著者らは、ビデオのナレーションを提供するための技術支援やサポート、ジェームズ·バートンのためのアレクサンドラオピーを承認したい、付属のビデオに登場するためのラモナFlatzとJoellenスウィーニー。この作品は、MJマードック公益信託（JEDに認可番号2012205）によってサポートされていました。

1ステレオ顕微鏡システム注：このプロトコルは、簡単にビデオを取得する機能を備えたデジタルカメラに接続された事実上すべての実体顕微鏡システムに適用可能であるが、詳細は（材料/機器の表）の研究室で使用されるシステム上に設けられている。 <ol><li>商業デジタルカメラに接続された三眼実体顕微鏡を使用してデジタルビデオを取得します。 </li><li>結合するために実体顕微鏡の三眼ポートへの商用デジタルカメラ、実体顕微鏡の光電管ポートの½xのCマウントを取り外し、1X Cマウントと交換します。 </li><li> 1X Cマウントデジタルカメラカプラー（43ミリメートルスレッド）をマウントします。 </li><li>カメラカプラーにマウント2のステップダウンリング、48ミリメートル、43ミリメートルと48ミリメートル58ミリメートル、デジタルカメラ用レンズアダプターキットデジタルカメラカプラからの接続をブリッジする。 </li><li>レンズアダプターキットにデジタルカメラをマウントします。 </li><li>顕微鏡の倍率は約12倍（毎秒30フレーム、640×480ピクセル）を合わせた倍率デジタルカメラセットの光学ズームでビデオを取得します。注：実体顕微鏡の倍率は三眼港の新たに再構成1X Cマウントに合わせて補償しなければならない。 </li></ol> 2イメージングショウジョウバエ三齢幼虫<ol><li>マーカーキャップの側面には、カメラの液晶モニターで観察された垂直視野の4分の1に⅓約占めるようにデジタルカメラに接続された実体顕微鏡の黒ステージプレートにテープ油性マジックを。それらはカラーコードを使用して画像化されている幼虫の遺伝子型を区別することができる色の品揃えに来るので、幼虫の撮影を行うためにステージとして、マーカートップを使用してください。 </li><li>細かい点でのマーカートップの表面にデジタルカメラの液晶モニターで観察視野を画定マーカー。 </li><li>画像への3齢幼虫を選択します。 3齢幼虫を選択するための基準は、体長、ライフサイクルの幼虫期の間の食物源から出現、前方および後方気門の存在、と口装置11の下顎のフックの構造だった。幼虫は水中で徹底的に洗浄することにより、クリーンであることを確認してください。 </li><li>光ファイバー照明システムからの光を上方から永久マーカー上部ステージを照らす。最適な照明を提供するために入射光の角度を調整する。 </li><li>油性ペン上部の端に顕微鏡を焦点。デジタルビデオを取得開始します。 </li><li>視野（ 図1）の方を向いている幼虫の前で、ちょうど視野外、約75°離れて垂直軸からのマーカーのキャップの側面に幼虫を置きます。注：マーカーキャップ側の幼虫の配置は、番目の記録的動きにカメラを可能にする横方向の視点からの電子幼虫。それは彼らが、マーカーキャップの側面から落下しないように、水で湿った幼虫を維持するのに役立ちます。ケアは、それが視野にわたってクロールのように過剰な量を幼虫に付着するようにあまりにも多くの水を使用しないように、しかし、注意しなければならない。 </li><li>そっと突くと、視野全体にクロールすることを強制するために、小さな絵筆で幼虫をprod。幼虫はほとんど協力しておらず、多くの場合、彼らはまっすぐに、フィールド全体にクロールする前に、開始点に何度も返されなければならないように我慢して。 </li><li>録画中断のデジタルビデオ映像と作物の約10〜15分であり、デジタルビデオ編集ソフトウェアを使用して、すべての不要な映像の取得後を削除します。 </li></ol> 3イメージング大人ショウジョウバエ <ol><li>使い捨て1.5ミリリットル分光ポリスチレンキュベット中で、単一の大人のショウジョウバエを置きます。 注：大人のショウジョウバエのCO 2 anaesthetization直ちにbehav前にioral分析プロトコルは、結果が12を危うくする可能性がある。大人のショウジョウバエは、行動試験13で実行する前に、CO 2 anaesthetizationから回復するために、24時間の期間が与えられることをお勧めします。 </li><li>小さなコットンボールとキュベットの端を差し込みます。コットンボールは、大きなキャップスペースを占有するのに十分タイトなパックされていることを確認し、キュベットの減少容積区画にフライを閉じ込める。 </li><li>実体顕微鏡の白い舞台板にキュベットを置き、適切にデジタルカメラの液晶モニターで観察視野を持つキュベットの減少容積区画を合わせます。 </li><li>光ファイバー照明システムからの光を上方からキュベットを照射する。最適な照明を提供するために入射光の角度を調整する。 </li><li>顕微鏡の焦点を、デジタルビデオの収集を開始。 </li><li>録画中断のデジタルビデオ映像と作物の約30〜45分であり、すべての不要なを削除デジタルビデオ編集ソフトウェアを使用してフッテージ取得後。 </li></ol>

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著者らは競合する利益が存在しないことを宣言した。

神経系の機能を研究するためのモデル系としてキイロショウジョウバエの強みは主に利用可能な強力な遺伝子ツールの収束と開発された堅牢な行動アッセイ幅広い由来する。ここでは、 ショウジョウバエの成体および横方向の視点から幼虫機関車の表現型の高品質のデジタルビデオを取得するためのシンプルな、そして幅広いアクセスができる顕微鏡技術を提示する。私たちは...

一般的な果物飛ぶキイロショウジョウバエは、神経系1-3の機能を研究するための強力な実験モデル系である。進化人間と神経系の構造と機能の保全だけでなく、遺伝子操作の容易性と遺伝子ツールの広大な配列は、ヒトの神経変性疾患4をモデル化するために、ショウジョウバエの初演生物を作る。神経系の機能障害を引き起こす遺伝子突然変異は、多くの場合、障害のある歩行を実現可能変異体幼虫と大人のショウジョウバエにつながる。神経系欠損変異株で観察された表現型は、歩行、異常な調整、および成人における痙性運動の速度だけでなく、体壁筋系の蠕動収縮の欠損、および幼虫の部分的な麻痺の減少、。これらの表現型は、ハイスループット遺伝子スクリーニングおよび突然変異体の幼虫5の移動アッセイの開発に利用されている、運動機能障害を定量化し、神経系の機能に必要な遺伝子を同定することを目的と6および成人7-10 ショウジョウバエ 。これらのアプローチは、幼虫と大人の機関車の挙動を定量化するために極めて有用であるが、これらはそれぞれ、特定の異常な行動についての定性的な情報を伝えることができない。変異型3齢幼虫が行動アッセイで変更された歩行パラメータを示すことができるしながら、これはクロール·サイクル中にリズミカルな蠕動性収縮、協調の一般的な不足、または後部胴体の部分的な麻痺の変化の結果である場合、それは不明かもしれ壁の筋肉組織。ここでは、 ショウジョウバエの成体および横方向の視点から幼虫機関車の表現型の高品質のデジタルビデオを取得するためのシンプルな、そして幅広いアクセスができる顕微鏡技術が記載されている。横視点から取得されたデジタルビデオは、locomotivの微妙な違いを直接観察や分析を可能にするより有益なサイドビューの方向から電子の振る舞い​​。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Trinocular Stereozoom Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus Corporation</td>
			<td>SZ6145TR</td>
			<td>&#189; C-mount was removed and replaced with 1x C-mount</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X C-mount</td>
			<td>Leeds Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>LSZ-1XCMT2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Camera Coupler (43mm thread)</td>
			<td>Qioptiq Imaging Solutions</td>
			<td>25-70-10-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>58mm to 48mm Step Down Ring</td>
			<td>B&#38;H Video</td>
			<td>GBSDR5848</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>48mm to 43mm Step Down Ring</td>
			<td>B&#38;H Video</td>
			<td>GBSDR4843</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lensmate Adapter Kit for Canon G10</td>
			<td>LensMateOnline.com</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Canon PowerShot G10 Digital Camera</td>
			<td>Canon U.S.A., Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml Spectroscopic PolystereneCuvette</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>U8650-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acquisition of high-quality digital video of drosophila larval and adult behaviors from a lateral perspective

キイロショウジョウバエは、神経系の機能を研究するための強力な実験モデル系である。神経系の機能障害を引き起こす遺伝子突然変異は、多くの場合、実行可能な幼虫と適切にテキストを記述するか、完全に単一の写真画像では表現が困難運動の欠陥表現型を持っている大人を作り出す。科学的な出版の現在のモードが、しかし、原稿を伴うために補足資料などのデジタル映像メディアの提出をサポートしています。ここでは、横方向の両方の観点から、ショウジョウバエの幼虫と大人の表現型の高品質のデジタルビデオを取得するためのシンプルな、そして幅広いアクセスができる顕微鏡技術が記載されている。それは異常な機関車の挙動に微妙な違いや変化の観察と分析を可能にするため、サイドビューから幼虫と大人の運動のビデオが有利である。私たちは正常に視覚化し、aberran定量化するために技術を使用していたtはグルーミングを含む成人の変異体の表現型と行動に加えて、3齢幼虫に行動をクロール。

私たちは、 スタスミン遺伝子 （ 図2）14の機能の喪失に関連した幼虫の行動表現型を獲得し、定量化するためにこの技術を正常に使用しています。 スタスミン遺伝子は、可溶性チューブリンのプールからチューブリン二量体を分割し、微小管を結合し、その分解を促進する微小管15,16調節タンパク質をコードしている。スタスミン機能が末?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquisition of High-Quality Digital Video of Drosophila Larval and Adult Behaviors from a Lateral Perspective at JoVE.com

Acquisition of High-Quality Digital Video of Drosophila Larval and Adult Behaviors from a Lateral Perspective

ここでは、 ショウジョウバエの成体および横方向の視点から幼虫の変異体の表現型の高品質のデジタルビデオを取得するためのシンプルで広くアクセス顕微鏡技術が記載されている。

の高品質のデジタルビデオを買収<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em横から見た&gt;幼虫と大人の行動

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful experimental model system for studying the function of the nervous system. Gene mutations that cause dysfunction of ...

acquisition-high-quality-digital-video-drosophila-larval-adult

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Acquisition of High-Quality Digital Video of Drosophila Larval and Adult Behaviors from a Lateral Perspective

8.7K ビュー.  Willamette University. ここでは、 ショウジョウバエの成体および横方向の視点から幼虫の変異体の表現型の高品質のデジタルビデオを取得するためのシンプルで広くアクセス顕微鏡技術が記載されている。 

ビデオ: Acquisition of High-Quality Digital Video of Drosophila Larval and Adult Behaviors from a Lateral Perspective

Visualization of Larval Segmental Nerves in 3rd Instar Drosophila Larval Preparations

Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as a powerful model system for studying the development and function of the nervous system, particularly because of its convenient genetics and fully sequenced genome. Additionally, the larval nervous system is an ideal model system to study mechanisms of axonal transport as the larval segmental nerves contain bundles of axons with their cell bodies located within the brain and their nerve terminals ending along the length of the body. Here we describe the procedure for visualization of synaptic vesicle proteins within larval segmental nerves. If done correctly, all components of the nervous system, along with associated tissues such as muscles and NMJs, remain intact, undamaged, and ready to be visualized. 3rd instar larvae carrying various mutations are dissected, fixed, incubated with synaptic vesicle antibodies, visualized and compared to wild type larvae. This procedure can be adapted for several different synaptic or neuronal antibodies and changes in the distribution of a variety of proteins can be easily observed within larval segmental nerves.

Visualization of Larval Segmental Nerves in 3rd Instar Drosophila Larval Preparations

Drosophila melanogaster larvae provide an ideal model system to investigate the mechanisms of axonal transport within larval segmental nerves. Using this procedure, 3rd instar larvae carrying various mutations can be compared to wild type larvae.

3の幼虫分節神経の可視化 RD齢ショウジョウバエ幼虫準備

Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as a powerful model system for studying the development and function of the nervous system, particularly because of ...

神経科学

Mapping and Application of Enhancer-trap Flippase Expression in Larval and Adult Drosophila CNS

The Gal4/ UAS binary method is powerful for gene and neural circuitry manipulation in Drosophila. For most neurobiological studies, however, Gal4 expression is rarely tissue-specific enough to allow for precise correlation of the circuit with behavioral readouts. To overcome this major hurdle, we recently developed the FINGR method to achieve a more restrictive Gal4 expression in the tissue of interest. The FINGR method has three components: 1) the traditional Gal4/UAS system; 2) a set of FLP/FRT-mediated Gal80 converting tools; and 3) enhancer-trap FLP (ET-FLP). Gal4 is used to define the primary neural circuitry of interest. Paring the Gal4 with a UAS-effector, such as UAS-MJD78Q or UAS-Shits, regulates the neuronal activity, which is in turn manifested by alterations in the fly behavior. With an additional UAS-reporter such as UAS-GFP, the neural circuit involved in the specific behavior can be simultaneously mapped for morphological analysis. For Gal4 lines with broad expression, Gal4 expression can be restricted by using two complementary Gal80-converting tools: tubP&gt;Gal80&gt; ('flip out') and tubP&gt;stop&gt;Gal80 ('flip in'). Finally, investigators can turn Gal80 on or off, respectively, with the help of tissue-specific ET-FLP. In the flip-in mode, Gal80 will repress Gal4 expression wherever Gal4 and ET-FLP intersect. In the flip-out mode, Gal80 will relieve Gal4 repression in cells in which Gal4 and FLP overlap. Both approaches enable the restriction of the number of cells in the Gal4-defined circuitry, but in an inverse pattern. The FINGR method is compatible with the vast collection of Gal4 lines in the fly community and highly versatile for traditional clonal analysis and for neural circuit mapping. In this protocol, we demonstrate the mapping of FLP expression patterns in select ET-FLPx2 lines and the effectiveness of the FINGR method in photoreceptor cells. The principle of the FINGR method should also be applicable to other genetic model organisms in which Gal4/UAS, Gal80, and FLP/FRT are used.

Mapping and Application of Enhancer-trap Flippase Expression in Larval and Adult Drosophila CNS

We describe a Flippase-induced intersectional Gal80/Gal4 repression (FINGR) method, allowing tissue-specific FLP to determine Gal80 expression patterns. Wherever Gal4 and FLP overlap, Gal4 expression is turned on (Gal80 flipped out) or off (Gal80 flipped in). The FINGR method is versatile for clonal analysis and neural circuit mapping.

エンハンサートラップフリッパーゼの幼虫における発現と成人のマッピングとその応用ショウジョウバエ CNS

The Gal4/ UAS binary method is powerful for gene and neural circuitry manipulation in Drosophila. For most neurobiological studies, however, Gal4 ...

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

幼虫、蛹および成人の解剖と免疫組織化学<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;網膜

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of critical importance during the development of the circuit. Using the functional output of the circuit, feeding, changes in the neuronal architecture of the stomatogastric system can be visualized. Feeding behavior can be recorded by observing the rate of retraction of the mouth hooks, which receive innervation from the brain. Locomotor behavior is used as a physiological control for feeding, since larvae use their mouth hooks to traverse across an agar substrate. Changes in feeding behavior can be correlated with the axonal architecture of the neurites innervating the gut. Using immunohistochemistry it is possible to visualize and quantitate these changes. Improper handling of the larvae during behavior paradigms can alter data as they are very sensitive to manipulations. Proper imaging of the neurite architecture innervating the gut is critical for precise quantitation of number and size of varicosities as well as the extent of branch nodes. Analysis of most circuits allow only for visualization of neurite architecture or behavioral effects; however, this model allows one to correlate the functional output of the circuit with the impairments in neuronal architecture.

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae serves a simple yet powerful model that allows changes in feeding rate to be correlated with alterations in the stomatogastric neural circuitry. This circuit is composed of central serotonergic neurons that send projections to the mouth hooks as well as the foregut.

幼虫給電回路の機能解析ショウジョウバエ</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

のライブイメージング<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫の神経芽細胞

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for such investigations due to its complex behaviors, powerful genetic techniques, and compact nervous system. Laboratory behavioral assays have long been used with Drosophila to simulate properties of the natural environment and study the neural mechanisms underlying the corresponding behaviors (e.g. phototaxis, chemotaxis, sensory learning and memory)1-3. With the recent availability of large collections of transgenic Drosophila lines that label specific neural subsets, behavioral assays have taken on a prominent role to link neurons with behaviors4-11. Versatile and reproducible paradigms, together with the underlying computational routines for data analysis, are indispensable for rapid tests of candidate fly lines with various genotypes. Particularly useful are setups that are flexible in the number of animals tested, duration of experiments and nature of presented stimuli. The assay of choice should also generate reproducible data that is easy to acquire and analyze. Here, we present a detailed description of a system and protocol for assaying behavioral responses of Drosophila flies in a large four-field arena. The setup is used here to assay responses of flies to a single olfactory stimulus; however, the same setup may be modified to test multiple olfactory, visual or optogenetic stimuli, or a combination of these. The olfactometer setup records the activity of fly populations responding to odors, and computational analytical methods are applied to quantify fly behaviors. The collected data are analyzed to get a quick read-out of an experimental run, which is essential for efficient data collection and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

We describe here a behavioral setup and data analysis method for assaying olfactory responses of up to 100 vinegar flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This system may be used with single or multiple olfactory stimuli, and adaptable for optogenetic activation or silencing of neuronal subsets.

のコンピュータ追跡することによってアッセイ嗅覚行動<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt; 4象限オルファクトメーターで

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an ...

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in communication with the epidermal cells they innervate and thus their analysis benefits from in situ visualization of both neuronally and epidermally expressed proteins by immunofluorescence. Traditional methods of preparing larval fillets for immunofluorescence experiments leave intact the muscle tissue that covers most of the body wall, presenting several challenges to imaging neuronal and epidermal proteins. Here we describe a method for removing muscle tissue from Drosophila larval fillets. This protocol enables imaging of proteins that are otherwise obscured by muscle tissue, improves signal to noise ratio, and facilitates the use of super-resolution microscopy to study da neuron development.

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Studies of neuronal morphogenesis using Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons benefit from in situ visualization of neuronal and epidermal proteins by immunofluorescence. We describe a procedure that improves immunofluorescence analysis of da neurons and surrounding epidermal cells by removing muscle tissue from the larval body wall.

の除去<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em感覚ニューロンおよび表皮細胞の免疫蛍光分析のための幼虫の切り身から&gt;筋肉組織

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal macropatch recordings of synaptic currents from visualized boutons at the Drosophila larval NMJ. This technique requires customized fabrication of recording micropipettes, as well as a compound microscope equipped with a high magnification, long-distance water immersion objective, differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, and a fluorescent attachment. The recording electrode is positioned on the top of a selected synaptic bouton visualized with DIC optics, epi-fluorescence, or both. The advantage of this technique is that it allows monitoring the synaptic activity of a limited number of sites of release. The recording electrode has&#160;a diameter of several microns, and the release sites positioned outside of the electrode rim do&#160;not significantly affect the recorded currents. The recorded synaptic currents have fast kinetics and can be readily resolved. These advantages are especially important for the studies of mutant fly lines with enhanced spontaneous or asynchronous synaptic activity.

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic currents can be recorded focally from visualized synaptic boutons at the Drosophila third instar larvae neuromuscular junction. This technique enables monitoring the activity of a single synaptic bouton.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫神経筋接合部のシナプス電流の焦点 Macropatch 録音

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal ...

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a considerable amount of information has been generated regarding ORN responses to odorants, the role of specific ORNs in driving behavioral responses remains poorly understood. Complications in behavior analyses arise due to different volatilities of odorants that activate individual ORNs, multiple ORNs activated by single odorants, and the difficulty in replicating naturally observed temporal variations in olfactory stimuli using conventional odor-delivery methods in the laboratory. Here, we describe a protocol that analyzes Drosophila larval behavior in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its ORNs. The optogenetic technology used here allows for specificity of ORN activation and precise control of temporal patterns of ORN activation. Corresponding larval movement is tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom written software. By replacing odor stimuli with light stimuli, this method allows for a more precise control of individual ORN activation in order to study its impact on larval behavior. Our method could be further extended to study the impact of second-order projection neurons (PNs) as well as local neurons (LNs) on larval behavior. This method will thus enable a comprehensive dissection of olfactory circuit function and complement studies on how olfactory neuron activities translate in to behavior responses.

Tracking Drosophila Larval Behavior in Response to Optogenetic Stimulation of Olfactory Neurons

This protocol analyzes navigational behavior of Drosophila larva in response to simultaneous optogenetic stimulation of its olfactory neurons. Light of 630 nm wavelength is used to activate individual olfactory neurons expressing a red-shifted channel rhodopsin. Larval movement is simultaneously tracked, digitally recorded, and analyzed using custom-written software.

嗅覚ニューロンの光刺激に対する応答のショウジョウバエ幼虫の行動を追跡

The ability of insects to navigate toward odor sources is based on the activities of their first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While a ...

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs provides a tissue-level understanding of energy utilization that cannot be captured when analyzing primary cells and cell lines. While this analysis is ex vivo, it allows for the measurement from a number of specialized cells working together to perform a function in one tissue and more closely models the in vivo organ. Metabolic reprogramming has been observed in many neurological diseases, including neoplasia, and neurodegenerative diseases. This protocol was developed to assist the D. melanogaster community&#39;s investigation of metabolism in neurological disease models using a commercially available metabolic analyzer. Measuring metabolism of whole brains in the metabolic analyzer is challenging due to the geometry of the brain. This analyzer requires samples to remain at the bottom of a 96-well plate. Cell samples and tissue punches can adhere to the surface of the cell plate or utilize spheroid plates, respectively. However, the spherical, three-dimensional shape of D. melanogaster brains prevents the tissue from adhering to the plate. This protocol requires a specially designed and manufactured micro-tissue restraint that circumvents this problem by preventing any movement of the brain while still allowing metabolic measurements from the analyzer&#39;s two solid-state sensor probes. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates are reproducible and sensitive to a treatment with metabolic inhibitors. With a minor optimization, this protocol can be adapted for use with any whole tissue and/or model system, provided that the sample size does not exceed the chamber generated by the restraint. While basal metabolic measurements and an analysis after a treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors are described within this protocol, countless experimental conditions, such as energy source preference and rearing environment, could be interrogated.

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

We present a protocol for measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. A metabolic analyzer is utilized with an adapted and optimized protocol. Micro-tissue restraints are a critical component of this protocol and were designed and created specifically for their use in this analysis.

キイロショウジョウバエ幼虫と大人の脳の代謝解析

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs ...