development, one hurdle is the discrepancy of efficacy determined ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

Time-lapse imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer. For example, time between cell divisions (cell lifetimes), apoptotic cell numbers, evolution of morphological changes, and mechanism of colony formation can be quantified and compared in cells carrying specific genetic lesions. Primary mammary epithelial cell cultures are generated from mammary glands without palpable tumor. Glands are carefully resected with clear separation from adjacent muscle, lymph nodes are removed, and single-cell suspensions of enriched mammary epithelial cells are generated by mincing mammary tissue followed by enzymatic dissociation and filtration. Single-cell suspensions are plated and placed directly under a microscope within an incubator chamber for live-cell imaging. Sixteen 650 &mu;m x 700 &mu;m fields in a 4x4 configuration from each well of a 6-well plate are imaged every 15 min for 5 days. Time-lapse images are examined directly to measure cellular behaviors that can include mechanism and frequency of cell colony formation within the first 24 hr of plating the cells (aggregation versus cell proliferation), incidence of apoptosis, and phasing of morphological changes. Single-cell tracking is used to generate cell fate maps for measurement of individual cell lifetimes and investigation of cell division patterns. Quantitative data are statistically analyzed to assess for significant differences in behavior correlated with specific genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging is used to assess behavior of primary preneoplastic mammary epithelial cells derived from genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer risk to determine if there are correlations between specific behavioral parameters and distinct genetic lesions.

Time-lapse imaging di primaria preneoplastiche cellule epiteliali mammarie Derivato da modelli murini geneticamente modificati di cancro al seno

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

A Sensitive Method to Quantify Senescent Cancer Cells

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. Several cellular mechanisms, such as telomere shortening and abnormal expression of mitogenic oncogenes, have been shown to cause senescence. Senescence is not restricted to normal cells; cancer cells have also been reported to senesce.
	Chemotherapeutical drugs have been shown to induce senescence in cancer cells. However, it remains controversial whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis. As it might eventually be patient-specific, a rapid and sensitive method to assess senescence in cancer cell will soon be required.
	To this end, the standard &beta;-galactosidase assay, the currently used method, presents major drawbacks: it is time consuming and not sensitive. We propose here a flow cytometry-based assay to study senescence on live cells. This assay offers the advantage of being rapid, sensitive, and can be coupled to the immunolabeling of various cellular markers.

Whether senescence prevents or promotes tumorigenesis remains controversial. Since chemotherapeutical drugs can induce cancer cells to senesce, studying senescence is essential for proposing new therapies. However, the standard and broadly used &beta;-galactosidase assay presents major drawbacks. We propose here a rapid and sensitive flow cytometry-based assay to quantify senescence.

Un metodo sensibile per quantificare le cellule tumorali senescenti

Human cells do not indefinitely proliferate. Upon external and/or intrinsic  cues, cells might die or enter a stable cell cycle arrest called senescence. ...

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly isolated from human tissues and serially propagated in immunodeficient mice, typically through antibody labeling of subpopulations of cells and fractionation by flow cytometry. However, the unique clinical features of prostate cancer have considerably limited the study of prostate CSCs from fresh human tumor samples. We recently reported the isolation of prostate CSCs directly from human tissues by virtue of their HLA class I (HLAI)-negative phenotype. Prostate cancer cells are harvested from surgical specimens and mechanically dissociated. A cell suspension is generated and labeled with fluorescently conjugated HLAI and stromal antibodies. Subpopulations of HLAI-negative cells are finally isolated using a flow cytometer. The principal limitation of this protocol is the frequently microscopic and multifocal nature of primary cancer in prostatectomy specimens. Nonetheless, isolated live prostate CSCs are suitable for molecular characterization and functional validation by transplantation in immunodeficient mice.

The isolation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) directly from human tissues is requisite for their biological characterization. This manuscript describes a methodology for the isolation of prostate CSCs from human tissues, while also providing tips on troubleshooting difficult steps.

Isolamento di cancro cellule staminali da campioni umani di cancro alla prostata

The cancer stem cell (CSC) model has been considerably revisited over the last two decades. During this time CSCs have been identified and directly ...

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Many efforts have been devoted to establish in vitro cell culture systems. These systems are designed to model a vast number of in vivo processes. Cell culture systems arising from human endometrial samples are no exception. Applications range from normal cyclic physiological processes to endometrial pathologies such as gynecological cancers, infectious diseases, and reproductive deficiencies. Here, we provide two methods for establishing primary endometrial stromal cells from surgically resected endometrial hysterectomy specimens. The first method is referred to as &#8220;the scraping method&#8221; and incorporates mechanical scraping using surgical or razor blades whereas the second method is termed &#8220;the trypsin method.&#8221; This latter method uses the enzymatic activity of trypsin to promote the separation of cells and primary cell outgrowth. We illustrate step-by-step methodology through digital images and microscopy. We also provide examples for validating endometrial stromal cell lines via quantitative real time polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) and immunofluorescence (IF).

Establishing primary endometrial stromal cell culture systems from hysterectomy specimens is a valuable biological technique and a crucial step prior to pursuing a vast array of research aims. Here, we describe two methods used to establish stromal cultures from surgically resected endometrial tissues of human patients.&#160;

Due metodi per stabilire primarie cellule umane endometriale stromali da isterectomia campioni

Many efforts have been devoted to establish in vitro cell culture systems. These systems are designed to model a vast number of in vivo processes. Cell ...

Assessment of Ovarian Cancer Spheroid Attachment and Invasion of Mesothelial Cells in Real Time

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not accurately model the behaviors of cancer cells within a nonadherent environment, as cancer cells inherently aggregate into multicellular structures which contribute to the metastatic process by attaching to and invading the peritoneal lining to form secondary tumors. To model this important stage of ovarian cancer metastasis, multicellular aggregates, or spheroids, can be generated from established ovarian cancer cell lines maintained under nonadherent conditions. To mimic the peritoneal microenvironment encountered by tumor cells in vivo, a spheroid-mesothelial co-culture model was established in which preformed spheroids are plated on top of a human mesothelial cell monolayer, formed over an extracellular matrix barrier. Methods were then developed using a real-time cell analyzer to conduct quantitative real time measurements of the invasive capacity of different ovarian cancer cell lines grown as spheroids. This approach allows for the continuous measurement of invasion over long periods of time, which has several advantages over traditional endpoint assays and more laborious real time microscopy image analyses. In short, this method enables a rapid, determination of factors which regulate the interactions between ovarian cancer spheroid cells invading through mesothelial and matrix barriers over time.

Ovarian cancer cell invasion into the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum is a dynamic process over time. Utilizing a real time analyzer, the invasive capacity of ovarian cancer cells in a spheroid-mesothelial cell co-culture model can be quantified over prolonged time periods, providing insights into factors regulating the metastatic process.

Valutazione del cancro ovarico Spheroid attaccamento e l&#39;invasione delle cellule mesoteliali in tempo reale

Ovarian cancers metastasize by shedding into the peritoneal fluid and dispersing to distal sites within the peritoneum. Monolayer cultures do not ...

Murine Model for Non-invasive Imaging to Detect and Monitor Ovarian Cancer Recurrence

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of care consisting of surgical debulking and combination chemotherapy consisting of platinum and taxane compounds, almost 90% of patients recur within a few years. In these patients the development of chemoresistant disease limits the efficacy of currently available chemotherapy agents and therefore contributes to the high mortality. To discover novel therapy options that can target recurrent disease, appropriate animal models that closely mimic the clinical profile of patients with recurrent ovarian cancer are required. The challenge in monitoring intra-peritoneal (i.p.) disease limits the use of i.p. models and thus most xenografts are established subcutaneously. We have developed a sensitive optical imaging platform that allows the detection and anatomical location of i.p. tumor mass. The platform includes the use of optical reporters that extend from the visible light range to near infrared, which in combination with 2-dimensional X-ray co-registration can provide anatomical location of molecular signals. Detection is significantly improved by the use of a rotation system that drives the animal to multiple angular positions for 360 degree imaging, allowing the identification of tumors that are not visible in single orientation. This platform provides a unique model to non-invasively monitor tumor growth and evaluate the efficacy of new therapies for the prevention or treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

We describe a non-invasive animal imaging platform that allows the detection, quantification, and monitoring of ovarian cancer growth and recurrence. This intra-peritoneal xenograft model mimics the clinical profile of patients with ovarian cancer.

Modello murino per l&#39;imaging non invasivo per rilevare e monitorare Ovarian Cancer Ricorrenza

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Although patients initially respond to the current standard of ...

Enrichment for Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells from Human Cell Lines

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, invasive, and chemoresistant tumor cells. Therefore, CSCs are an attractive population of cells to target therapeutically. CSCs are predicted to contribute to a number of types of malignancies including those in the blood, brain, lung, gastrointestinal tract, prostate, and ovary. Isolating and enriching a tumor cell population for CSCs will enable researchers to study the properties, genetics, and therapeutic response of CSCs. We generated a protocol that reproducibly enriches for ovarian cancer CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and OVCA429). Cell lines are treated with 20 &#181;M cisplatin for 3 days. Surviving cells are isolated and cultured in a serum-free stem cell media containing cytokines and growth factors. We demonstrate an enrichment of these purified CSCs by analyzing the isolated cells for known stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog, and Prom1 (CD133) and cell surface expression of CD177 and CD133. The CSCs exhibit increased chemoresistance. This method for isolation of CSCs is a useful tool for studying the role of CSCs in chemoresistance and tumor relapse.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are&#160;implicated in tumor relapse due to chemoresistance. We have optimized a protocol for selection and expansion of CSCs from ovarian cancer cell lines. By treating cells with the chemotherapeutic cisplatin and culturing&#160;in a stem cell promoting media we enrich for non-adherent CSC cultures.

Arricchimento per chemioresistente Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells da linee cellulari umane

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subset of slow cycling and undifferentiated cells that divide asymmetrically to generate highly proliferative, ...

Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Cancer-cell Proteomes Derived From Liquid and Solid Tumors

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, methods for quantitative proteomic characterization of patient-derived tumors and in particular their cellular subpopulations are largely lacking. Here we describe an experimental set-up that allows quantitative analysis of proteomes of cancer cell subpopulations derived from either liquid or solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatic data analysis. To enrich specific cellular subsets, liquid tumors are first immunophenotyped by flow cytometry followed by FACS-sorting; for solid tumors, laser-capture microdissection is used to purify specific cellular subpopulations. In a second step, proteins are extracted from the purified cells and subsequently combined with a tumor-specific, SILAC-labeled spike-in standard that enables protein quantification. The resulting protein mixture is subjected to either gel electrophoresis or Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) followed by tryptic digestion. Finally, tryptic peptides are analyzed using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, and the data obtained are processed with bioinformatic software suites including MaxQuant. By means of the workflow presented here, up to 8,000 proteins can be identified and quantified in patient-derived samples, and the resulting protein expression profiles can be compared among patients to identify diagnostic proteomic signatures or potential drug targets.

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes facilitate identification of novel drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. We describe an experimental workflow for quantitative analysis of (phospho-)proteomes in cancer cell subpopulations derived from liquid and solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry.

Mass quantitativa spettrometrica Profiling di proteomi cancro-cellulari derivate da liquido e tumori solidi

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic ...

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor initiation and/or relapse. Clarifying the mechanisms by which these tumor-initiating cells (TICs) support tumor formation and progression could lead to the development of clinically favorable therapies. Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous and highly recurrent disease. Recent studies suggest TICs may play an important role in disease biology. We have identified culture conditions that enrich for TICs from ovarian cancer cell lines. Growing either adherent cells or non-adherent &#8216;floater&#8217; cells in a low attachment plate with serum free media in the presence of growth factors supports the propagation of ovarian cancer TICs with stem cell markers (CD133 and ALDH activity) and increased tumorigenicity without the need to physically separate the TICs from other cell types within the culture. Although the presence of floater cells is not common for all cell lines, this population of cells with innate low adherence may have high tumorigenic potential.Compared to adherent cells grown in the presence of serum, TICs readily form spheres, are significantly more tumorigenic in mice, and express putative stem cell markers. The conditions are easy to establish in a timely manner and can be used to study signaling pathways important for maintaining stem characteristics, and to identify drugs or combinations of drugs targeting TICs. The culture conditions described herein are applicable for a variety of ovarian cancer cells of epithelial origin and will be critical in providing new information about the role of TICs in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse.

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) may represent a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer, a highly recurrent and fatal disease. We present a protocol for culture conditions that enrich for this highly tumorigenic population of cells.

In Arricchimento vitro di Ovarian Cancer Cells-tumorali avvio

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor ...