This research was funded by the International Research Training Group (IRTG) &#8220;Diffusion in porous Materials&#8221;. We acknowledge the technical support from Gert Klotzsche and stimulating discussions with Steven Reichhardt, Thomas Meissner, Damian Rybicki, Tobias Herzig, Natalya Georgieva, Jonas Kohlrautz, and Michael Jurkutat.

6H-SiCの大型コーンベーラー型アンビルの1。取付け·整列<ol><li>取り付けツールのピストンとXYプレートを固定し、シーティングエリアにベーラー型アンビルを挿入します。 </li><li>各アンビルがバッキングプレートにしっかりと座っていることを確認します。 </li><li>エポキシ樹脂を使用して、（ 例えば 、スタイキャスト1266）、自分の席の両方にアンビルを接着。室温で12時間、または2時間炉内で65ºCの治療法。 </li><li>十分なアンビルの位置合わせのため、バッキングプレートを合わせ、両アンビルの平行度を監視するために、M1のセットねじを使用してください。アンビルが非平行であることが判明した場合、エポキシ樹脂を除去し、1.2点で再始動。 </li></ol> 2ガスケットの準備<ol><li>アニールしたCu-Beのチップにドリル1mmの穴の真鍮のガイドピン用（重量％銅98は、2重量％、0.5ミリメートルの厚さ）。 </li><li> GUIDとして機能するように、アンビルに沿って分布されている穴の中に直径1mmの非絶縁銅線の三長さ5mmの部分を挿入するのCu-必ずガスケットのE端子です。 </li><li>ガイドピンと細胞体の間に適切なアースを確認してください。典型的には、約0.1ΩのDC抵抗が望まれている。導電性銀に少量を適用して改善します。 </li><li>モアッサナイトアンビルの上のCu-必ずチップを置き、セルを閉じます。 </li><li>油圧プレスを用いて、最大化され、作業の安定性のためにキューレット直径の約8分の 1にガスケットを加圧する。ノギスを使用して、インデントの実際の厚さを監視します。 </li><li>くぼみの中央に適切な直径（キューレット直径の2分の1）の穴を開けます。 </li><li>事前インデントガスケットに2チャンネルを彫る。チャンネルは、マイクロコイルの18μmの銅線を収容するのに十分な深さでなければならない。 </li><li>炉内の2から3時間、617 Kで準備されたガスケットを硬化させる。 </li></ol> 3。準備とマイクロコイルのロード中<ol><li> 1ミリメートル銅線ANの部分を使用ピストンのフィードスルーに通しますdが。エポキシ樹脂と銅線を修正し、ステップ1.3に合わせて治す。 </li><li>千枚通しを選択してください（材料のリストを参照のこと）、マイクロコイル用の所望の直径を有しており、回転可能なチャック一対のジョーとの間でそれを修正した。 </li><li>接着剤（SCBからたとえば 、ワニスで、材料のリストを参照のこと）18μmの銅線の一端をチャック爪の上に、もう一方の端を保持し、ワイヤが千枚通しの上に巻かれるように、チャック爪を回転させながら。 </li><li>マイクロコイルが所望の形状である場合だけでなく、接着剤の上に線のもう一方の端を固定します。 </li><li>巻線の上に少量を適用することにより、コイルを固定するために、希釈したワニスを使用してください。 </li><li>テフロンテープを使用して、千枚通しから慎重にコイルを取り外します。 </li><li>ガスケットのチャネルにおいて、任意の添加なしに、いくつかのエポキシ樹脂（ポイント1.3参照）を配置します。 </li><li>試料室の内部にマイクロコイルを配置し、チャネル内にリードを固定します。 </li><li> EPOXを治すyの樹脂項1.3に進む。 </li><li>ガイドピンに熱線や他に、マイクロコイルのリード線をハンダ付けします。 </li><li>各ジャンクショ​​ンの上にいくつかの銀導電性ペーストを追加します。硬化は、通常、数分かかります。 </li><li>エポキシ樹脂に少量の両方の接合部をシール。 </li><li>ステップ1.3のエポキシを治す。 </li><li>さて、すべてのステップの後に、コイルの直流抵抗を確認。 </li><li>マイクロコイルのサンプルを配置します。不要な物理的な接触は、コイルを破壊する可能性があることに注意してください。 </li><li>圧力校正用試料に微細に粉砕ルビーパウダーを追加します。 </li><li>最後に、適切な圧力媒体と試料室をあふれさせる。 9 GPaで最大に近い静力学条件を確保するためにパラフィン油を使用してください。 </li><li>慎重にセルを閉じます。 </li></ol> 4。適用と圧力を監視する<ol><li>最初は、少しM3六角皿ネジを締めます。 </li><li>加圧のために万力で細胞を固定する。さて、締め二つの対向するねじペアワイズ。 </li><li>適切なセルホルダーに加圧されたセルを配置します。 </li><li>レーザビームが試料室に到達するように、セルの位置を調整する。 </li><li>レーザービームでルビー粉末を集中する微動テーブルを使用してください。 </li><li>対応する分光器ソフトウェアを使用してルビーフォトルミネッセンススペクトルを監視します。 </li><li>ルビーR1とR2の線の観測されたスペクトルシフトからのサンプルキャビティ内の実際の圧力を抽出します。 </li><li> NMR測定が開始される前に、少なくとも12時間、加圧されたセルを平衡化する。 </li></ol> 5。実行NMR実験<ol><li>典型的なNMRプローブに圧力セルをマウントします。機械的なワークショップに適切な細胞ホルダーを製造しています。 </li><li>プローブに熱線をハンダ付けします。セルとプローブの間の適切な電気的接触を確認してください。 </li><li>さて、標準的なNMR実験を行う。マイクロコイルは版であるという事実に注意を引く適用される高周波電力に敏感でのy。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

ギガパスカルの圧力で、NMRを実行するための新しい有望な方法が説明されました。この方法は、その優れた感度及び解像度にNMR実験の幅広い種類への扉を開く。それにもかかわらず、プロトコルの項に記載されているいくつかのステップは、実験の結果に重要である。特に、マイクロコイルの準備およびCu-必ずガスケットでの固定は非常に困難であり、ある程度の経験が必要です。以下では?...

前世紀の初めに、高い静水圧下での凝縮物質のパーシー·ブリッジマンの特徴で実験するので、高圧物理学の分野は急速に進化してきました1。興味深い現象が多数、数GPaの2の圧力下で発生することが知られている。また、高圧力に凝縮された物質系の応答は、私達に彼らの電子基底状態と励起状態3,4について多くのことを教えてくれました。 残念ながら、ギガパスカルの圧力で凝縮物質の電子特性の調査のための技術は、X線や道5をリードして直流抵抗測定値と、まれである。具体的には、電子スピン（ESR）または核磁気共鳴（NMR）実験を有する電子または核磁気モーメントの検出は、一つからの信号を取得する必要がある典型的な高圧アンビル細胞で実装することはほとんど不可能であることがバインドされている小さなV吐出量アンビルとシールガスケットによって安置。 いくつかのグループは、複雑な構成を使用することによって、この問題を解決するために、アンビル6の側面に沿って巻か例えば、2つのスプリットペアの無線周波数（RF）コイルを試してみました。シングルまたはダブルループヘアピン共振器7,8;あるいは分割レニウムガスケットRFピックアップコイル9として、 図1を参照残念ながら、これらのアプローチは依然として大きいと実験的なアプリケーションを制限する、低い信号対雑音比（SNR）を患っ-例えば1γ核H 10。 15 -興味のある読者は、他の高圧共振タンク回路実験11と呼ぶことができる。 PravicaとSilveraの16は、水素のオルソ-パラ変換を研究し12.8 GPaで、とのNMRについてアンビルセル内に達成された最高圧力を報告している。 NMRを適用することに大きな関心を持つ量子固体の特性を研究するために、当社グループは、同様に、高圧で入手可能なNMRを持つことに興味を持っていた。最後に、2009年にそれが共振する無線周波数（RF）、マイクロコイルは、サンプル17を囲む高圧キャビティ内に直接配置されている場合、セルNMRアンビル高感度が実際に可能であることを実証することができた。そのようなアプローチでは、NMR感度の粉末試料に17 O NMR、例えばさらに困難NMR実験を可能とし、（RFコイルの充填率に主に起因する劇的な増加）が桁違いに改善される最大7 GPaの18の高温超伝導体。これらの物質の超伝導を大幅に圧力を加えることによって増幅することができる、それが支配するプロセスへの基本的な洞察力を約束するローカル電子プローブで、このプロセスに従うことができるようになりました。高圧下でのNMRの力のための別の例はbelievが何であったかから現れた- 単純なアルミニウム金属が導入された新しいアンビルセルNMRを試験するために、最もよく知られている材料の一つは、測定したルーチン参照実験ようにするエド圧力が増加すると、一つの自由電子システムに期待するものからNMRシフトの予想外のずれが発見された。増大した圧力下でも、実験を繰り返し、新しい結果が実際に信頼できることを示した。最後に、バンド構造の計算と、それは、結果が数年前に、計算能力が低い場合、計算により検出することができなかったアルミニウムのフェルミ面の位相遷移の現れであることが判明した。周囲条件への調査結果の外挿は、ほとんどどこでも使用され、この金属の性質は、この特殊な電子状態の影響を受けていることを示した。 異なるアプリケーションの数を追求するために特別に設計されたアンビルセル（前の細胞がCavendから輸入されていたISH研究室およびNMR用に改造）が開発されている。現在、使用される自作シャーシは800ミクロンのキューレット6H-SiCのアンビルのペアを使用して25 GPaの最大圧力に到達することができる。 NMR実験は成功し、これまでに、10.1 GPaの最大行った。この新しい細胞のNMR性能は19優れていることが示された。主な成分は、約800MPaで20の降伏強さを提供する、超低格子間レベル（グレード23）でチタンアルミ（6）-Vanadium（4）である。 、その非磁気的性質（磁化率χは約5ppmである）には、アンビルセルシャーシを十分に材料である。導入された細胞（すべて自作アンビルセル設計の概要については図2を参照）の全体寸法は、通常の標準穴のNMR磁石に収まるほど小さいです。高さのみ20ミリメートル、直径17ミリメートルの最小設計、LAC-TM1も、典型的な小、コールドボア磁石（30ミリ口径）に適合します。 L著者らは、設計された最新のシャーシですAC-TM2は、内部圧力で取り付け（青写真の円滑な制御を可能に、圧力駆動機構として（セルシャーシと同じ合金で作られた）4本のM4六角皿穴付きボルトを使用しています補足を参照）。 典型的には、ダイヤモンドアンビルは100 GPaで上記の最高圧力を生成するために使用されている。徐とマオ21 - 23はモアッサナイトアンビル約60 GPaでの圧力まで、高圧研究の費用効果的な代替手段を提供することを実証した。したがって、モアッサナイトアンビル導入GPaでのNMRのアプローチのために使用した。最良の結果は、チャールズ＆Colvardのアンビル部門からカスタマイズされた、大コーン6H-SiCのアンビルで達成された。これらの細胞では、10.1 GPaで最大の圧力のために、800ミクロンのキューレットアンビルの使用は非常に良好なNMR感度が低下することが見出された。比較のために、リーらは 、1 H NMのための1のSNRを報告水道水のR、導入されたマイクロコイルアプローチのSNRであってもいくらか低い磁場で、その体積の7分の1のために25の値を示した。 高感度アンビルセルNMRに対するこの新しいアプローチでは1は、現代の物質の物理と化学にエキサイティングな新しい洞察を約束する多くのアプリケーションを追求することができます。一つは小さいキューレットサイズを要求する非常に高い圧力に関心がある場合は、いつものように、感度、解像度、最終的に、特に、NMRの適用を制限する。そして、1だけでなく、あっても小さくRFコイルとセル設計を最適化するだけでなく、核分極を増加させる方法を考える。

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high-sensitivity nuclear magnetic resonance at giga-pascal pressures: a new tool for probing electronic and chemical properties of condensed matter under extreme conditions

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their electronic properties. The application of high pressure enables one to synthesize new materials, but the response of known materials to high pressure is a very useful tool for studying their electronic structure and developing theories. For example, high-pressure synthesis might be at the origin of life; and understanding the behavior of small molecules under extreme pressure will tell us more about fundamental processes in our universe. It is no wonder that there has always been great interest in having NMR available at high pressures. Unfortunately, the desired pressures are often well into the Giga-Pascal (GPa) range and require special anvil cell devices where only very small, secluded volumes are available. This has restricted the use of NMR almost entirely in the past, and only recently, a new approach to high-sensitivity GPa NMR, which has a resonating micro-coil inside the sample chamber, was put forward. This approach enables us to achieve high sensitivity with experiments that bring the power of NMR to Giga-Pascal pressure condensed matter research. First applications, the detection of a topological electronic transition in ordinary aluminum metal and the closing of the pseudo-gap in high-temperature superconductivity, show the power of such an approach. Meanwhile, the range of achievable pressures was increased tremendously with a new generation of anvil cells (up to 10.1 GPa), that fit standard-bore NMR magnets. This approach might become a new, important tool for the investigation of many condensed matter systems, in chemistry, geochemistry, and in physics, since we can now watch structural changes with the eyes of a very versatile probe.

図3は、典型的なNMRプローブの上に完全に組み立て圧力セル、配線、実装がどのように見えるかを示しています。以下では、いくつかの実験では、導入された技術の利点と限界についての概観を収集するために、読者を有効にする必要がありますどの審査されます。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52243/52243fig1highres.jpg" /> ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extr

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most important spectroscopic tools. Here, the development of a new approach under high pressure, currently up to 10.1 GPa, is presented. This opens a new window into condensed matter physics and chemistry, where high-pressure research is of great importance.

極限条件下で凝縮系の電子·化学的性質を探るための新しいツール：ギガパスカルの圧力で高感度核磁気共鳴

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their ...

high-sensitivity-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-at-giga-pascal-pressures

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Analytical Chemistry

Engineering

Unit 1

Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.5K ビュー.  University of Leipzig. Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most important spectroscopic tools. Here, the development of a new approach under high pressure, currently up to 10.1 GPa, is presented. This opens a new window into condensed matter physics and chemistry, where high-pressure research is of great importance.

ビデオ: High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

固体酸化物形燃料電池の電極表面をプロービングとマッピング

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

工学

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

エクストリーム圧力と温度での合成とMicrodiffraction

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

1〜2平面フロー小角中性子散乱を用いた材料の微細構造の下で流量を測定

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

先進ライトソースで難実験：すす生成プロセスに新たな洞察

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric vehicles.1,2 However, many challenges, such as energy density and battery lifetimes, need to be overcome before this particular battery technology can be widely implemented in such applications.3 This research is challenging, and we outline a method to address these challenges using in situ NPD to probe the crystal structure of electrodes undergoing electrochemical cycling (charge/discharge) in a battery. NPD data help determine the underlying structural mechanism responsible for a range of electrode properties, and this information can direct the development of better electrodes and batteries.
We briefly review six types of battery designs custom-made for NPD experiments and detail the method to construct the &#8216;roll-over&#8217; cell that we have successfully used on the high-intensity NPD instrument, WOMBAT, at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The design considerations and materials used for cell construction are discussed in conjunction with aspects of the actual in situ NPD experiment and initial directions are presented on how to analyze such complex in situ data.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

We describe the design and construction of an electrochemical cell for the examination of electrode materials using in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD). We briefly comment on alternate in situ NPD cell designs and discuss methods for the analysis of the corresponding in situ NPD data produced using this cell.

その場中性子粉末回折ではカスタムメイドのリチウムイオン電池を使用して、

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the presence of carbon nanotubes. These nanowires are extreme in the sense that they are the limit of miniaturization of nanowires and their behavior is not always a simple extrapolation of the behavior of larger nanowires as their diameter decreases. The paper then describes the methods required to obtain Raman spectra from extreme nanowires and the fact that due to the van Hove singularities that 1D systems exhibit in their optical density of states, that determining the correct choice of photon excitation energy is critical. It describes the techniques required to determine the photon energy dependence of the resonances observed in Raman spectroscopy of 1D systems and in particular how to obtain measurements of Raman cross-sections with better than 8% noise and measure the variation in the resonance as a function of sample temperature. The paper describes the importance of ensuring that the Raman scattering is linearly proportional to the intensity of the laser excitation intensity. It also describes how to use the polarization dependence of the Raman scattering to separate Raman scattering of the encapsulated 1D systems from those of other extraneous components in any sample.

The paper describes a method for producing extreme nanowires by melt infiltration into carbon nanotubes and how 1D systems may be characterized and investigated using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy to determine vibrational and optical excitation energies.

エクストリームナノワイヤおよびその他の1D系の共鳴ラマン分光

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

製油所のプロセス条件下で油試料の相挙動のその場可視化で

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional experimental approaches, such as out-of-plane and in-plane tests, are not applicable to the determination of forming limits when heating and rapid cooling processes are introduced prior to forming for tests conducted under hot stamping conditions. A novel in-plane biaxial testing system was designed and used for the determination of forming limits of sheet metals at various strain paths, temperatures, and strain rates after heating and cooling processes in a resistance heating uniaxial testing machine. The core part of the biaxial testing system is a biaxial apparatus, which transfers a uniaxial force provided by the uniaxial testing machine to a biaxial force. One type of cruciform specimen was designed and verified for the formability test of aluminum alloy 6082 using the proposed biaxial testing system. The digital image correlation (DIC) system with a high-speed camera was used for taking strain measurements of a specimen during a deformation. The aim of proposing this biaxial testing system is to enable the forming limits of an alloy to be determined at various temperatures and strain rates under hot stamping conditions.

This protocol proposes a novel biaxial testing system used on a resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine in order to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions.

ホットスタンプの条件の下で成形限界の決意のための新しい二軸試験機

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

界面湿潤シートの熱力学的成長によって引き起こされる液晶の配向転移

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

The miniaturization of semiconductor devices to scales where small numbers of dopants can control device properties requires the development of new techniques capable of characterizing their dynamics. Investigating single dopants requires sub-nanometer spatial resolution, which motivates the use of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). However, conventional STM is limited to millisecond temporal resolution. Several methods have been developed to overcome this shortcoming, including all-electronic time-resolved STM, which is used in this study to examine dopant dynamics in silicon with nanosecond resolution. The methods presented here are widely accessible and allow for local measurement of a wide variety of dynamics at the atomic scale. A novel time-resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy technique is presented and used to efficiently search for dynamics.

We demonstrate an all-electronic method to observe nanosecond-resolved charge dynamics of dopant atoms in silicon with a scanning tunneling microscope.

すべて電子ナノ秒分解走査型トンネル顕微鏡: 単一ドーパントの電荷ダイナミクスの調査を促進します。

The miniaturization of semiconductor devices to scales where small numbers of dopants can control device properties requires the development of new ...