Yazarlar Video anlatım sağlamak için teknik yardım ve destek, James Barton için Alexandra Opie&#39;yi kabul etmek istiyoruz ve beraberindeki video görünmesi için Ramona Flatz ve Joellen Sweeney. Bu çalışma MJ Murdock Charitable Trust (JED Hibe No 2012205) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Stereo Mikroskop Sistemi Not: Bu protokol kolayca video edinme yeteneği ile dijital kameraya bağlanmış neredeyse herhangi bir stereo mikroskop sistemi adapte olmasına rağmen, detayları (Malzeme / Ekipman Tablo) laboratuarımızda kullanılan sistemde sağlanmaktadır. <ol><li> Bir ticari dijital kameraya bağlanmış bir trinoküler stereo mikroskop kullanarak dijital video edinin. </li><li> Çift stereo mikroskop trinoküler noktasına ticari dijital kamera için, stereo mikroskop phototube liman ½x C-montajı kaldırmak ve 1X C-montaj ile değiştirin. </li><li> 1X C-mount dijital fotoğraf makinesi kuplörünü (43 mm diş) monte edin. </li><li> Kamera kuplöre Dağı iki adım aşağı yüzük, 48 mm, 58 mm ve 43 mm 48 mm, dijital kamera için objektif adaptör kiti dijital kamera Kuplörün gelen bağlantıyı köprü. </li><li> Objektif adaptör kiti dijital kamera monte edin. </li><li> Yaklaşık 12X kombine büyütme (saniyede 30 kare, 640 x 480 piksel) için mikroskop büyütme ve dijital kamera setinin optik zoom ile video edinin. Not: Stereo mikroskop büyütme trinoküler limanın yeni yeniden 1X C-mount göre telafi edilmelidir. </li></ol> 2. Görüntüleme Drosophila Üçüncü Instar Larva <ol><li> Bant işaretleyici kapağın yan yaklaşık kaplayacak şekilde bir dijital kamera ile bağlanmış bir stereo mikroskop siyah aşaması plakasına kalıcı işaretleyici ⅓ kamera LCD gözlenen görüş alanının dikey ¼. Onlar renk kodu için kullanılan ve görüntülü larva genotipleri ayırt edilebilir renk bir ürün yelpazesine gelir çünkü larva görüntüleme gerçekleştirmek için aşama olarak işaretleyici üstleri kullanın. </li><li> Ince bir nokta ile işaret üst yüzeyinde dijital kamera LCD gözlenen görüş alanını ayırır;işaretleyici. </li><li> Görüntü bir Üçüncü dönem larva seçin. Üçüncü instar larvaları seçilmesi için kriter vücut uzunluğu, yaşam döngüsünün larva aşamasında, ön ve arka spiracles varlığı sırasında besin kaynağından ortaya çıkması ve ağız cihazının 11 çene kancalar yapı. Larva suda iyice yıkayarak temiz olduğundan emin olun. </li><li> Bir fiber optik aydınlatma sistemi için ışık üstten kalıcı bir kalem üst sahnenin aydınlatılmasını. Optimal aydınlatma sağlamak için ışığın açısını ayarlayın. </li><li> Kalıcı bir kalem üst kenarında Odak mikroskop. Dijital video edinme başlayın. </li><li> Görüş alanında doğru bakan larva (Şekil 1) ön ile sadece görüş alanı dışında, yaklaşık 75 ° uzaklıkta dikey eksenden markör kapağın yan tarafında larva yerleştirin. Not: işaretleyici kapağın yan tarafında bulunan larva Yerleştirme th kayıt hareketine izin verir kamerayıBir yandan görünüşünü e larvası. Onlar işaretleyici kapağın yan düşmek yok bu yüzden su ile nemli larva tutmaya yardımcı olur. Bakım bu alanın karşısındaki süründüğü gibi aşırı miktarda larva uyacaktır gibi çok fazla su kullanmak değil, ancak olunmalıdır. </li><li> Yavaşça kurcalamak ve görüş alanı üzerinde tarama için zorlamak için küçük bir fırça ile larva eşya. Larva nadiren işbirliği ve onlar düz alan üzerinde tarama önce genellikle başlangıç ​​noktasına birçok kez iade edilmesi gereken sabırlı olun. </li><li> Tutanak yaklaşık 10-15 kesintisiz dijital video görüntüleri ve mahsul dk ve dijital video düzenleme yazılımı ile tüm gereksiz görüntüleri alım sonrası kaldırın. </li></ol> 3. Görüntüleme Yetişkin Drosophila <ol><li> Bir tek 1.5 ml spektroskopik polistiren küvette bir tek yetişkin Drosophila yerleştirin. Not: yetişkin Drosophila CO 2 anestezi hemen Behav önceHastada protokol analizleri sonuçları 12 bozabilir. Yetişkin Drosophila davranış testinde 13 gerçekleştirmeden önce CO 2 Anastetize kurtarmak için bir 24 saatlik dönem verilmesi önerilir. </li><li> Küçük bir pamuk ile küvetin ucunu. Pamuk büyük kap alanı işgal etmek yeterince sıkı doludur emin olun ve küvetin hacminde bölmeye sinek hapseder. </li><li> Stereo bir mikroskop beyaz aşaması plaka küvet koyun ve dijital kamera LCD gözlenen görüş alanı ile küvetin hacminde bölmesi hizalayın. </li><li> Bir fiber optik aydınlatma sistemi için ışık üstten küvet aydınlatır. Optimal aydınlatma sağlamak için ışığın açısını ayarlayın. </li><li> Odak mikroskop ve dijital video edinme başlar. </li><li> Tutanak yaklaşık 30-45 kesintisiz dijital video görüntüleri ve mahsul dk ve tüm gereksiz kaldırmakdijital video düzenleme yazılımı ile görüntüleri alım sonrası. </li></ol>

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	<li>Zhang, B., Freeman, M. R., Waddell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila neurobiology: a laboratory manual. , (2010).</li><li>Frank, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+approaches+for+studying+synaptic+development,+function,+and+plasticity+using+Drosophila+as+a+model+system.">New approaches for studying synaptic development, function, and plasticity using Drosophila as a model system.</a> J Neurosci. 33, 17560-17568 (2013).</li><li>Mudher, A., Newman, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Drosophila : a toolbox for the study of neurodegenerative disease. , (2008).</li><li>Bilen, J., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+as+a+model+for+human+neurodegenerative+disease.">Drosophila as a model for human neurodegenerative disease.</a> Annu Rev Genet. 39, 153-171 (2005).</li><li>Jakubowski, B. R., Longoria, R. A., Shubeita, G. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+throughput+and+sensitive+method+correlates+neuronal+disorder+genotypes+to+Drosophila+larvae+crawling+phenotypes.">A high throughput and sensitive method correlates neuronal disorder genotypes to Drosophila larvae crawling phenotypes.</a> Fly (Austin). 6, 303-308 (2012).</li><li>Caldwell, J. C., Miller, M. M., Wing, S., Soll, D. R., Eberl, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+analysis+of+larval+locomotion+in+Drosophila+chordotonal+organ+mutants).">Dynamic analysis of larval locomotion in Drosophila chordotonal organ mutants).</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100, 16053-16058 (2003).</li><li>Jahn, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+early+locomotor+abnormalities+in+a+Drosophila+model+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">Detection of early locomotor abnormalities in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 197, 186-189 (2011).</li><li>Donelson, N. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+positional+tracking+for+long-term+analysis+of+Drosophila+sleep+and+locomotion+using+the+&amp;#34;tracker&amp;#34;+program.">High-resolution positional tracking for long-term analysis of Drosophila sleep and locomotion using the &amp;#34;tracker&amp;#34; program.</a> PLoS ONE. 7, e37250 (2012).</li><li>Slawson, J. B., Kim, E. Z., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+video+tracking+of+locomotion+in+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">High-resolution video tracking of locomotion in adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Vis Exp. (24), (2009).</li><li>Colomb, J., Reiter, L., Blaszkiewicz, J., Wessnitzer, J., Brembs, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+source+tracking+and+analysis+of+adult+Drosophila+locomotion+in+Buridan's+paradigm+with+and+without+visual+targets.">Open source tracking and analysis of adult Drosophila locomotion in Buridan's paradigm with and without visual targets.</a> PLoS ONE. 7, e42247 (2012).</li><li>Demerec, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biology of Drosophila. , (1965).</li><li>Barron, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anaesthetising+Drosophila+for+behavioural+studies.">Anaesthetising Drosophila for behavioural studies.</a> J Insect Physiol. 46, 439-442 (2000).</li><li>Greenspan, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fly pushing : the theory and practice of Drosophila genetics.. , (2004).</li><li>Duncan, J. E., Lytle, N. K., Zuniga, A., Goldstein, L. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Microtubule+Regulatory+Protein+Stathmin+Is+Required+to+Maintain+the+Integrity+of+Axonal+Microtubules+in+Drosophila.">The Microtubule Regulatory Protein Stathmin Is Required to Maintain the Integrity of Axonal Microtubules in Drosophila.</a> 8, e683244 (2013).</li><li>Belmont, L. D., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+protein+that+interacts+with+tubulin+dimers+and+increases+the+catastrophe+rate+of+microtubules.">Identification of a protein that interacts with tubulin dimers and increases the catastrophe rate of microtubules.</a> Cell. 84, 623-631 (1996).</li><li>Cassimeris, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+oncoprotein+18/stathmin+family+of+microtubule+destabilizers.">The oncoprotein 18/stathmin family of microtubule destabilizers.</a> Curr Opin Cell Biol. 14, 18-24 (2002).</li></ol>

Yazarlar herhangi bir çıkar çatışması var olduğunu beyan etmişlerdir.

Sinir sistemi işlevini incelemek için bir model sistem olarak Drosophila melanogaster &#39;in gücü, büyük ölçüde mevcut güçlü genetik araçları yakınsama ve geliştirilen güçlü davranışsal testlerin geniş bir dizi kaynaklanmaktadır. Burada bir yanal bakış açısıyla Drosophila yetişkin ve larva lokomotif fenotipleri yüksek kaliteli dijital video elde etmek için basit ve yaygın olarak erişilebilir mikroskopi tekniğini sunuyoruz. Başarıyla tanımlama ve posterior felç şi...

Yaygın meyve sineği Drosophila Melanogaster&#39;in sinir sistemi 1-3 işlevi çalışmak için güçlü bir deneysel model sistem. Evrimsel yapısı ve insan ile sinir sistemi fonksiyonunun korunması, hem de genetik manipülasyon kolaylığı ve genetik araçlar geniş bir dizi Drosophila insan nörodejeneratif hastalıklar 4 modellemek için, ilk organizma sağlar. Sinir sistemi işlev bozukluğuna yol açan gen mutasyonu genellikle bozulmuş harekete karşı canlı mutant larva ve yetişkin Drosophila neden olur. Sinir sistemi bozuk mutantların hepsinde gözlenen fenotipleri lokomosyon, anormal koordinasyon ve erişkinlerde spastik hareketlerinin oranı yanı sıra, gövde duvarı arasında kas kasılması peristaltik eksikliği, ve larvaların kısmi felç azaltılmasıdır. Bu fenotipler yüksek verimli genetik ekranlar ve mutant larva 5 lokomosyon tahlillerinin geliştirilmesinde istismar edilmiş, Lokomosyon bozukluğu miktarının ve sinir sisteminin fonksiyonu için gerekli olan genleri tespit etmeyi amaçlayan 6 ve yetişkin 7-10 Drosophila. Bu yaklaşımlar larva ve ergin lokomotif davranışları ölçmek için son derece yararlı olmakla birlikte, her spesifik anormal davranışları hakkında nitel bilgi iletmek için başarısız. Mutant üçüncü instar larvası bir davranış tahlilinde, değiştirilmiş lokomosyon parametreleri sergileyebilir sırasında bu tarama döngüsü sırasında ritmik kasılmalar peristaltik değişimlerden koordinasyon genel eksikliği ya da arka gövde kısmi felç sonucudur, örneğin, belirsiz olabilir duvar kas. Burada bir yanal bakış açısıyla Drosophila yetişkin ve larva lokomotif fenotipleri yüksek kaliteli dijital video elde etmek için basit ve yaygın olarak erişilebilir mikroskopi tekniği açıklar. Lateral perspektiften alınan dijital video Locomotiv ince ayrımlar doğrudan gözlem ve analiz sağlarBir daha bilgilendirici yan görünüm oryantasyon e davranışlar.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Trinocular Stereozoom Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus Corporation</td>
			<td>SZ6145TR</td>
			<td>&#189; C-mount was removed and replaced with 1x C-mount</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1X C-mount</td>
			<td>Leeds Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>LSZ-1XCMT2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Camera Coupler (43mm thread)</td>
			<td>Qioptiq Imaging Solutions</td>
			<td>25-70-10-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>58mm to 48mm Step Down Ring</td>
			<td>B&#38;H Video</td>
			<td>GBSDR5848</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>48mm to 43mm Step Down Ring</td>
			<td>B&#38;H Video</td>
			<td>GBSDR4843</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lensmate Adapter Kit for Canon G10</td>
			<td>LensMateOnline.com</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Canon PowerShot G10 Digital Camera</td>
			<td>Canon U.S.A., Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5ml Spectroscopic PolystereneCuvette</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>U8650-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acquisition of high-quality digital video of drosophila larval and adult behaviors from a lateral perspective

Drosophila melanogaster sinir sistemi işlevini çalışmak için güçlü bir deneysel model sistem. Sinir sistemi işlev bozukluğuna yol açan gen mutasyonu genellikle Sadece varlığını sürdürebilmiş larvalara ve uygun bir metin ya da tamamen tarif tek bir fotoğrafik görüntü ile temsil zordur lokomosyon bozuk fenotiplere sahiptir yetişkin üretir. Bilimsel yayın mevcut modları, ancak, el yazması eşlik ek malzeme olarak dijital video medya sunulması destekler. Burada bir yanal açıdan hem Drosophila larva ve yetişkin fenotipleri yüksek kaliteli dijital video elde etmek için basit ve yaygın olarak erişilebilir mikroskopi tekniği açıklar. Sapkın lokomotif davranışları gözlem ve ince ayrımları ve varyasyonları analiz sağlar çünkü bir yan görünümden larva ve ergin lokomosyon Video avantajlıdır. Biz başarıyla görselleştirmek ve aberran ölçmek için tekniği kullandıkt tımar dahil yetişkin mutant fenotipleri ve davranışlar yanı sıra, üçüncü larva davranışları sürün.

Biz başarıyla kazanmak ve stathmin genin fonksiyon kaybı (Şekil 2) 14 ile ilişkili larva davranışsal fenotip ölçmek için bu tekniği kullandık. Stathmin gen çözünür tübülinin havuzlarından Tübülin dimerlerini bölmeler bir mikrotübül düzenleyici proteini kodlar ve Mikrotübülleri bağlanır ve bunların sökme 15,16 teşvik etmektedir. Stathmin periferik sinirlerin fonksiyonu 14 aksonların mikrotübül bütünlüğünün muhafaz...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquisition of High-Quality Digital Video of Drosophila Larval and Adult Behaviors from a Lateral Perspective at JoVE.com

Acquisition of High-Quality Digital Video of Drosophila Larval and Adult Behaviors from a Lateral Perspective

Burada bir yanal bakış açısıyla Drosophila yetişkin ve larva mutant fenotip yüksek kaliteli dijital video elde etmek için basit ve yaygın olarak erişilebilir mikroskopi tekniği açıklar.

Yüksek-Kalite Dijital Video Edinme<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Bir Yanal Perspektifinden Larva ve Yetişkin Davranışları

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful experimental model system for studying the function of the nervous system. Gene mutations that cause dysfunction of ...

acquisition-high-quality-digital-video-drosophila-larval-adult

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Acquisition of High-Quality Digital Video of Drosophila Larval and Adult Behaviors from a Lateral Perspective

8.7K Görüntüleme.  Willamette University.  Burada bir yanal bakış açısıyla Drosophila yetişkin ve larva mutant fenotip yüksek kaliteli dijital video elde etmek için basit ve yaygın olarak erişilebilir mikroskopi tekniği açıklar. 

Video: Acquisition of High-Quality Digital Video of Drosophila Larval and Adult Behaviors from a Lateral Perspective

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including lens-secreting cone cells, pigment cells, a bristle cell and eight photoreceptors (PRs) R1-R8 2. The PRs have specialized microvillar structures, the rhabdomeres, which contain light-sensitive pigments, the Rhodopsins (Rhs). The rhabdomeres of six PRs (R1-R6) form a trapezoid and contain Rh1 3 4. The rhabdomeres of R7 and R8 are positioned in tandem in the center of the trapezoid and share the same path of light. R7 and R8 PRs stochastically express different combinations of Rhs in two main subtypes5: In the 'p' subtype, Rh3 in pR7s is coupled with Rh5 in pR8s, whereas in the 'y' subtype, Rh4 in yR7s is associated with Rh6 in yR8s 6 7 8.
Early specification of PRs and development of ommatidia begins in the larval eye-antennal imaginal disc, a monolayer of epithelial cells. A wave of differentiation sweeps across the disc9 and initiates the assembly of undifferentiated cells into ommatidia10-11. The 'founder cell' R8 is specified first and recruits R1-6 and then R7 12-14. Subsequently, during pupal development, PR differentiation leads to extensive morphological changes 15, including rhabdomere formation, synaptogenesis and eventually rh expression.
In this protocol, we describe methods for retinal dissections and immunohistochemistry at three defined periods of retina development, which can be applied to address a variety of questions concerning retinal formation and developmental pathways. Here, we use these methods to visualize the stepwise PR differentiation at the single-cell level in whole mount larval, midpupal and adult retinas (Figure 1).

Dissection and Immunohistochemistry of Larval, Pupal and Adult Drosophila Retinas

The Drosophila retina is a crystal-like lattice composed of a small number of cell types that are generated in a stereotyped manner 1. Its amenability to sophisticated genetic analysis allows the study of complex developmental programs. This protocol describes dissections and immunohistochemistry of retinas at three discrete developmental stages, with a focus on photoreceptor differentiation.

Larva, Pupa ve Erişkin diseksiyonu ve İmmünohistokimya<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Retinaları

The compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster consists of about 750 ommatidia (unit eyes). Each ommatidium is composed of about 20 cells, including ...

Nörobilim

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in cognitive diseases1-7. Learning and memory can be assayed in larvae to study the effect of neurodevelopmental genes8-10 and in flies to measure the contribution of adult plasticity genes1-7. Furthermore, the short lifespan of Drosophila facilitates the analysis of genes mediating age-related memory impairment5,11-13. The availability of many inducible promoters that subdivide the Drosophila nervous system makes it possible to determine when and where a gene of interest is required for normal memory as well as relay of different aspects of the reinforcement signal3,4,14,16.
Studying memory in adult Drosophila allows for a detailed analysis of the behavior and circuitry involved and a measurement of long-term memory15-17. The length of the adult stage accommodates longer-term genetic, behavioral, dietary and pharmacological manipulations of memory, in addition to determining the effect of aging and neurodegenerative disease on memory3-6,11-13,15-21.
Classical conditioning is induced by the simultaneous presentation of a neutral odor cue (conditioned stimulus, CS+) and a reinforcement stimulus, e.g., an electric shock or sucrose, (unconditioned stimulus, US), that become associated with one another by the animal1,16. A second conditioned stimulus (CS-) is subsequently presented without the US. During the testing phase, Drosophila are simultaneously presented with CS+ and CS- odors. After the Drosophila are provided time to choose between the odors, the distribution of the animals is recorded. This procedure allows associative aversive or appetitive conditioning to be reliably measured without a bias introduced by the innate preference for either of the conditioned stimuli. Various control experiments are also performed to test whether all genotypes respond normally to odor and reinforcement alone.

Drosophila Adult Olfactory Shock Learning

The method to measure adult Drosophila associative memory is described. The assay is based on the ability of the fly to associate an odor presented with a negative reinforcer (electric shock) and then recall this information at a later time, allowing memory to be measured.

Drosophila Yetişkin Koku Şok Öğrenme

Drosophila have been used in classical conditioning experiments for over 40 years, thus greatly facilitating our understanding of memory, including the ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The serotonergic feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of critical importance during the development of the circuit. Using the functional output of the circuit, feeding, changes in the neuronal architecture of the stomatogastric system can be visualized. Feeding behavior can be recorded by observing the rate of retraction of the mouth hooks, which receive innervation from the brain. Locomotor behavior is used as a physiological control for feeding, since larvae use their mouth hooks to traverse across an agar substrate. Changes in feeding behavior can be correlated with the axonal architecture of the neurites innervating the gut. Using immunohistochemistry it is possible to visualize and quantitate these changes. Improper handling of the larvae during behavior paradigms can alter data as they are very sensitive to manipulations. Proper imaging of the neurite architecture innervating the gut is critical for precise quantitation of number and size of varicosities as well as the extent of branch nodes. Analysis of most circuits allow only for visualization of neurite architecture or behavioral effects; however, this model allows one to correlate the functional output of the circuit with the impairments in neuronal architecture.

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

The feeding circuit in Drosophila melanogaster larvae serves a simple yet powerful model that allows changes in feeding rate to be correlated with alterations in the stomatogastric neural circuitry. This circuit is composed of central serotonergic neurons that send projections to the mouth hooks as well as the foregut.

Içinde larvaların Devre Fonksiyonel Analiz Drosophila</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given their relevance to development and disease, understanding the mechanisms that govern asymmetric stem cell division has been a robust area of study. Because they are genetically tractable and undergo successive rounds of cell division about once every hour, the stem cells of the Drosophila central nervous system, or neuroblasts, are indispensable models for the study of stem cell division. About 100 neural stem cells are located near the surface of each of the two larval brain lobes, making this model system particularly useful for live imaging microscopy studies. In this work, we review several approaches widely used to visualize stem cell divisions, and we address the relative advantages and disadvantages of those techniques that employ dissociated versus intact brain tissues. We also detail our simplified protocol used to explant whole brains from third instar larvae for live cell imaging and fixed analysis applications.

Live Imaging of Drosophila Larval Neuroblasts

This protocol details a streamlined method used to conduct live cell imaging in the context of an intact larval brain. Live cell imaging approaches are invaluable for the study of asymmetric neural stem cell divisions as well as other neurogenic and developmental processes, consistently uncovering mechanisms that were previously overlooked.

Canlı Görüntüleme<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva nöroblastomun

Stem cells divide asymmetrically to generate two progeny cells with unequal fate potential: a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating cell. Given ...

Quantifying Fish Swimming Behavior in Response to Acute Exposure of Aqueous Copper Using Computer Assisted Video and Digital Image Analysis

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction. However, these responses may be subtle, and measurement can be challenging. Using juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) with copper exposures, this paper illustrates techniques used for quantifying behavioral responses using computer assisted video and digital image analysis. In previous studies severe impairments in swimming behavior were observed among early life stage white sturgeon during acute and chronic exposures to copper. Sturgeon behavior was rapidly impaired and to the extent that survival in the field would be jeopardized, as fish would be swept downstream, or readily captured by predators. The objectives of this investigation were to illustrate protocols to quantify swimming activity during a series of acute copper exposures to determine time to effect during early lifestage development, and to understand the significance of these responses relative to survival of these vulnerable early lifestage fish. With mortality being on a time continuum, determining when copper first affects swimming ability helps us to understand the implications for population level effects. The techniques used are readily adaptable to experimental designs with other organisms and stressors.

Measuring the impacts of environmental contaminants on fish behavior is often subjective and challenging particularly when dealing with sublethal endpoints. We describe methods including video technology to quantify swimming behavior of early life stage white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) during and after 96 hr acute exposures to various concentrations of copper.

Bilgisayar Destekli Video ve Dijital Görüntü Analizi Sulu Bakır Akut Maruz Cevabı Balık Yüzme Davranışı nicel

Behavioral responses of aquatic organisms to environmental contaminants can be precursors of other effects such as survival, growth, or reproduction.  ...

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for such investigations due to its complex behaviors, powerful genetic techniques, and compact nervous system. Laboratory behavioral assays have long been used with Drosophila to simulate properties of the natural environment and study the neural mechanisms underlying the corresponding behaviors (e.g. phototaxis, chemotaxis, sensory learning and memory)1-3. With the recent availability of large collections of transgenic Drosophila lines that label specific neural subsets, behavioral assays have taken on a prominent role to link neurons with behaviors4-11. Versatile and reproducible paradigms, together with the underlying computational routines for data analysis, are indispensable for rapid tests of candidate fly lines with various genotypes. Particularly useful are setups that are flexible in the number of animals tested, duration of experiments and nature of presented stimuli. The assay of choice should also generate reproducible data that is easy to acquire and analyze. Here, we present a detailed description of a system and protocol for assaying behavioral responses of Drosophila flies in a large four-field arena. The setup is used here to assay responses of flies to a single olfactory stimulus; however, the same setup may be modified to test multiple olfactory, visual or optogenetic stimuli, or a combination of these. The olfactometer setup records the activity of fly populations responding to odors, and computational analytical methods are applied to quantify fly behaviors. The collected data are analyzed to get a quick read-out of an experimental run, which is essential for efficient data collection and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

We describe here a behavioral setup and data analysis method for assaying olfactory responses of up to 100 vinegar flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This system may be used with single or multiple olfactory stimuli, and adaptable for optogenetic activation or silencing of neuronal subsets.

Of Bilgisayar İzleme tarafından Analiz Edilmiş Olfaktor Davranışlar<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Dört kadranda olfactometer içinde

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an ...

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival. The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to distinguish good food sources from potentially dangerous food sources. Gustation requires physical contact with a chemical compound which is able to signal through taste receptors that are expressed on the surface of neurons. In insects, these gustatory neurons can be located across the animal's body allowing taste to play an important role in many different behaviors. Insects typically prefer compounds containing sugars, while compounds that are considered bitter tasting are avoided. Given the basic biological importance of taste, there is intense interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this sensory modality. We describe an adult Drosophila taste assay which reflects the preference of the animals for a given tastant compound. This assay may be applied to animals of any genetic background to examine the taste preference for a desired soluble compound.

Taste Preference Assay for Adult Drosophila

Taste is an important sensory process which facilitates attraction to beneficial substances and avoidance of toxic substances. This protocol describes a simple ingestion assay for determining Drosophila gustatory preference for a given chemical compound.

Yetişkin için tat Tercihi Testi<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Olfactory and gustatory perception of the environment is vital for animal survival.  The most obvious application of these chemosenses is to be able to ...

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in communication with the epidermal cells they innervate and thus their analysis benefits from in situ visualization of both neuronally and epidermally expressed proteins by immunofluorescence. Traditional methods of preparing larval fillets for immunofluorescence experiments leave intact the muscle tissue that covers most of the body wall, presenting several challenges to imaging neuronal and epidermal proteins. Here we describe a method for removing muscle tissue from Drosophila larval fillets. This protocol enables imaging of proteins that are otherwise obscured by muscle tissue, improves signal to noise ratio, and facilitates the use of super-resolution microscopy to study da neuron development.

Removal of Drosophila Muscle Tissue from Larval Fillets for Immunofluorescence Analysis of Sensory Neurons and Epidermal Cells

Studies of neuronal morphogenesis using Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons benefit from in situ visualization of neuronal and epidermal proteins by immunofluorescence. We describe a procedure that improves immunofluorescence analysis of da neurons and surrounding epidermal cells by removing muscle tissue from the larval body wall.

Kaldırılması<em&gt; Drosophila</emDuyu Nöronlar ve Epidermal Hücre İmmünofloresan Analizi Larvaların Fileto dan&gt; Kas Dokusu

Drosophila larval dendritic arborization (da) neurons are a popular model for investigating mechanisms of neuronal morphogenesis. Da neurons develop in ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat open surfaces is complex,&#160;including: pausing, turning, and meandering. This complexity in the repertoire of movement hinders detailed analysis of the events occurring during a single crawl stride cycle. To overcome this obstacle, linear agarose channels were made that constrain larval behavior to straight, sustained, rhythmic crawling. In principle, because agarose channels and the Drosophila larval body are both optically clear, the movement of larval structures labeled by genetically-encoded fluorescent probes can be monitored in intact, freely-moving larvae. In the past, larvae were placed in linear channels and crawling at the level of whole organism, segment, and muscle were analyzed1. In the future, larvae crawling in channels can be used for calcium imaging to monitor neuronal activity. Moreover, these methods can be used with larvae of any genotype and with any researcher-designed channel. Thus the protocol presented below is widely applicable for studies using the Drosophila larva as a model to understand motor control.

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

The Drosophila larva is a powerful model system to study neural control of behavior. This publication describes the use of linear agarose channels to elicit sustained bouts of linear crawling and methods to quantify the dynamics of larval structures during repetitive crawling behavior.

Doğrusal Agaroz Kanallar kullanarak Okuyacak<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva Tarama Davranış

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal macropatch recordings of synaptic currents from visualized boutons at the Drosophila larval NMJ. This technique requires customized fabrication of recording micropipettes, as well as a compound microscope equipped with a high magnification, long-distance water immersion objective, differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, and a fluorescent attachment. The recording electrode is positioned on the top of a selected synaptic bouton visualized with DIC optics, epi-fluorescence, or both. The advantage of this technique is that it allows monitoring the synaptic activity of a limited number of sites of release. The recording electrode has&#160;a diameter of several microns, and the release sites positioned outside of the electrode rim do&#160;not significantly affect the recorded currents. The recorded synaptic currents have fast kinetics and can be readily resolved. These advantages are especially important for the studies of mutant fly lines with enhanced spontaneous or asynchronous synaptic activity.

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic currents can be recorded focally from visualized synaptic boutons at the Drosophila third instar larvae neuromuscular junction. This technique enables monitoring the activity of a single synaptic bouton.

Drosophila larva nöromüsküler kavşak sinaptik akımlardan Fokal Macropatch kayıtları

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal ...