This work was funded by a National Institutes of Health R01 (DC009453 support to CWB).

注：前に唾液サンプルを提供するために、すべての被験者は、全国の小児病院でのヒト対象の治療のためのガイドラインに準拠したインフォームドコンセントを与えた。 1唾液の収集と保管<ol><li>唾液収集の前に、被験者の口は、被験者が水で彼らの口をすすぎ有し、食べないように、またはサンプルを収集する前に、30分間、飲むことによって食物やその他の異物がないことを保証する。 </li><li>必ずキャップやチューブの内側に触れないようにすること、DNAの安定化緩衝液2の2.5ミリリットルと15ミリリットルの遠心管を開き、被写体が緩衝溶液中に唾液の2.5ミリリットルを吐くがある。注：唾液以上の2.5ミリリットルを収集するには、サンプルの不十分な比率からのDNAの安定化バッファにサンプルの劣化につながることができます。少なすぎる唾液を収集するプロトコルから、期待利回りが低下します。収集量を評価するために、tの側の偶数勾配を使用し彼はチューブ。 </li><li>キャップを元に戻し、混合物を均質化されるまで転倒混和。激しく振盪は必要ありません。短期保存または長期保存のために4°C（&gt; 3ヶ月）のための室温​​でサンプルを記憶する。 </li></ol> 2。初期準備と細胞溶解<ol><li>抽出を開始する前に、37℃に水浴を加熱し、氷のバケツを用意。三つ15ミリリットルの円錐遠心管に抽出された各サンプルのために必要とされる。 3本のチューブは、細胞およびタンパク質ペレットを、最終的な抽出のgDNA、イソプロパノールおよびエタノール上清を保持するために使用される。 </li><li> 15秒間、次に中程度の速度で渦をストレージからのサンプル、及び転化サンプル数回を取得します。 </li><li>清潔な15mlの遠心管にサンプル2.5mlの分注、および細胞溶解溶液の5ミリリットルを追加。反転によって試料を50回混合し、室温で30分間インキュベートする。 </li></ol> 3 RNAの取り外し<ol><li> RNase Aをソルの40μl添加100 mg / mlの少なくともution、15分間37℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li> 37℃の水浴からサンプルを取り出し、3分間氷上で冷却する。 <ol><li> RNアーゼAのインキュベーション後、プロトコルのDNAの再水和工程のために65℃の水浴の温度を上昇させる。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4。タンパク質および脂質の除去<ol><li> 、ミリリットル/ 20 mgのでプロテイナーゼK溶液50μLを追加逆さにして数回混合し、最低30分間​​RTでインキュベートする。注：これは、プロトコルのための可能なポーズポイントです。抽出が完了できるまで、プロテイナーゼK溶液を加えた後、試料を4℃で保存することができる。最大24時間、4℃での貯蔵は、抽出収率またはDNAの質に大きな影響を有することが示されなかった。この段階での長期保管は、評価されていない。 </li><li>タンパク質沈殿溶液、高速で20秒間激しくボルテックスし、氷上で10分間場所の1.7ミリリットルを追加します。 </lI&gt; <li>サンプルを10分間、3000×gで10分間遠心分離し、4℃、氷上で冷却した後。沈殿したタンパク質は、継続して固いペレットを形成しなければならない。ペレットがタイトではないか、解決策はまだ濁っている場合には、サンプルはより5分間氷上で冷却することができるし、遠心分離を繰り返した。サンプルは固いペレットを確実にするために氷上に保持されなければならない。 </li></ol> gDNAの5。単離および精製<ol><li>清潔な15mlの遠心管に、ピペットイソプロパノール5mlのおよび20mg / mlの純粋なグリコーゲンソリューション8μlの。 </li><li>沈殿したタンパク質ペレットを残し、イソプロパノールおよびグリコーゲン溶液を含むチューブにステップ4.3からのgDNAを含む上清を注ぐ。上清が添加された後、穏やかに3000×gで、4℃で30分間反転遠心によって試料を50回混合する。 </li><li>清潔な15mlチューブにゆっくりと上澄みを注ぐ。上清を除去した後、70％エタノールを1ml加えるゆっくりと揺れ、ゆっくりと沈殿したペレットを数回にわたってエタノールを移動させることにより、ペレットを洗浄。チューブ内のエタノールを保持します。 </li><li>最初の洗浄の後、2000×gで、20℃で1分間のサンプルを集める。この遠心分離工程は、4℃または20℃のいずれかで行うことができる。温度の有意な影響は、このステップのために示されていない。 </li><li>ペレットの最初の洗浄および遠心分離した後、ゆっくりとステップ5.3および5.4を繰り返して二回目の洗浄を行い、その後、チューブからエタノール洗浄を注ぐと捨てる。 </li><li>二回目の洗浄から上清を除去した後、15分間空気乾燥ペレットを可能にする。 <ol><li>試料が完全に乾燥していない場合、さらに15分間空気乾燥。 </li></ol></li></ol> gDNAの6。再水和<ol><li>サンプルが乾燥した後、乾燥させたgDNAペレットを再水和するトリス-EDTAを300μlを追加。 </li><li>中程度の速度と場所で5秒間のボルテックスのサンプル1時間65℃の湯浴。 </li><li>水浴からサンプルを取り出し、室温でO / Nインキュベートする。 注：すべての製 ​​品および試薬材料表にリストされて使用されるだけでなく、 表4。 </li></ol>

<ol><li>Quinque, D., Kittler, R., Kayser, M., Stoneking, M., Nasidze, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Evaluation+of+saliva+as+a+source+of+human+DNA+for+population+and+association+studies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Analytical+Biochemistry%22%5BJournal%5D)">Evaluation of saliva as a source of human DNA for population and association studies.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 353, 272-277 (2006).</li>
<li>Min, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((High+mircosatellite+and+SNP+genotyping+success+rates+established+in+a+large+number+of+genomic+DNA+samples+extracted+from+mouth+swabs+and+genotypes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Twin+Research+and+Human+Genetics%22%5BJournal%5D)">High mircosatellite and SNP genotyping success rates established in a large number of genomic DNA samples extracted from mouth swabs and genotypes.</a> Twin Research and Human Genetics. 9, 501-506 (2006).</li>
<li>Dlugos, D. J., Scattergood, T. M., Ferraro, T. N., Berrettinni, W. H., Buono, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Recruitment+rates+and+fear+of+phlebotomy+in+pediatric+patients+in+a+genetic+study+of+epilepsy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Epilepsy+%26+Behavior%22%5BJournal%5D)">Recruitment rates and fear of phlebotomy in pediatric patients in a genetic study of epilepsy.</a> Epilepsy & Behavior. 6, 444-446 (2005).</li>
<li>Etter, J. F., Neidhart, E., Bertand, S., Malafosse, A., Bertrand, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Collecting+saliva+by+mail+for+genetic+and+cotinine+analyses+in+participants+recruited+through+the+internet%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+Journal+of+Epidemiology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Collecting saliva by mail for genetic and cotinine analyses in participants recruited through the internet.</a> European Journal of Epidemiology. 20, 833-838 (2005).</li>
<li>Hansen, T. V., Simonsen, M. K., Nielsen, F. C., Hundrup, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Collection+of+blood%2C+saliva%2C+and+buccal+cell+samples+in+a+pilot+study+on+the+danish+nurse+cohort%3A+Comparison+of+the+response+rate+and+quality+of+genomic+DNA%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cancer+Epidemiol+Biomarkers+Prev%22%5BJournal%5D)">Collection of blood, saliva, and buccal cell samples in a pilot study on the danish nurse cohort: Comparison of the response rate and quality of genomic DNA.</a> Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 16, 2072-2076 (2007).</li>
<li>Van Schie, R. C. A. A., Wilson, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Saliva%3A+A+convenient+source+of+DNA+for+analysis+of+bi-allelic+polymorphisms+of+fc%CE%B3+receptor+iia+%28cd32%29+and+fc%CE%B3+receptor+iiib+%28cd16%29%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Immunological+Methods%22%5BJournal%5D)">Saliva: A convenient source of DNA for analysis of bi-allelic polymorphisms of fcγ receptor iia (cd32) and fcγ receptor iiib (cd16).</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 208, 91-101 (1997).</li>
<li>Dawes, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Estimates%2C+from+salivary+analyses%2C+of+the+turnover+time+of+oral+mucosal+epithelium+in+humans+and+the+number+of+bacteria+in+an+edentulous+mouth%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Archives+of+Oral+Biology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Estimates, from salivary analyses, of the turnover time of oral mucosal epithelium in humans and the number of bacteria in an edentulous mouth.</a> Archives of Oral Biology. 48, 329-336 (2003).</li>
<li>Bahlo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Saliva-derived+DNA+performs+well+in+large-scale%2C+high-density+single-nucleotide+polymorphism+microarray+studies%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cancer+Epidemiol+Biomarkers+Prev%22%5BJournal%5D)">Saliva-derived DNA performs well in large-scale, high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism microarray studies.</a> Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19, 794-798 (2010).</li>
<li>Hu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Genotyping+performance+between+saliva+and+blood-derived+genomic+dnas+on+the+dmet+array%3A+A+comparison%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22PLoS+ONE%22%5BJournal%5D)">Genotyping performance between saliva and blood-derived genomic dnas on the dmet array: A comparison.</a> PLoS ONE. 7 (3), e33968(2012).</li>
<li>Simmons, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Increasing+genotype-phenotype+model+determinism%3A+Application+to+bivariate+reading%2Flanguage+traits+and+epistatic+interactions+in+language-impaired+families%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Human+Heredity%22%5BJournal%5D)">Increasing genotype-phenotype model determinism: Application to bivariate reading/language traits and epistatic interactions in language-impaired families.</a> Human Heredity. 70, 232-244 (2010).</li>
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<li>Li, H., Durbin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Fast+and+accurate+short+read+alignment+with+Burrows-Wheeler+Transform%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Bioinformatics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler Transform.</a> Bioinformatics. 25, 1754-1760 (2009).</li>
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</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

本手順は、かなりDNAの品質を損なうことなく、標準的な方法に比べて高分子量DNAの収量が改善された最適化されたDNA抽出プロトコルである。収量を最大限に最も大きな影響を持つ重要なステップは、広く11を配布していなかったものを除く、ここでレビュー公開済みプロトコルよりエタノール沈殿中に長い遠心分離工程を含むステップ5.2であった。この長い遠心分離と関連するDNAの質...

ヒト遺伝子研究のための高品質のDNAを得ることは、疾患遺伝子発見プロセスに不可欠である。血液は、侵襲的処置を必要とし、また、唾液収集よりも高価であるものの、機能的研究のためのDNA、またはiPS細胞の無限の供給源として不死化細胞株を作成するために好まれ、そして細胞株が利用できない場合、時には血液DNAが使用される。しかし、血液を得ることは訓練された瀉血専門医を必要とし、血液、唾液1より短い半減期を有する。それによりよく病院や研究室2の集水域を越えて潜在的な対象プールを増加、瀉血専門医を必要とせずにメールを介して収集して送信することができますので、唾液からのDNAを、安価で入手が容易である。被験者はその代わりに、血液3,4の唾液試料を提供するオプションを有する場合、研究登録を向上させることができる。唾液からのDNAの量と質についての懸念は、その広範なたちが限られている可能性唾液2、3、4、5、かなりの量を取得しなかった古い頬スワブ法よりもDNA検査のためのミリリットル当たり4.3×10 5細胞の平均で、全唾液の適合性を示す多くの研究の最近の研究にもかかわらず、電子、ささやかな文献は、マイクロアレイに基づく方法8,9,10を含むジェノタイピングアプリケーション用の全唾液由来のDNAの適合性を示す存在するが6。、何の研究では、次世代シーケンシング（NGS）を検討していない。この全体の唾液のDNA抽出プロトコルを最適化するための目標は、簡単に一般的な試薬や消耗品研究所で実施され、コスト効果の高い方法で遺伝学·アプリケーションの量と質を最大にすることであった。 1）収集および記憶、2）細胞溶解、3）RNase処理、4）タンパク質沈殿、5）エタノール沈殿、6）DNAの再水和：唾液からのDNA抽出は、いくつかの手順が必要である。記載のDNA安定化緩衝液、以前2、変更することなく十分に機能します。 RNase処理とDNA再水和工程を最適化する試みはなされなかった。残りの各ステップについては、歩留まりに影響を与える可能性がいくつかの変数を同定した。各変数は、個別に操作され、収量と品質の改善が統計的に評価した。収率および/またはDNAの質を改善することが示された変数の場合、最適値は、最終的なプロトコールに含めた。

<table><tbody><tr><td>15 ml Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12-565-268</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Lysis Solution</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>158908</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Proteinase K</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6556</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein Precipitation Solution</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>158912</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isopropanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A416-4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycogen</td><td>EZ-BioResearch</td><td>S1003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70% Ethanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>04-355-305</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-EDTA (TE)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP2473-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Fisher</td><td>AC194090010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris HCl</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP1757-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA (0.5 M) Solution</td><td>Fisher</td><td>03-500-506</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP166-100&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Analog Vortex Mixer</td><td>Fisher</td><td>02-215-365</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge 5810R</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5811 000.010</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

collection and extraction of saliva dna for next generation sequencing

The preferred source of DNA in human genetics research is blood, or cell lines derived from blood, as these sources yield large quantities of high quality DNA. However, DNA extraction from saliva can yield high quality DNA with little to no degradation/fragmentation that is suitable for a variety of DNA assays without the expense of a phlebotomist and can even be acquired through the mail. However, at present, no saliva DNA collection/extraction protocols for next generation sequencing have been presented in the literature. This protocol optimizes parameters of saliva collection/storage and DNA extraction to be of sufficient quality and quantity for DNA assays with the highest standards, including microarray genotyping and next generation sequencing.

DNAは対になったDNA抽出のシリーズが行われた抽出のための最適なパラメータを決定すること。単一の唾液試料は、与えられた変数のための2つの可能な値の一つで分割し、各部分を試験した。各ペアの試験のうち、少なくとも8回の反復は、（ 例えば 、単一の唾液サンプルを用いて、初期50℃でのインキュベーションない場合の両方の抽出をテストするために等分した）を実施した。断...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing at JoVE.com

Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing

DNA extraction from saliva can provide a readily available source of high molecular weight DNA, with little to no degradation/fragmentation. This protocol provides optimized parameters for saliva collection/storage and DNA extraction to be of sufficient quality and quantity for downstream DNA assays with high quality requirements.

次世代シーケンシングのための収集と唾液DNAの抽出

The preferred source of DNA in human genetics research is blood, or cell lines derived from blood, as these sources yield large quantities of high quality ...

collection-and-extraction-of-saliva-dna-for-next-generation-sequencing

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

39.2K ビュー.  The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital. DNA extraction from saliva can provide a readily available source of high molecular weight DNA, with little to no degradation/fragmentation. This protocol provides optimized parameters for saliva collection/storage and DNA extraction to be of sufficient quality and quantity for downstream DNA assays with high quality requirements.

ビデオ: Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing

Metagenomic Analysis of Silage

Metagenomics is defined as the direct analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) purified from environmental samples and enables taxonomic identification of the microbial communities present within them. Two main metagenomic approaches exist; sequencing the 16S rRNA gene coding region, which exhibits sufficient variation between taxa for identification, and shotgun sequencing, in which genomes of the organisms that are present in the sample are analyzed and ascribed to "operational taxonomic units"; species, genera or families depending on the extent of sequencing coverage. 
In this study, shotgun sequencing was used to analyze the microbial community present in cattle silage and, coupled with a range of bioinformatics tools to quality check and filter the DNA sequence reads, perform taxonomic classification of the microbial populations present within the sampled silage, and achieve functional annotation of the sequences. These methods were employed to identify potentially harmful bacteria that existed within the silage, an indication of silage spoilage. If spoiled silage is not remediated, then upon ingestion it could be potentially fatal to the livestock.

Metagenomics was used to investigate the microbiome of silage cattle feed. Analysis was performed by shotgun sequencing. This approach was used to characterize the composition of the microbial community within the cattle feed.

サイレージのメタゲノム解析

Metagenomics is defined as the direct analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) purified from environmental samples and enables taxonomic identification of ...

遺伝学

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. 
In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.

This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries.

環境水試料から調製した次世代シーケンシングライブラリの品質を向上させるために自動化されたゲルサイズの選択

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

環境学

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic fragments. Organellar genomes also exist in admixtures within a given cell or tissue type (heteroplasmy), and an abundance of subtypes may change throughout development or when under stress (sub-stoichiometric shifting). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are required to obtain deeper understanding of organellar genome structure and function. Traditional sequencing studies use several methods to obtain organellar DNA: (1) If a large amount of starting tissue is used, it is homogenized and subjected to differential centrifugation and/or gradient purification. (2) If a smaller amount of tissue is used (i.e., if seeds, material, or space is limited), the same process is performed as in (1), followed by whole-genome amplification to obtain sufficient DNA. (3) Bioinformatics analysis can be used to sequence the total genomic DNA and to parse out organellar reads. All these methods have inherent challenges and tradeoffs. In (1), it may be difficult to obtain such a large amount of starting tissue; in (2), whole-genome amplification could introduce a sequencing bias; and in (3), homology between nuclear and organellar genomes could interfere with assembly and analysis. In plants with large nuclear genomes, it is advantageous to enrich for organellar DNA to reduce sequencing costs and sequence complexity for bioinformatics analyses. Here, we compare a traditional differential centrifugation method with a fourth method, an adapted CpG-methyl pulldown approach, to separate the total genomic DNA into nuclear and organellar fractions. Both methods yield sufficient DNA for NGS, DNA that is highly enriched for organellar sequences, albeit at different ratios in mitochondria and chloroplasts. We present the optimization of these methods for wheat leaf tissue and discuss major advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the context of sample input, protocol ease, and downstream application.

The comparison and optimization of two plant organellar DNA enrichment methods are presented: traditional differential centrifugation and fractionation of the total gDNA based on methylation status. We assess the resulting DNA quantity and quality, demonstrate performance in short-read next-generation sequencing, and discuss the potential for use in long-read single-molecule sequencing.

次世代シークエンシングに適した植物オルガネラDNA濃縮法の最適化と比較分析

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic ...

Sampling Human Indigenous Saliva Peptidome Using a Lollipop-Like Ultrafiltration Probe: Simplify and Enhance Peptide Detection for Clinical Mass Spectrometry

Although human saliva proteome and peptidome have been revealed 1-2 they were majorly identified from tryptic digests of saliva proteins. Identification of indigenous peptidome of human saliva without prior digestion with exogenous enzymes becomes imperative, since native peptides in human saliva provide potential values for diagnosing disease, predicting disease progression, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy. Appropriate sampling is a critical step for enhancement of identification of human indigenous saliva peptidome. Traditional methods of sampling human saliva involving centrifugation to remove debris 3-4 may be too time-consuming to be applicable for clinical use. Furthermore, debris removal by centrifugation may be unable to clean most of the infected pathogens and remove the high abundance proteins that often hinder the identification of low abundance peptidome.
Conventional proteomic approaches that primarily utilize two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) gels in conjugation with in-gel digestion are capable of identifying many saliva proteins 5-6. However, this approach is generally not sufficiently sensitive to detect low abundance peptides/proteins. Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based proteomics is an alternative that can identify proteins without prior 2-DE separation. Although this approach provides higher sensitivity, it generally needs prior sample pre-fractionation 7 and pre-digestion with trypsin, which makes it difficult for clinical use. 
To circumvent the hindrance in mass spectrometry due to sample preparation, we have developed a technique called capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes 8-11. Data from our laboratory demonstrated that the CUF probes are capable of capturing proteins in vivo from various microenvironments in animals in a dynamic and minimally invasive manner 8-11. No centrifugation is needed since a negative pressure is created by simply syringe withdrawing during sample collection. The CUF probes combined with LC-MS have successfully identified tryptic-digested proteins 8-11. In this study, we upgraded the ultrafiltration sampling technique by creating a lollipop-like ultrafiltration (LLUF) probe that can easily fit in the human oral cavity. The direct analysis by LC-MS without trypsin digestion showed that human saliva indigenously contains many peptide fragments derived from various proteins. Sampling saliva with LLUF probes avoided centrifugation but effectively removed many larger and high abundance proteins. Our mass spectrometric results illustrated that many low abundance peptides became detectable after filtering out larger proteins with LLUF probes. Detection of low abundance saliva peptides was independent of multiple-step sample separation with chromatography. For clinical application, the LLUF probes incorporated with LC-MS could potentially be used in the future to monitor disease progression from saliva.

Considering saliva sampling for future clinical application, a lollipop-like ultrafiltration (LLUF) probe was fabricated to fit in the human oral cavity. Direct analysis of undigested saliva by NanoLC-LTQ mass spectrometry demonstrated the ability of LLUF probes to remove large proteins and high abundance proteins, and make low-abundant peptides more detectable.

ロリポップライク限外プローブを用いたヒト先住民唾液ペプチドーをサンプリング：臨床質量分析のためのペプチドの検出を簡素化し、強化

Although human saliva proteome and peptidome have been revealed 1-2 they were majorly identified from tryptic digests of saliva proteins. Identification ...

医学

Application of DNA Fingerprinting using the D1S80 Locus in Lab Classes

In biological sciences, DNA fingerprinting has been widely used for paternity testing, forensic applications and phylogenetic studies. Here, we describe a reliable and robust method for genotyping individuals by Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) analysis in the context of undergraduate laboratory classes. The human D1S80 VNTR locus is used in this protocol as a highly polymorphic marker based on variation in the number of repetitive sequences.
This simple protocol conveys useful information for teachers and the implementation of DNA fingerprinting in practical laboratory classes. In the presented laboratory exercise, DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification is used to determine genetic variation at the D1S80 VNTR locus. Differences in the fragment size of PCR products are visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The fragment sizes and repeat numbers are calculated based on a linear regression of the size and migration distance of a DNA size standard.
Following this guide, students should be able to:
&#8226;&#160; Harvest and extract DNA from buccal mucosa epithelial cells 
&#8226;&#160; Perform a PCR experiment and understand the function of various reaction components 
&#8226;&#160; Analyze the amplicons by agarose gel electrophoresis and interpret the results 
&#8226;&#160; Understand the use of VNTRs in DNA fingerprinting and its application in biological sciences

Application of DNA Fingerprinting using the D1S80 Locus in Lab Classes

Here we describe a simple protocol to generate DNA fingerprinting profiles by amplifying the VNTR locus D1S80 from epithelial cell DNA.

D1S80ローカスを用いたDNAフィンガープリントのラボクラスへの応用

In biological sciences, DNA fingerprinting has been widely used for paternity testing, forensic applications and phylogenetic studies. Here, we describe a ...

Use of a High-throughput In Vitro Microfluidic System to Develop Oral Multi-species Biofilms

There are few high-throughput in vitro systems which facilitate the development of multi-species biofilms that contain numerous species commonly detected within in vivo oral biofilms. Furthermore, a system that uses natural human saliva as the nutrient source, instead of artificial media, is particularly desirable in order to support the expression of cellular and biofilm-specific properties that mimic the in vivo communities. We describe a method for the development of multi-species oral biofilms that are comparable, with respect to species composition, to supragingival dental plaque, under conditions similar to the human oral cavity. Specifically, this methods article will describe how a commercially available microfluidic system can be adapted to facilitate the development of multi-species oral biofilms derived from and grown within pooled saliva. Furthermore, a description of how the system can be used in conjunction with a confocal laser scanning microscope to generate 3-D biofilm reconstructions for architectural and viability analyses will be presented. Given the broad diversity of microorganisms that grow within biofilms in the microfluidic system (including Streptococcus, Neisseria, Veillonella, Gemella, and Porphyromonas), a protocol will also be presented describing how to harvest the biofilm cells for further subculture&#160;or DNA extraction and analysis. The limits of both the microfluidic biofilm system and the current state-of-the-art data analyses will be addressed. Ultimately, it is envisioned that this article will provide a baseline technique that will improve the study of oral biofilms and aid in the development of additional technologies that can be integrated with the microfluidic platform.

Use of a High-throughput In Vitro Microfluidic System to Develop Oral Multi-species Biofilms

The goal of this methods paper is to describe the use of a microfluidic system for the development of multi-species biofilms that contain species typically identified in human supragingival dental plaque.&#160;Methods to describe biofilm architecture, biofilm viability, and an approach to harvest biofilm for culture-dependent or culture-independent analyses are highlighted.

ハイスループットの使用<em&gt;インビトロ</emオーラル多種バイオフィルムを開発するために&gt;マイクロ流体システム

There are few high-throughput in vitro systems which facilitate the development of multi-species biofilms that contain numerous species commonly detected ...

生物工学

Hybrid De Novo Genome Assembly for the Generation of Complete Genomes of Urinary Bacteria using Short- and Long-read Sequencing Technologies

Complete genome sequences provide valuable data for the understanding of genetic diversity and unique colonization factors of urinary microbes. These data may include mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids and extrachromosomal phage, that contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and further complicate treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). In addition to providing fine resolution of genome structure, complete, closed genomes allow for the detailed comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses. The generation of complete genomes de novo has long been a challenging task due to limitations of available sequencing technology. Paired-end Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) produces high quality short reads often resulting in accurate but fragmented genome assemblies. On the contrary, Nanopore sequencing provides long reads of lower quality normally leading to error-prone complete assemblies. Such errors may hamper genome-wide association studies or provide misleading variant analysis results. Therefore, hybrid approaches combining both short and long reads have emerged as reliable methods to achieve highly accurate closed bacterial genomes. Reported herein is a comprehensive method for the culture of diverse urinary bacteria, species identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, extraction of genomic DNA (gDNA), and generation of short and long reads by NGS and Nanopore platforms, respectively. Additionally, this method describes a bioinformatic pipeline of quality control, assembly, and gene prediction algorithms for the generation of annotated complete genome sequences. Combination of bioinformatic tools enables the selection of high quality read data for hybrid genome assembly and downstream analysis. The streamlined approach for the hybrid de novo genome assembly described in this protocol may be adapted for the use in any culturable bacteria.

Hybrid De Novo Genome Assembly for the Generation of Complete Genomes of Urinary Bacteria using Short- and Long-read Sequencing Technologies

This protocol details a comprehensive approach for the culturing, sequencing, and de novo hybrid genome assembly of urinary bacteria. It provides a reproducible procedure for the generation of complete, circular genome sequences useful in studying both chromosomal and extrachromosomal genetic elements contributing to urinary colonization, pathogenesis, and antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

短読シーケンシング技術を用いた尿細菌の完全ゲノム生成のためのハイブリッド デノボ ゲノムアセンブリ

Complete genome sequences provide valuable data for the understanding of genetic diversity and unique colonization factors of urinary microbes. These data ...

Large-Scale SARS-CoV-2 Testing Utilizing Saliva and Transposition Sample Pooling

Identification and isolation of contagious individuals along with quarantine of close contacts, is critical for slowing the spread of COVID-19. Large-scale testing in a surveillance or screening capacity for asymptomatic carriers of COVID-19 provides both data on viral spread and the follow-up ability to rapidly test individuals during suspected outbreaks. The COVID-19 early detection program at Michigan State University has been utilizing large-scale testing in a surveillance or screening capacity since fall of 2020. The methods adapted here take advantage of the reliability, large sample volume, and self-collection benefits of saliva, paired with a cost-effective, reagent conserving two-dimensional pooling scheme. The process was designed to be adaptable to supply shortages, with many components of the kits and the assay easily substituted. The processes outlined for collecting and processing SARS-CoV-2 samples can be adapted to test for future viral pathogens reliably expressed in saliva. By providing this blueprint for universities or other organizations, preparedness plans for future viral outbreaks can be developed.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>唾液と転位サンプルプーリングを利用した大規模SARS-CoV-2検査

The protocol is intended to serve as a blueprint for universities and other organizations considering large-scale testing for SARS-CoV-2 or developing preparedness plans for future viral outbreaks.

唾液と転位サンプルプーリングを利用した大規模SARS-CoV-2検査

Identification and isolation of contagious individuals along with quarantine of close contacts, is critical for slowing the spread of COVID-19. ...

Combining Analysis of DNA in a Crude Virion Extraction with the Analysis of RNA from Infected Leaves to Discover New Virus Genomes

This metagenome approach is used to identify plant viruses with circular DNA genomes and their transcripts. Often plant DNA viruses that occur in low titers in their host or cannot be mechanically inoculated to another host are difficult to propagate to achieve a greater titer of infectious material. Infected leaves are ground in a mild buffer with optimal pH and ionic composition recommended for purifying most bacilliform Para retroviruses. Urea is used to break up inclusion bodies that trap virions and to dissolve cellular components. Differential centrifugation provides further separation of virions from plant contaminants. Then proteinase K treatment removes the capsids. Then the viral DNA is concentrated and used for next-generation sequencing (NGS). The NGS data are used to assemble contigs which are submitted to NCBI-BLASTn to identify a subset of virus sequences in the generated dataset. In a parallel pipeline, RNA is isolated from infected leaves using a standard column-based RNA extraction method. Then ribosome depletion is carried out to enrich for a subset of mRNA and virus transcripts. Assembled sequences derived from RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were submitted to NCBI-BLASTn to identify a subset of virus sequences in this dataset. In our study, we identified two related full-length badnavirus genomes in the two datasets. This method is preferred to another common approach which extracts the aggregate population of small RNA sequences to reconstitute plant virus genomic sequences. This latter metagenomic pipeline recovers virus related sequences that are retro-transcribing elements inserted into the plant genome. This is coupled to biochemical or molecular assays to further discern the actively infectious agents. The approach documented in this study, recovers sequences representative of replicating viruses that likely indicate active virus infection.

Here we present a new approach to identify plant viruses with double-strand DNA genomes. We use standard methods to extract DNA and RNA from infected leaves and carry out next-generation sequencing. Bioinformatic tools assemble sequences into contigs, identify contigs representing virus genomes and assign genomes to taxonomic groups.

新しいウイルスのゲノムを発見する感染葉からの RNA の解析とウイルス粒子粗抽出 DNA の結合解析

This metagenome approach is used to identify plant viruses with circular DNA genomes and their transcripts. Often plant DNA viruses that occur in low ...

次世代シーケンシングのための収集と唾液DNAの抽出

要約

さらに動画を探す

サイレージのメタゲノム解析

環境水試料から調製した次世代シーケンシングライブラリの品質を向上させるために自動化されたゲルサイズの選択

次世代シークエンシングに適した植物オルガネラDNA濃縮法の最適化と比較分析

ロリポップライク限外プローブを用いたヒト先住民唾液ペプチドーをサンプリング：臨床質量分析のためのペプチドの検出を簡素化し、強化

D1S80ローカスを用いたDNAフィンガープリントのラボクラスへの応用

ハイスループットの使用

短読シーケンシング技術を用いた尿細菌の完全ゲノム生成のためのハイブリッドデノボゲノムアセンブリ

唾液と転位サンプルプーリングを利用した大規模SARS-CoV-2検査

唾液と転位サンプルプーリングを利用した大規模SARS-CoV-2検査

新しいウイルスのゲノムを発見する感染葉からの RNA の解析とウイルス粒子粗抽出 DNA の結合解析

次世代シーケンシングのための収集と唾液DNAの抽出

要約

さらに動画を探す

サイレージのメタゲノム解析

環境水試料から調製した次世代シーケンシングライブラリの品質を向上させるために自動化されたゲルサイズの選択

次世代シークエンシングに適した植物オルガネラDNA濃縮法の最適化と比較分析

ロリポップライク限外プローブを用いたヒト先住民唾液ペプチドーをサンプリング：臨床質量分析のためのペプチドの検出を簡素化し、強化

D1S80ローカスを用いたDNAフィンガープリントのラボクラスへの応用

ハイスループットの使用

短読シーケンシング技術を用いた尿細菌の完全ゲノム生成のためのハイブリッド デノボ ゲノムアセンブリ

唾液と転位サンプルプーリングを利用した大規模SARS-CoV-2検査

唾液と転位サンプルプーリングを利用した大規模SARS-CoV-2検査

新しいウイルスのゲノムを発見する感染葉からの RNA の解析とウイルス粒子粗抽出 DNA の結合解析

短読シーケンシング技術を用いた尿細菌の完全ゲノム生成のためのハイブリッドデノボゲノムアセンブリ