We thank Dr. Yuval Reiss and Dr. William Breuer for critically reviewing the manuscript and Omri Alfassy for helping in the development of the Ura3-GFP screen assay. We also thank Dr. M. Hochstrasser and Dr. R. Kulka for plasmids and strains. This work was funded by the Israeli Academy of Sciences (grant 786/08) and by the United States-Israel Binational Scientific foundation (grant 2011253).

1.細胞培養<ol><li> （a）は、URA3 -degron融合プラスミドの選択および維持のために、（b）は、付加的な代謝マーカーを含むプラスミドと、そのようなTry467（ 表2）のような適切な栄養要求性酵母細胞を形質転換する。 注：適切なプラスミドの例はYDpK-MET25p-Deg1-FLAG-Vma12-URA3（LYS2）（Deg1- UV）である。これはDeg1の含む融合タンパク質を含有する酵母組込みプラスミドである-酵母転写に由来しデグロン。係数MAT2 17、FLAGエピトープ-安定ERタンパク質、およびURA3 15,18（ 図3A） -イムノブロッティング、Vma12による検出。 （この研究でかつ適切なプラスミドのその他の例に用いられたプラスミドについては、表3を参照してください。） </li><li>プラスミドの選択および維持のために、アミノ酸の選択マーカーを欠いた適切な定義合成（SD）培地の下で寒天プレート内の細胞を保つ<s&gt; 19まで（例えば、Deg1 -UVは、SD-LYS選択培地で選択され、維持される）。 </li><li>定常期に達するまで、プラスミド維持のための適切な選択SD培地で30℃で細胞をO / Nを成長させる。検査されるべきサンプルの数（セクション2）に応じて、試験管内または96ウェルプレートに細胞を増殖させる。 </li></ol>分析のための2.細胞調製<ol><li>サンプル（N≤15）の少数をアッセイする場合には、細胞を希釈し、以下のように培地を交換する。 <ol><li> 96ウェルプレート（透明底）にウェルあたりSD培地150μlでO / N培養から細胞50μlを希釈する。ブランクは、培地のみを含むもので注意、最初のサンプルが指定される。 </li><li>マイクロプレートリーダーを用いて96ウェルプレート中の試料のOD 600値を決定します。 </li><li> WHから、希釈係数（×4）でOD 600読み取り値を乗算することにより、各ウェル内の実際のOD 600を計算するICH空白読書の値が減算される。ランベルト·ベールの法則に従って計算さ1cmの経路長を得るために、0.55で割ることによって得られた値を正規化する。標準的な96ウェルプレート中の細胞を200μlのOD 600を測定する際に注意し、この値は一定である。 </li><li> 0.25のOD 600を 、エッペンドルフチューブに移すために相当する量で、酵母細胞を得るために必要な正確な量を計算する。 </li><li> 1分間、高速（12000×gで）で細胞をスピンダウン。 </li><li> 0.25のOD 600を得るために、（セクション3.1を参照）上清を除去し、適切な選択培地の1ミリリットル中に細胞を懸濁します。 </li><li> 96ウェルプレート中の新しいウェルに希釈された菌株の200μlのを転送します。 </li></ol></li><li>サンプル（N&gt; 15）の多数は、試験しようとする場合、細胞を希釈し、以下のように、前のOD 600を測定することなく、培地を交換する。 <ol><li>静止細胞の10μlのを転送（セクション3.1を参照）、適切な選択培地190μlの（希釈1:20）を含む新しい96ウェルプレートに96ウェルプレートに、O / Nで増殖させた。 </li></ol></li></ol>選択条件下で液体培養3.成長動態（GILS） <ol><li>のUra3-デグロンレポーターを用いた成長測定のために、次のメディアを使用します。 <ol><li>非制限的な条件の下で酵母増殖のポジティブコントロールのための、（セクション1.2を参照）、プラスミドの選択SDメディアを使用しています。ないプラスミドの選択が必要でない場合、例えば、Deg1 -UV、必要なすべてのアミノ酸（完全なSD）を含有するSD培地として組込みプラスミドを使用するときに使用することができる。 </li><li>制限された条件下での増殖を測定する実験試料については、SD-URA培地を使用しています。 </li></ol></li><li>マルチモードマイクロプレートリーダーの設定：15分間30℃で、OD 600の測定間隔のインキュベーション温度、1分毎に7分の軌道と線形振盪サイクル&lt;BR /&gt;注：このデュアルモード揺れ、細胞の均一な分布が得られるように最適化された。しかし、他の揺れモードやさえなしに振とうも同様に動作する可能性があります。 </li><li> 30℃で細胞をインキュベートし、マイクロプレートリーダーO / Nまたは細胞が静止期（12~24時間）に達するまで。 </li><li>スプレッドシートファイルに生データをエクスポートします。 </li><li> （;詳細はセクション4を参照するための最小限の倍加時間（MDT））細胞がその人口規模を倍増するためのMDTcalc、（時間で）最小限の時間を計算し、カスタマイズされたソフトウェアプログラムを使用して、酵母の増殖速度を決定する。 </li></ol>最小限の倍加時間（MDT）4.計算：MDTcalcアルゴリズムの原則 NOTE：MDTcalcアルゴリズムの原理は、SD完全培地中で増殖させTry467酵母細胞（ 表2）の代表的なサンプルを使用して、データスプレッドシート、および成長のプロットを示し、 表1および図1に示されている、のrespectively。 <ol><li>サンプルウェルで得られた測定値のそれぞれから、それぞれのウェルにおいて得られたOD 600空白値を、減算します。 0.55によって得られた差分を分割する（96ウェルプレートの場合）の光路長を補正する。最終的な値（ 表1、トランス）プロット時間に対して実際の酵母増殖曲線（OD 600 /時間）（ 図1A）を生成する。 </li><li>非線形曲線（ 図1B）に対数増殖期に変換するために変換された値のそれぞれについてのlog 2（OD 600）を計算する。 </li><li>時間0で開始し、N &lt;10（; 図1C、表1、スロープ）まで、一度に一つの時点を移動する10の時点間隔の傾きを算出する（N = 10）。 </li><li>倍増する細胞集団に要する時間が取得する各傾きの逆数の値を計算した（ 表1、1 /勾配; 図1C）。最小限の計算MDT（; 図1C、表1、黒い四角形）を決定する1 /スロープ値。選択された時間間隔からのサンプル中の細胞（ 表1、1 /スロープ、黒い四角形）について計算MDTを抽出する（赤い矩形によって概説表1、1B、1D図 ）。 NOTE：SD-URA培地上での細胞増殖の速度は、MDTに反比例する。 </li></ol> 5. MDTcalcの使い方<ol><li>コンピュータ内の指定したフォルダに補充プログラムファイルをコピーします。 </li><li>成長データを含むスプレッドシートファイルを保存して閉じていることを確認してください。スタート画面が表示されます確認するMDTcalcアプリケーションプログラムを開きます。 <ol><li> 図2に示されているように、必要な情報を挿入します。 <ol><li> 「ファイルパス &#39;の下では、スプレッドシートファイルを検索するために右の四角形をクリックしてください。 </li><li>ここで、t &#39;シート名&#39;の下では、スプレッドシートの名前を書く生データが置かれている彼。 </li><li> 「開始位置」の下では、スプレッドシートが最初のサンプルの時間0の座標挿入します。 </li><li> 「時間列」の下では、時点カラム（時間は秒単位で提供されるべきである）の場所を定義する文字を挿入します。 </li><li> 「空白列 &#39;の下では、空欄（通常は必ずしもそうではない中で96ウェルプレートのA1）の場所を定義する文字を挿入します。 </li><li> 「OD値」の下では、MDT計算（通常は0.15〜0.25）の開始に必要な最小限の変換されたOD 600値を選択します。 MDTのみ定義さOD 600値以上に達した試料について計算されるように、この値を設定すると、過剰な希釈のラグフェーズにおける培養のためのMDTの計算を防止する。 </li></ol></li><li>最後の値が入力されると、画面の下部にある「計算」ボタンを押してください。右側のプログレスバーが徐々にgまで変化していることを確認してくださいREEN。計算プロセスの間、スプレッドシートファイルを開かないでください。 </li><li>スプレッドシートにMDT計算の完了時に画面上に自動的に表示されたデータの2セットをエクスポートします。最小限のOD値試験に合格するために、各ウェルの（a）MDT値（セクション5.2.1.6に設定されたように）とMDTを算出し、そこから間隔の（b）は、初期時点（スタート：データが含まれていることを確認時間）。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

ここでは、相対的な蛋白分解速度を決定するための細胞増殖に基づくアッセイを記載し、（GILS） &#39;選択的条件下で液体培養での成長速度」と呼ばれる。 、これは、セットアップが簡単で、データ収集および解析は、簡単であり、それは非常にモジュール化されている：GILSアッセイは、いくつかの利点を有する。したがって、GILSハイスループットアプリケーションのための自動化に適応さ...

ユビキチン - プロテアソーム分解系は、全ての真核生物におけるタンパク質恒常性の維持に関与している主要な調節機である。 UPSは、最初にポリユビキチン標識タンパク質は26Sプロテアソームによって分解された後、標的タンパク質に複数のユビキチン分子をコンジュゲート。ほとんどの場合、ユビキチン媒介性分解のための律速段階は、E2は酵素を結合させると、E3は酵素（E3リガーゼ）1を連結することによって仲介される、基質ユビキチン化である。結果的に、特定のタンパク質の細胞内安定性は、ユビキチン抱合とその同族ユビキチン化酵素の活性に対する感受性を反映している。 E3リガーゼは、UPSの主な基質認識コンポーネントです。このように、これらの酵素は、その安定した対応2で露光存在しないかのいずれかであるそれらの基質内デグロンを認識する。細胞周期mの例えば、多くの規制当局USTのために細胞周期の進行を維持するために一時的に特定の方法で合成され、分解される。これらのタンパク質の分解は、多くの細胞シグナル調節キナーゼ3,4によって媒介されるリン酸化によって制御される。一方、異常に折り畳まれたタンパク質は、不可解なデグロンを通じて認識される。これらは通常、天然の構造に隠されていると構造摂動時にさらされている領域である。このようなデグロンは、疎水性ドメイン5-7と本質的に無秩序セグメント8が含まれています。 網状赤血球溶解物9でのファンダメンタルズのタンパク質分解および特性のためのユビキチンシステムの独創的発見以来、酵母遺伝学は、ユビキチンシステム10の構成要素の多くを発見に尽力した。 UPSによるタンパク質分解の体系的な分析のためのモデル生物として酵母の成功は、UPSが高いという事実に主に起因しているLyは実験システムとしての従順と相まって、すべての真核生物において保存4。実際、酵母ベースのシステムは、一般的にユビキチン化機構の作用メカニズムを解読するために使用される。 生化学的手段によってタンパク質分解を研究することは、通常、細胞抽出物の調製を必要とします。動物細胞タンパク質、タンパク質相互作用及び機能を維持する比較的穏やかな条件下で抽出することができるが、酵母11ロバスト細胞壁の存在は、タンパク質の回収に影響を与える可能性がかなり厳しい破壊条件を必要とする。実際、酵母細胞破壊のための異なる手順が正しく、それらの相対的な細胞豊か​​さを表す量で完全なタンパク質を回復する能力がかなり異なる。さらに不正確さは特定のタンパク質の分解速度を決定するために使用されるメソッドの違いに固有のものである：イム続く代謝標識ベースの「パルスチェイス」実験munoprecipitation、特異的タンパク質12を単離するために、多くの場合、厳密に定量的ではない。タンパク質の分解は、この方法によって比較されたときにこのようにして、余分な注意が結果の解釈に注意すること。この欠点を回避するために、代替のシクロヘキシミド（CHX）追跡アッセイは、12を用いることができる。このアッセイでは、翻訳阻害剤は、細胞培養物に添加し、タンパク質の定常状態レベルの時間的変化は、続いてモニターされる。タンパク質合成の長期の阻害は、細胞傷害性であるようにもかかわらず、CHXの使用は、比較的短い半減期（&lt;90分）を有するタンパク質に限定される。注目すべきことに、上記のアッセイの両方が常に利用可能でないタンパク質に特異的な抗体の使用を必要とする。 これらの技術的限界を克服するために、研究者は、細胞抽出と直接タンパク質の処理を必要としないいくつかのアプローチを開発しました。 1つのアプローチは栄養要求まことにの確立に基づいています必須の代謝酵素をコードする遺伝子の欠失によって得られる目株。このような遺伝子は、OMPデカルボキシラーゼをコードHIS3、LEU2、LYS2およびTRP1、アミノ酸生合成に必要な酵素のための符号化、並びにURA3（のUra3）、ピリミジンリボヌクレオチド生合成の重要な酵素が含まれる。 URA3広くタンパク質分解の研究で使用されている。これらのアッセイでは、のUra3の構成的発現は、ウラシル欠損培地中で13 URA3細胞の増殖を救出。その結果、デグロンの融合を通してのUra3を不安定するとウラシルを欠く最小培地で細胞増殖を減少させることができる。この方法は、劣化の識別を含む、様々なタンパク質分解研究で5決定基に使用されている、E3は14リガーゼ補助ユビキチンは15因子および新規UPSのデグロン16の発見。これらの方法の全ては、アッセイの読み出しとして、寒天プレート上の細胞増殖を用いた。ただし、tは彼の成長基準（ポジティブ/ネガティブの成長）、堅牢で効率的な、ほとんどが定性的であるとデグの効力または種々の補助劣化要因の相対的寄与を評価するために重要である定量的情報を提供していませんしながら。 そこで開発され、融合系-degron URA3によるタンパク質分解の体系的かつ定量的な分析を可能にする酵母ベクターおよびスクリーニング方法を利用している。プロトコルは、選択的条件下で液体培養物（GILS）および標準的な増殖曲線の生成に成長速度を測定扱いやすいアッセイに基づいている。ラグ、指数（対数）と固定相 - 酵母増殖動態は、3つの主要な相によって特徴づけられる。のUra3-デグロンの発現のレベルによって決定される選択条件下で対数期、中酵母複製動態の計算は、公平な定量的測定oをを提供fはタンパク質の分解。この方法は、複数の株に同時に複数のUPS基質の分解速度を測定し、比較することと、様々な条件の下で適用することができる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="790">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:184px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:339px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:184px;">Difco yeast nitrogen base w/o amino acids and ammonium sulfate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>233520</td>
			<td rowspan="6" style="width:339px;">For yeast growth on SD minimal media.&#160; Amino acids to be supplied are: Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma - Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4418</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma - Aldrich</td>
			<td>16325</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Adenine</td>
			<td>Sigma - Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8626</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Uracil</td>
			<td>Sigma - Aldrich</td>
			<td>U0750</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amino acids</td>
			<td>Highest purity available&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:184px;">96 well plates</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Nunc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">167008</td>
			<td>Any other compatible brand can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:184px;">Cyclohexamide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma - Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7698</td>
			<td>Working conc. 0.5 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:184px;">Infinite 200 PRO series</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Tecan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:339px;">For yeast incubation and OD 600 measurements. Any other compatible temp-controled reader can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:184px;">MDTcalc</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Experimental software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reporter-based growth assay for systematic analysis of protein degradation

ユビキチン - プロテアソーム系（UPS）によるタンパク質分解は、すべての真核生物におけるタンパク質ホメオスタシスのための主要な調節機構である。細胞内タンパク質分解を決定する標準的なアプローチは、タンパク質の減少の速度論に従うための生化学的アッセイに依存している。そのような方法は、多くの場合、面倒で時間がかかり、複数の基板や劣化状態を評価することを目的とした実験に、したがって適していない。別の方法として、細胞増殖に基づくアッセイは、定量的にタンパク質レベルの相対的変化を決定することができないそれらの従来のフォーマット、エンドポイントアッセイであることが、開発されてきた。 ここでは、忠実に酵母細胞増殖速度にそれらを結合することによって、タンパク質分解速度の変化を決定する方法を説明する。この方法は、URA3のウラシル要求性酵母細胞が外因的に発現されるレポータータンパク質によって救助され-deleted確立選択システムに基づいています、本質的なURA3遺伝子および分解行列式（デグ）の間の融合から成る。レポータータンパク質は、その分解速度は、デグロンによって決定され、一方、その合成速度が一定になるように設計されている。ウラシル欠損培地における細胞増殖はUra3遺伝子の相対的なレベルに比例するように、成長速度は、レポータータンパク質の分解に完全に依存している。 この方法は、正確に細胞内タンパク質分解速度の変化を測定する。 （a）は、E2結合酵素の構造と機能は、（c）の同定と新規デグロンの特性を分析し、タンパク質分解、（b）は、既知のユビキチン結合因子の相対的寄与を評価する：これは、に適用した。それはまた、他の細胞経路の機能に関連するタンパク質レベルの変化を監視するに適合させることができるようにdegron- URA3ベースのシステムの適用は、タンパク質分解フィールドを越え。

レポーター基質の分解にDoa10経路の酵素の役割を調査する それは伝統的な分解アッセイと比較したGILS方法の妥当性をテストするには。この実験は、ER-膜の成分の相対的な寄与を評価するローカライズされたタンパク質の品質管理レポーター基質Deg1- VU（ 図3A）の分解に対して20,21複雑Doa10 E3リガーゼ。 Deg1- VUプラスミドは、 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reporter-based Growth Assay for Systematic Analysis of Protein Degradation at JoVE.com

Reporter-based Growth Assay for Systematic Analysis of Protein Degradation

Here we describe a robust biological assay for quantifying the relative rate of proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The assay readout is yeast growth rate in liquid culture, which is dependent on the cellular levels of a reporter protein comprising a degradation signal fused to an essential metabolic marker.

タンパク質分解の体系的な分析のためのレポーターベースの成長アッセイ

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major regulatory mechanism for protein homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The standard ...

reporter-based-growth-assay-for-systematic-analysis-protein

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.6K ビュー.  The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Here we describe a robust biological assay for quantifying the relative rate of proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The assay readout is yeast growth rate in liquid culture, which is dependent on the cellular levels of a reporter protein comprising a degradation signal fused to an essential metabolic marker.

ビデオ: Reporter-based Growth Assay for Systematic Analysis of Protein Degradation

Actin Co-Sedimentation Assay; for the Analysis of Protein Binding to F-Actin

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates tension and helps maintains cellular shape.  Although the actin cytoskeleton is a rigid structure, it is a dynamic structure that is constantly remodeling.  A number of proteins can bind to the actin cytoskeleton.  The binding of a particular protein to F-actin is often desired to support cell biological observations or to further understand dynamic processes due to remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin co-sedimentation assay is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze the binding of specific proteins or protein domains with F-actin.  The basic principles of the assay involve an incubation of the protein of interest (full length or domain of) with F-actin, ultracentrifugation step to pellet F-actin and analysis of the protein co-sedimenting with F-actin.  Actin co-sedimentation assays can be designed accordingly to measure actin binding affinities and in competition assays.

Proteins bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) through distinct actin binding modules. In this video we demonstrate the procedure of actin co-sedimentation, which is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze proteins or specific domains that bind F-actin.

アクチン共沈降アッセイ、F -アクチンへの結合タンパク質の解析のための

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates ...

生物学

A Neuronal and Astrocyte Co-Culture Assay for High Content Analysis of Neurotoxicity

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing measurement of multiple cellular phenotypes within a single assay. In this study, we utilized HCA to develop a novel assay for neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity assessment represents an important part of drug safety evaluation, as well as being a significant focus of environmental protection efforts. Additionally, neurotoxicity is also a well-accepted in vitro marker of the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Recently, the application of HCA to neuronal screening has been reported. By labeling neuronal cells with &beta;III-tubulin, HCA assays can provide high-throughput, non-subjective, quantitative measurements of parameters such as neuronal number, neurite count and neurite length, all of which can indicate neurotoxic effects. However, the role of astrocytes remains unexplored in these models. Astrocytes have an integral role in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, and are associated with both neuroprotection and neurodegradation when they are activated in response to toxic substances or disease states. GFAP is an intermediate filament protein expressed predominantly in the astrocytes of the CNS. Astrocytic activation (gliosis) leads to the upregulation of GFAP, commonly accompanied by astrocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. This process of reactive gliosis has been proposed as an early marker of damage to the nervous system. The traditional method for GFAP quantitation is by immunoassay. This approach is limited by an inability to provide information on cellular localization, morphology and cell number. We determined that HCA could be used to overcome these limitations and to simultaneously measure multiple features associated with gliosis - changes in GFAP expression, astrocyte hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation - within a single assay. In co-culture studies, astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons against several types of toxic insult and to critically influence neuronal survival. Recent studies have suggested that the use of astrocytes in an in vitro neurotoxicity test system may prove more relevant to human CNS structure and function than neuronal cells alone. Accordingly, we have developed an HCA assay for co-culture of neurons and astrocytes, comprised of protocols and validated, target-specific detection reagents for profiling &beta;III-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). This assay enables simultaneous analysis of neurotoxicity, neurite outgrowth, gliosis, neuronal and astrocytic morphology and neuronal and astrocytic development in a wide variety of cellular models, representing a novel, non-subjective, high-throughput assay for neurotoxicity assessment. The assay holds great potential for enhanced detection of neurotoxicity and improved productivity in neuroscience research and drug discovery.

This article describes a novel protocol and reagent set designed for sensitive measurement of neurotoxic effects of compounds and treatments on co-cultures of neurons and astrocytes using high content analysis. Results demonstrate that high content analysis represents an exciting novel technology for neurotoxicity assessment.

神経毒性の高いコンテンツ分析のための神経とアストロサイト共培養アッセイ

High Content Analysis (HCA) assays combine cells and detection reagents with automated imaging and powerful image analysis algorithms, allowing ...

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

液相の回復と分子量ベース画用GELFREE 8100分別システムの使用

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

ヒト胚性幹細胞のコロニーの成長のビデオバイオインフォマティクス解析

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Growth-based Determination and Biochemical Confirmation of Genetic Requirements for Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Regulated protein degradation is crucial for virtually every cellular function. Much of what is known about the molecular mechanisms and genetic requirements for eukaryotic protein degradation was initially established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Classical analyses of protein degradation have relied on biochemical pulse-chase and cycloheximide-chase methodologies. While these techniques provide sensitive means for observing protein degradation, they are laborious, time-consuming, and low-throughput. These approaches are not amenable to rapid or large-scale screening for mutations that prevent protein degradation. Here, a yeast growth-based assay for the facile identification of genetic requirements for protein degradation is described. In this assay, a reporter enzyme required for growth under specific selective conditions is fused to an unstable protein. Cells lacking the endogenous reporter enzyme but expressing the fusion protein can grow under selective conditions only when the fusion protein is stabilized (i.e. when protein degradation is compromised). In the growth assay described here, serial dilutions of wild-type and mutant yeast cells harboring a plasmid encoding a fusion protein are spotted onto selective and non-selective medium. Growth under selective conditions is consistent with degradation impairment by a given mutation. Increased protein abundance should be biochemically confirmed. A method for the rapid extraction of yeast proteins in a form suitable for electrophoresis and western blotting is also demonstrated. A growth-based readout for protein stability, combined with a simple protocol for protein extraction for biochemical analysis, facilitates rapid identification of genetic requirements for protein degradation. These techniques can be adapted to monitor degradation of a variety of short-lived proteins. In the example presented, the His3 enzyme, which is required for histidine biosynthesis, was fused to Deg1-Sec62. Deg1-Sec62 is targeted for degradation after it aberrantly engages the endoplasmic reticulum translocon. Cells harboring Deg1-Sec62-His3 were able to grow under selective conditions when the protein was stabilized.

Growth-based Determination and Biochemical Confirmation of Genetic Requirements for Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This article describes a yeast growth-based assay for the determination of genetic requirements for protein degradation. It also demonstrates a method for rapid extraction of yeast proteins, suitable for western blotting to biochemically confirm degradation requirements. These techniques can be adapted to monitor degradation of a variety of proteins.

増殖に基​​づく決定とタンパク質分解に対する遺伝的要件の生化学的確認で<em&gt;サッカロマイセス·セレビシエ</em

Regulated protein degradation is crucial for virtually every cellular function. Much of what is known about the molecular mechanisms and genetic ...

Cycloheximide Chase Analysis of Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Regulation of protein abundance is crucial to virtually every cellular process. Protein abundance reflects the integration of the rates of protein synthesis and protein degradation. Many assays reporting on protein abundance (e.g., single-time point western blotting, flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, or growth-based reporter assays) do not allow discrimination of the relative effects of translation and proteolysis on protein levels. This article describes the use of cycloheximide chase followed by western blotting to specifically analyze protein degradation in the model unicellular eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). In this procedure, yeast cells are incubated in the presence of the translational inhibitor cycloheximide. Aliquots of cells are collected immediately after and at specific time points following addition of cycloheximide. Cells are lysed, and the lysates are separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for western blot analysis of protein abundance at each time point. The cycloheximide chase procedure permits visualization of the degradation kinetics of the steady state population of a variety of cellular proteins. The procedure may be used to investigate the genetic requirements for and environmental influences on protein degradation.

Cycloheximide Chase Analysis of Protein Degradation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Protein abundance reflects the rates of both protein synthesis and protein degradation. This article describes the use of cycloheximide chase followed by western blotting to analyze protein degradation in the model unicellular eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast).

タンパク質分解中のシクロヘキシミドチェイス分析<em&gt;サッカロマイセス・セレビシエ</em

Regulation of protein abundance is crucial to virtually every cellular process. Protein abundance reflects the integration of the rates of protein ...

Assays for the Degradation of Misfolded Proteins in Cells

Protein misfolding and aggregation are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular mechanisms that recognize and degrade misfolded proteins may serve as potential therapeutic targets. To distinguish degradation of misfolding-prone proteins from other mechanisms that regulate their levels, one important method is to measure protein half-life in cells. However, this can be challenging because misfolding-prone proteins may exist in different forms, including the native form and misfolded forms of distinct characteristics. Here we describe assays to examine the half-life of misfolded proteins in mammalian cells using a highly aggregation-prone protein, Ataxin-1 with an extended polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch, and a conformationally unstable luciferase mutant as models. Cycloheximide chase is combined with cell fractionation to examine the turnover rate of misfolding-prone proteins in various cellular fractions. We further depict a fluorescence-based assay using an enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-fusion of the luciferase mutant, which can be adapted for high throughput screening on a microplate-reader.

This report describes protocols for measuring degradation rates of misfolded proteins by either western blot or fluorescence-based assays. The methods can be applied to analysis of other misfolded proteins and for high throughput screening.

細胞におけるミスフォールドタンパク質の分解のためのアッセイ

Protein misfolding and aggregation are associated with various neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular mechanisms that recognize and degrade misfolded ...

A Hydroponic Co-cultivation System for Simultaneous and Systematic Analysis of Plant/Microbe Molecular Interactions and Signaling

An experimental design mimicking natural plant-microbe interactions is very important to delineate the complex plant-microbe signaling processes. Arabidopsis thaliana-Agrobacterium tumefaciens provides an excellent model system to study bacterial pathogenesis and plant interactions. Previous studies of plant-Agrobacterium interactions have largely relied on plant cell suspension cultures, the artificial wounding of plants, or the artificial induction of microbial virulence factors or plant defenses by synthetic chemicals. However, these methods are distinct from the natural signaling in planta, where plants and microbes recognize and respond in spatial and temporal manners. This work presents a hydroponic cocultivation system where intact plants are supported by metal mesh screens and cocultivated with Agrobacterium. In this cocultivation system, no synthetic phytohormone or chemical that induces microbial virulence or plant defense is supplemented. The hydroponic cocultivation system closely resembles natural plant-microbe interactions and signaling homeostasis in planta. Plant roots can be separated from the medium containing Agrobacterium, and the signaling and responses of both the plant hosts and the interacting microbes can be investigated simultaneously and systematically. At any given timepoint/interval, plant tissues or bacteria can be harvested separately for various &#34;omics&#34; analyses, demonstrating the power and efficacy of this system. The hydroponic cocultivation system can be easily adapted to study: 1) the reciprocal signaling of diverse plant-microbe systems, 2) signaling between a plant host and multiple microbial species (i.e.&#160;microbial consortia or microbiomes), 3) how nutrients and chemicals are implicated in plant-microbe signaling, and 4) how microbes interact with plant hosts and contribute to plant tolerance to biotic or abiotic stresses.

The described hydroponic cocultivation system supports intact plants with metal mesh screens and cocultivates them with bacteria. Plant tissue, bacteria, and secreted molecules can then be separately harvested for downstream analyses, simultaneously allowing for the molecular responses of both plant hosts and interacting microbes or microbiomes to be investigated.

植物/微生物の分子相互作用およびシグナル伝達の同時および系統的分析のための水耕栽培共生システム

An experimental design mimicking natural plant-microbe interactions is very important to delineate the complex plant-microbe signaling processes. ...

Precise, High-throughput Analysis of Bacterial Growth

Bacterial growth is a central concept in the development of modern microbial physiology, as well as in the investigation of cellular dynamics at the systems level. Recent studies have reported correlations between bacterial growth and genome-wide events, such as genome reduction and transcriptome reorganization. Correctly analyzing bacterial growth is crucial for understanding the growth-dependent coordination of gene functions and cellular components. Accordingly, the precise quantitative evaluation of bacterial growth in a high-throughput manner is required. Emerging technological developments offer new experimental tools that allow updates of the methods used for studying bacterial growth. The protocol introduced here employs a microplate reader with a highly optimized experimental procedure for the reproducible and precise evaluation of bacterial growth. This protocol was used to evaluate the growth of several previously described Escherichia coli strains. The main steps of the protocol are as follows: the preparation of a large number of cell stocks in small vials for repeated tests with reproducible results, the use of 96-well plates for high-throughput growth evaluation, and the manual calculation of two major parameters (i.e., maximal growth rate and population density) representing the growth dynamics. In comparison to the traditional colony-forming unit (CFU) assay, which counts the cells that are cultured in glass tubes over time on agar plates, the present method is more efficient and provides more detailed temporal records of growth changes, but has a stricter detection limit at low population densities. In summary, the described method is advantageous for the precise and reproducible high-throughput analysis of bacterial growth, which can be used to draw conceptual conclusions or to make theoretical observations.

Quantitative evaluation of bacterial growth is essential to understanding microbial physiology as a systems-level phenomenon. A protocol for experimental manipulation and an analytical approach are introduced, allowing for precise, high-throughput analysis of bacterial growth, which is a key subject of interest in systems biology.

細菌の増殖の高精度、高スループットの分析

Bacterial growth is a central concept in the development of modern microbial physiology, as well as in the investigation of cellular dynamics at the ...

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel protein-protein interaction pairs and monitoring protein interaction dynamics are of particular interest for revealing how plants respond to environmental factors and/or developmental signals. A plethora of approaches have been developed to examine protein-protein interactions, either in vitro or in vivo. Among them, the recently established luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assay is the simplest and fastest method for demonstrating in vivo protein-protein interactions. In this assay, protein A or protein B is fused with the amino-terminal or carboxyl-terminal half of luciferase, respectively. When protein A interacts with protein B, the two halves of luciferase will be reconstituted to form a functional and active luciferase enzyme. Luciferase activity can be recorded with a luminometer or CCD-camera. Compared with other approaches, the LCI assay shows protein-protein interactions both qualitatively and quantitatively. Agrobacterium infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves is a widely used system for transient protein expression. With the combination of LCI and transient expression, these approaches show that the physical interaction between COP1 and SPA1 was gradually reduced after jasmonate treatment.

Luciferase Complementation Imaging Assay in Nicotiana benthamiana Leaves for Transiently Determining Protein-protein Interaction Dynamics

This manuscript describes an easy and rapid experimental procedure for determining protein-protein interactions based on the measurement of luciferase activity.

ベンサミアーナ タバコ葉蛋白質蛋白質の相互作用ダイナミクスの一過性の決定のための試金補完ルシフェラーゼ イメージング

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental mechanisms for relaying signal transduction in most cellular processes; therefore, identification of novel ...