私たちは、JPK、元原基の解剖手順を教えるためのドナルドレディとケビンモーセに感謝したいと思います。また、 図1（b）の性器ディスクと抗体については図2（a）、図3のためにブランドンWeasner、フライの汚れのためのブルーミントンショウジョウバエストックセンターと発達研究ハイブリドーマバンクの目のディスクのボニーWeasnerに感謝します。 CMSは、国立衛生研究所（NIH）GCMSトレーニンググラント（T32-GM007757）、フランク·W·パトナム研究フェローシップ、そしてロバート·ブリッグス研究員からの奨学金によってサポートされています。 JPKは国立眼研究所からの助成金によってサポートされている（R01 EY014863）

幼虫の調製<ol><li>解剖バッファーで35ミリメートルペトリ皿を埋める。 </li><li>ペトリ皿に幼虫を置き、それらを数分間（セルフクリーニング工程）の周りに泳ぐことができます。 </li><li>シリコーン系解剖板に解剖バッファーのプールに幼虫を転送します。このプールは、プレートの一方の端にあるべきである。解剖板はガラスシャーレ内注入し、硬化したシリコーン溶液で構成されています。 </li><li>パスツール·ピペットを用いて、解剖プレートの中央に解剖バッファの大きなプールを配置します。 </li><li> ＃5鉗子を使用して、解剖バッファの大きなプールに小さなプールから単一の清掃幼虫を移す。 </li></ol>幼虫の2。粗い解剖<ol><li>幼虫は解剖バッファーの大きなプールの中にある間にピンセットで幼虫を握る。鉗子の他のペアがアニムを保持するために使用される鉗子の一組は、口フックをつかむために使用されるべきであるまだら（1月3日体長穏やかに幼虫をつかむ）。 </li><li>すぐに鉗子の第二の対を廃止本体の残りの部分を引っ張りながら、口のフックの近くでキューティクルを含む一対の鉗子を安定保持します。 </li><li>幼虫は引き裂くし始めると、あなたは緊張のわずかな解放を感じるだろう。鉗子から幼虫を放し、こぼれにする幼虫の &quot;根性&quot;を可能にします。これは成虫が通常の立体配座に留まることを可能にし、変形することを防ぎます。 </li><li>鉗子の1対の場所で幼虫の先端部を保持するために、再び口のフックを持ってください。鉗子の他のペアを使用すると、内側の内臓を含めた幼虫の下部3分の2を削除します。注：口のフック、アイ触角ディスク、脳半球、腹側神経節、唾液腺、いくつかの脚ディスク、およびその上のキューティクルを含む複合体が残ります。 </li><li>ピンセットでそっとキューティクル、唾液腺、脚ディスクを覆う取り外し、他の組織。注：残るべき唯一の組織は、口のフック、アイ触角ディスク、脳半球、および腹側神経節（ 図3）である。 </li><li>繰り返します15〜20分間の追加の幼虫を2.1から2.5を繰り返します。注：より長期間解剖バッファーに残って成虫が低下する傾向があり、最終的に撮影するのに理想的な試験体よりも小さいとして表示されます。このように、20分の最大後に全ての解剖した組織は、（下記参照）のPLP固定液に転送する必要があります。 </li></ol>抗体を用いた3。固定および組織の染色<ol><li> P-200ピペットマンを使用して、冷たいパラ - リジン - 素酸（PLP）固定液を含む時計皿に解剖した組織を移す。 50μlのに移し解剖バッファの限界容積がPLPの希釈を最小限にする。先端開口が解剖した組織を収容するのに十分な大きさであるように、カミソリの刃で先端をカットしてください。ピンセットを使用したか、タングステン針を切開した組織が完全に適切な固定が起こるようにするために沈めていることを確認します。 45分間冷たいPLP固定液中で解剖した組織をインキュベートする。このインキュベーションは撹拌せずに室温で行うことができる。 </li><li> P-200ピペットマンを使用して、45分間の別のカット黄色のチップを使用してバッファ（RT）を洗浄するために解剖した組織を移す。 50μlのに移しPLPの限界容積が洗浄緩衝液の希釈を最小限にする。注：すべての解剖した組織を完全に沈めなければならない。 </li><li> 1.5mlマイクロチューブに解剖した組織の20〜30セットを転送します。注：アイ触角複合体のより大きな数がチューブ内で結合している場合、チューブの底の組織を抗体に適切に曝露されない可能性がある。最適な結果を得るためにはせいぜい20〜30人目触角複合体は、単一の管内に存在してはならない。解剖した組織は、マイクロチューブの底に沈殿します。そのため、後工程でのuの削除し、洗浄緩衝液、ブロッキング溶液、および抗体を交換するピペットマンをSE。 </li><li>洗浄バッファーを削除し、ブロッキング溶液100μlで置き換えます：洗浄緩衝液中10％正常ヤギ血清。 10分間、卓上回転装置上で穏やかに回転しながら室温でインキュベートする。 </li><li>ブロッキング溶液を除去し、適切に10％正常ヤギ血清中で希釈された一次抗体を100μlと交換してください。 16時間穏やかに回転しながら室温でインキュベートする。 </li><li>一次抗体を取り出し、洗浄バッファー750μlのと交換してください。場所チューブニューテーター上で10分間室温で章動させることを可能にする。注：一次抗体（4℃で保存）保存し、後で再利用することができます。複数回の抗体を再利用する非特異的結合を減らすのに役立つ。 </li><li>ヘッドはその後、チューブの底に沈殿の洗浄緩衝液を除去し、適切に10％正常血清中で希釈された二次抗体を100μlを追加することができます。 2̵穏やかに回転させながら、室温でインキュベートする1; 4時間。 </li><li>組織から二次抗体溶液を取り出し、洗浄緩衝液500μlと交換してください。組織がチューブの底に沈殿することを許可する。 </li><li> P-200およびカット黄色のチップを用いて、解剖皿に置かれた洗浄緩衝液のプールにすべての解剖組織を移す。細かい解剖の次のステップに進む一方で、組織は、洗浄緩衝液中でインキュベートします。これは、過剰な二次抗体を除去するのに役立ちます。 </li></ol> 4。アイ触角複合体の微細解剖及びスライド上にマウントする<ol><li>下向きの複合体の腹側で口フックによりキューティクルを握るために鉗子の一組を使用してください。鉗子の第二の対では、脳と目のディスクの間の空間にします（ 図3、赤矢印）を第二の鉗子を閉じて速やかに口のフックから離れて脳を引いて2脳ローブを削除します。 </li><li>口のフックに押したまま、ピンチオフアイ触角の触角部分と口のフック（ 図3、青色の矢印）との間の接続にできるだけ近い組織。注：アイ触角錯体は、すべての組織（ 図1A）があってはならない。スライド上に配置することができたいすべての所望の組織を解剖されるまで続けます。このプロトコルは、翼、平均棍、脚および性器成虫（ 図1B-E）を単離するために適合させることができる。 </li><li>ティッシュペーパー（カバーガラスのサイズ）の2つの小片を約3インを追加します。離れて解剖皿に。皿の上にガラススライドを置きます - ティッシュペーパー2枚のスライドの端の下でなければなりません。これは解剖皿のシリコーンベースに付着するスライドを防ぐことができます。 </li><li>ノーカットチップでP-20を使用して、顕微鏡用スライドガラスの中央に抗漂白剤の9μlを添加する。蛍光で見たときにこれは、組織の漂白を防ぐ軽い。 </li><li>同じノーカットチップを使用して、すべての目を触角ディスクを収集し、抗漂白試薬の滴に追加します。引き継がれ、洗浄緩衝液の量を最小限に抑えます。 10μlの以下の洗浄緩衝液の量を制限してみてください。 </li><li>抗漂白試薬の滴内に目を触角ディスクを分離し、広げるためにピンセットを使用してください。ディスクが数分間抗漂白試薬にインキュベートすることを許可する。注：組織は抗漂白試薬を吸収するようにディスクが明確になります。 </li><li>細かい絵筆を使って静かに試料上にカバースリップを下げる。これは、気泡の形成を防止する。 </li><li> Storeは光や蛍光顕微鏡を使用して人目を触角や他の成虫を表示する直前まで、-20℃でスライドする。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+analysis+of+the+locus+elav+in+Drosophila+melanogaster:+a+gene+whose+embryonic+expression+is+neural+specific.">Molecular analysis of the locus elav in Drosophila melanogaster: a gene whose embryonic expression is neural specific.</a> Embo J. 6 (2), 425-431 (1987).</li><li>Robinow, S., White, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+locus+elav+of+Drosophila+melanogaster+is+expressed+in+neurons+at+all+developmental+stages.">The locus elav of Drosophila melanogaster is expressed in neurons at all developmental stages.</a> Dev Biol. 126 (2), 294-303 (1988).</li><li>Kumar, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+an+ommatidium+one+cell+at+a+time.">Building an ommatidium one cell at a time.</a> Dev Dyn. 241 (1), 136-149 (2012).</li><li>Kimmel, B. E., Heberlein, U., Rubin, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+homeo+domain+protein+rough+is+expressed+in+a+subset+of+cells+in+the+developing+Drosophila+eye+where+it+can+specify+photoreceptor+cell+subtype.">The homeo domain protein rough is expressed in a subset of cells in the developing Drosophila eye where it can specify photoreceptor cell subtype.</a> Genes Dev. 4 (5), 712-727 (1990).</li><li>Dokucu, M. E., Zipursky, S. L., Cagan, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atonal,+rough+and+the+resolution+of+proneural+clusters+in+the+developing+Drosophila+retina.">Atonal, rough and the resolution of proneural clusters in the developing Drosophila retina.</a> Development. 122 (12), 4139-4147 (1996).</li><li>Kumar, J. P., Moses, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EGF+Receptor+and+Notch+signaling+act+upstream+of+Eyeless/Pax6+to+control+eye+specification.">EGF Receptor and Notch signaling act upstream of Eyeless/Pax6 to control eye specification.</a> Cell. 104, 687-697 (2001).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

この手順は、主に目を触角ディスクの単離およびその後の治療に焦点を当ててきたが、それは翼、平均棍、足や性器ディスク（ 図4）を単離および分析するために使用されることに適している。 （目を触角ではなく）これらのディスクを分離するためのプロトコルの唯一の必須修正は、粗い解剖（プロトコルのセクション2）の方法である。第一胸椎の脚（T1）のペアは、幼虫の?...

一世紀以上ショウジョウバエ、 キイロショウジョウバエの場合は、開発、行動や生理機能を研究するための最高のシステムとなっている。成虫1-3と呼ばれる単層の上皮内後者の撮影場所の多くで胚および後胚：ハエにおける開発は、二つの大きな段階に分けることができる。 成虫の図面は最初の昆虫開発1の彼の広範な研究論文の一部として8月ワイスマンによって1864年に出版された。これらのディスクは、1〜14のフライ 、大人内で発見された成人の構造の割合が高いを生じさせ、最終的には初期の蛹の段階の大規模な組織分解を生き残る、と、幼虫の段階でパターニングして、胚形成の間彼らの開発を開始。幼虫の開発中に各ディスクには運命、形状やサイズに関するいくつかの重要な決定を行う。第一及び第二の幼虫齢の中では、ディスクはestablisは、原発運命を採用する使命を帯びている正確な形状を採用し、セル15〜16の必要な数を生成し、コンパートメントの境界を興。第三の幼虫齢と初期のプレ蛹段階では、成虫は分裂を続け、細胞がそれらの端末の運命16を採用するようにパターニングする。 ショウジョウバエ発生生物学の初期の歴史の中で、成虫は正常な発達との関連で、損失または機能獲得変異体が生存された限られたケースではほぼ独占的に研究した。幼虫および成体組織内の細胞クローン中で分析される致死突然変異のために許可された有糸分裂組換えを誘導するX線の使用。この方法は、幼虫および成体の両方の組織における損失と機能獲得型突然変異を分析するためにトランスジェニック法の導入により改善されている。野生型および変異型の組織の分子景観を説明するための抗体の転写レポーターおよびタンパク質トラップの数も定数であるantly成長。損失を分析し、機能獲得型変異細胞クローンするために、これらの分子マーカーを使用すると、突然変異細胞は、発達中にその野生型いとこから逸脱方法のリアルタイムの理解を得ることがますます可能になった。適切にこれらのツールおよび試薬を利用するためには、閲覧撮影し分析することができる成虫の高品質の製剤を有することが重要である。この原稿の目標は、目を触角複合体（ 図1A）の単離および調製のための最適化されたプロトコルを提供することです。また、正常翼、平均棍、T1-T3脚および性器（ 図1B-E）を生じるものを含む追加のディスクの多種多様な単離することができる。この手順は、わずかな変更で、ほぼ80年間、 ショウジョウバエ成虫を単離するために使用されている。 ほとんどの遺伝子は、ミュー中に発現されているので、上記のように発達段階ltipleおよび組織の多数では、動物が三齢幼虫期前によく死ぬようにヌル変異体が眼全体に与える影響を研究するために、多くの場合不可能です。 4つの方法は、網膜などの先進の組織の研究は著しくより扱いやすくなりました。最初は、そうでなければ、野生型組織17-19内の変異体細胞クローンを生成するフリッパーゼ（FLP）/フリッパーゼ換えターゲット（FRT）メソッドです。この場合、変異体組織は、緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）のような視覚的なマーカーの非存在により識別され、GFPの存在する周囲の野生型組織（ 図2D）と比較することができる。二つ目は、導入遺伝子が細胞20の集団において発現している「FLPアウト」方式である。この場合、細胞クローンは、GFPレポーターを欠いている周囲の野生型組織（ 図にGFPの存在によって同定され、比較される2E）。第三は、FLP / FRT突然変異体クローンとFLPアウト発現システム21の要素を組み合わせた抑制性細胞マーカー（MARCM）技術とモザイクの分析である。この方法では、導入遺伝子を同時に個体の遺伝子座のための突然変異体である細胞の集団内で表現することができる。 FLPアウトクローンと同様に、MARCMクローンは、GFPの存在によって同定およびGFPマーカー（ 図2F）を欠いている周囲の野生型組織と比較している。最後に、遺伝子及びRNAi構築物は、特異的プロモーター-GAL4構築物の制御下成虫組織内で発現させることができる。変異または過剰発現クローンまたはパターンが直接隣接野生型組織と比較することができるので、これらの4つの方法は、成虫の研究に関心が高まっている。この手順に記載された方法が開発されているように、ショウジョウバエでは、成体組織の後胚発生を研究、研究者、特に目を触角から誘導されるものが、分析のために高品質の組織を得ることができるであろう。個別の研究者は、わずかな変更を行ってきたが、（私たちはここで説明する）この手順のコアは、大部分が変更されていないままである。高品質の組織を得ることが私たちは、この書かれたプロトコルとそれに付随するビデオは貴重な教育資源として役立つことを願ってい成虫の研究に重要であることから。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="915">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>184 SIL ELAST KIT 0.5KG</td>
			<td>Used to create base for dissection plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pryex Glass Petri Dish 150x20mm</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3160-152CO</td>
			<td>Use the cover for dissection plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">#5 Dissecting Forceps</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>525</td>
			<td>Forceps must be kept very sharp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">9 well watch glass</td>
			<td>Vairous Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used for fixation of imaginal disc complexes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50ml Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small Stir Bar</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Small enough to fit into Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50ml Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.5ml Microfuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Clear or Dark depending upon application</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microfuge Rack</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benchtop Rotator</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>100ul volume should not splatter at low setting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Macron Chemicals</td>
			<td>2-26555-1</td>
			<td>Serves as fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Phosphate Monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
			<td>S-3139</td>
			<td>Used to make dissection and wash buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Phosphate Dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
			<td>71636</td>
			<td>Used to make dissection and wash buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lysine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>125221000</td>
			<td>Used in the fixative solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Periodate</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
			<td>S-1878</td>
			<td>Used in the fixative solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>MTX1568-1</td>
			<td>Used to perforate imaginal discs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>EM Science</td>
			<td>SX0593-3</td>
			<td>Used to dissolve paraformaldehyde</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100% Normal Goat Serum`</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td>Serves as a blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primary Antibodies</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Dilute in 10% goat serum as directed by manufacturer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Seondary Antibodies</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Dilute in 10% goat serum as directed by manufacturer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vectashield</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Prevents bleaching of samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>48312-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass Cover Slips 18x18mm</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>12-542A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipe Tissue</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Prevents Glass slides from adhering to silicone base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Panit Brush 000</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Use to gently lower coverslip on to samples</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dissection and immunostaining of imaginal discs from drosophila melanogaster

ショウジョウバエにおけるポスト胚発生のかなりの部分、 キイロショウジョウバエは 、成虫と呼ばれる袋状構造のセット内で行われます。これらのディスクは、大人のハエ内で発見された成人の構造の割合が高いを生じさせる。ここでは、これらのディスクを回復し、抗体、転写レポーターとタンパク質トラップを用いた分析のためにそれらを準備するために最適化されたプロトコルを記述します。この手順では、成虫のような薄い組織に最も適しているが、簡単にそのような幼虫の脳と大人の卵巣厚い組織に使用するために修正することができます。書かれたプロトコルとそれに付随するビデオは3齢幼虫、組織の固定、および抗体と成虫の治療の切開を介してリーダ/ビューアをご案内いたします。プロトコルは、同様に若い第一及び第二齢幼虫から成虫を分析するために使用することができます。このプロトコルの利点は、比較的短く、それがいることである解剖した組織の高品質保持のために最適化が備わっています。別の利点は、使用される固定手順ショウジョウバエタンパク質を認識する抗体の圧倒的な数でうまく動作することである。われわれの経験では、この手順ではうまく機能しない敏感な抗体の非常に小さな数があります。このような状況では、救済策は、私たちが解剖工程および抗体インキュベーションのために記載されているガイドラインに従うことを継続しながら、代替の固定カクテルを使用することであるように思われる。

確実に上述した方法は、その場プローブ 、転写レポーター、タンパク質トラップおよび抗体中での分析のための高品質の素材を生成します。 図1では、私たちが日常的にこの方法で回収されたアイ·アンテナ、性器、翼、平均棍と脚のディスクを表示します。これらのディスクは、F-アクチンに結合し、従って、各セルの概要を説明ファロイジン結合体化フルオロフ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

解剖や成虫の免疫染色から<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called ...

dissection-immunostaining-imaginal-discs-from-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

26.3K ビュー.  Indiana University. The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

ビデオ: Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

キイロショウジョウバエの幼虫中枢神経系の解剖

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

生物学

Dissection of Imaginal Discs from 3rd Instar Drosophila Larvae

This protocol demonstrates the dissection technique used for isolating imaginal discs from drosophila larvae at the 3rd instar stage. Methods for fixing the tissue after saying and removing the wing, leg, and eye discs are demonstrated directly on a microscope slide for subsequent visualization.

3齢幼虫ショウジョウバエの幼虫から成虫ディスクの解剖

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫NMJの解剖

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

ショウジョウバエの眼成虫ディスクに付属してグリア細胞の移行のイメージングを生きる

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

のライブイメージングキイロショウジョウバエ胚性血球移行

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

大人からOenocytesの解剖キイロショウジョウバエ</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells form, and how they interact with their environment is therefore crucial for understanding development, homeostasis and disease. The ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an influential model for the interaction of germ line stem cells (GSCs) with their somatic support cells (niche) 1, 2. The known location of the niche and the GSCs, coupled to the ability to genetically manipulate them, has allowed researchers to elucidate a variety of interactions between stem cells and their niches 3-12.
Despite the wealth of information about mechanisms controlling GSC maintenance and differentiation, relatively little is known about how GSCs and their somatic niches form during development. About 18 somatic niches, whose cellular components include terminal filament and cap cells (Figure 1), form during the third larval instar 13-17. GSCs originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs proliferate at early larval stages, but following the formation of the niche a subgroup of PGCs becomes GSCs 7, 16, 18, 19. Together, the somatic niche cells and the GSCs make a functional unit that produces eggs throughout the lifetime of the organism.
Many questions regarding the formation of the GSC unit remain unanswered. Processes such as coordination between precursor cells for niches and stem cell precursors, or the generation of asymmetry within PGCs as they become GSCs, can best be studied in the larva. However, a methodical study of larval ovary development is physically challenging. First, larval ovaries are small. Even at late larval stages they are only 100&mu;m across. In addition, the ovaries are transparent and are embedded in a white fat body. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for isolating ovaries from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae, followed by staining with fluorescent antibodies. We offer some technical solutions to problems such as locating the ovaries, staining and washing tissues that do not sink, and making sure that antibodies penetrate into the tissue. This protocol can be applied to earlier larval stages and to larval testes as well.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

How niches and stem cells form during development is an important question with practical implications. In the Drosophila ovary, germ line stem cells and their somatic niches form during larval development. This video demonstrates how to dissect, stain and mount female gonads from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae.

の解剖と染色ショウジョウバエ幼虫卵巣

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

の分離キイロショウジョウバエ精巣

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

における寿命の測定<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

解剖と実装<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;蛹アイディスク

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...