This research was funded by the International Research Training Group (IRTG) &#8220;Diffusion in porous Materials&#8221;. We acknowledge the technical support from Gert Klotzsche and stimulating discussions with Steven Reichhardt, Thomas Meissner, Damian Rybicki, Tobias Herzig, Natalya Georgieva, Jonas Kohlrautz, and Michael Jurkutat.

1. montagem e alinhamento das 6H-SiC grande cone Boehler do tipo bigornas <ol><li> Fixe o pistão e placa xy nas ferramentas de montagem e inserir os bigornas Boehler do tipo na área de estar. </li><li> Certifique-se de cada bigorna fica firmemente nas placas de apoio. </li><li> Utilizando resina epóxi, (por exemplo, Stycast 1266), cole as duas bigornas aos seus lugares. Cura durante 12 h à temperatura ambiente, ou a 65 ° C num forno durante 2 horas. </li><li> Para um alinhamento bigorna suficientes, use as set-parafusos M1 para alinhar as placas de apoio e monitorar o paralelismo das duas bigornas. Se as bigornas foram considerados não-paralela, remover a resina epóxi e reiniciar no ponto 1.2. </li></ol> 2. Junta Preparação <ol><li> Broca um milímetro buracos em um chip de recozido Cu-Be (Cu 98 w%, de 2% em peso, espessura de 0,5 mm) para os pinos de guia de bronze. </li><li> Inserir três 5 mm de comprimento peças de diâmetro de fio de cobre sem isolamento 1 mm para dentro dos furos, que são distribuídos ao longo da bigorna, para servir como guide pinos para a junta de Cu-Be. </li><li> Verifique se há aterramento adequado entre os pinos de guia e do corpo celular. Tipicamente, uma resistência DC de cerca de 0,1 Ω é desejada. Melhorar com uma aplicação de uma pequena quantidade de prata condutora. </li><li> Colocar o chip de Cu-Be no topo da bigorna moissanite e fechar a célula. </li><li> Utilizando uma prensa hidráulica, pressurizar a junta de vedação até cerca de 1/8 ° do diâmetro da zona de ligação para a estabilidade de trabalho maximizada. Monitorar a espessura real do recuo usando um micrômetro. </li><li> Perfurar um orifício de diâmetro adequado (diâmetro ½ da zona de ligação) no centro da reentrância. </li><li> Carve dois canais na junta pré-recuado. Os canais deve ser profundo o suficiente para acomodar o fio de 18 M de cobre do micro-coil. </li><li> Endurecer a junta preparada para 617 K durante 2 a 3 horas, num forno. </li></ol> 3 Preparação e Carregamento do Micro-coil <ol><li> Utilizar um pedaço de 1 mm, um fio de cobred passe através do furo de passagem do êmbolo. Fixar o fio de cobre com resina epoxi e curá-la de acordo com a etapa 1.3. </li><li> Escolha um furador (ver lista de materiais), que tem o diâmetro desejado para o micro-coil e corrigi-lo entre um par de rotativos Chuck-maxilares. </li><li> Glue (com, por exemplo, verniz de SCB, veja a lista de materiais) uma extremidade do fio de cobre 18 M para as garras de fixação, enquanto segura a outra ponta e gire a mandíbula mandril para que o fio é enrolado para o furador. </li><li> Quando o micro-bobina é de geometria desejada, fixar a outra extremidade do fio para a cola bem. </li><li> Use verniz diluído para fixar a bobina através da aplicação de uma pequena quantidade em cima dos enrolamentos. </li><li> Retire a bobina com cuidado do furador usando fita teflon. </li><li> Coloque alguma resina epoxi (ver ponto 1.3), sem quaisquer aditivos, nos canais da junta. </li><li> Coloque o micro-bobina dentro da câmara de amostra e corrigir os leva para o canal. </li><li> Cure o epoxy de resina de acordo com a etapa 1.3. </li><li> Solda de chumbo de um micro-bobinas para o arame quente e o outro a um pino de guia. </li><li> Adicione um pouco de pasta condutora de prata em cima de cada junção. Cura normalmente leva alguns minutos. </li><li> Selar ambas as junções com uma pequena quantidade de resina epoxi. </li><li> Cure o epóxi acordo com o passo 1.3. </li><li> Agora, verifique a resistência DC da bobina após cada passo. </li><li> Colocar a amostra no micro-coil. Esteja ciente de que qualquer contato físico desnecessário pode destruir a bobina. </li><li> Adicionar pó de rubi finamente moída para a amostra de calibração de pressão. </li><li> Finalmente, inundar a câmara de amostra com um meio de pressão adequado. Use óleo de parafina para assegurar condições de quase-hidrostático até 9 GPa. </li><li> Fechar a célula cuidadosamente. </li></ol> 4 Aplicação e Monitorização de Pressão <ol><li> Em primeiro lugar, aperte ligeiramente os parafusos escareados M3 Allen. </li><li> Para pressurização consertar o celular em um torno. Agora, apertedois opostos parafusos pares. </li><li> Colocar a célula pressurizada em um suporte de célula apropriado. </li><li> Ajustar a posição da célula de modo que o feixe de laser atinge a câmara de amostras. </li><li> Use a tabela de ajuste fino para focar o pó de rubi no feixe de laser. </li><li> Monitorar o espectro de fotoluminescência ruby ​​usando o software espectrômetro correspondente. </li><li> Extrai-se a pressão efectiva no interior da cavidade da amostra a partir do desvio espectral observada das linhas rubi R1 e R2. </li><li> Equilibrar a célula pressurizada de pelo menos 12 horas antes das medições de RMN são iniciados. </li></ol> 5. a realização de experimentos de RMN <ol><li> Monte a célula de pressão para uma sonda de RMN típico. Fabricação titulares celulares apropriadas em uma oficina mecânica. </li><li> Soldar o fio quente para a sonda. Verifique se há contato elétrico adequado entre a célula ea sonda. </li><li> Agora, realizar experimentos de RMN padrão. Chamar a atenção para o fato de que o micro-coil é versensíveis à energia de radiofreqüência aplicada y. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hemley, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percy+Bridgman&#180;s+Second+Century.">Percy Bridgman&#180;s Second Century.</a> High Pressure Research. 30 (4), 581-619 (2010).</li><li>Grochala, W., Hoffmann, R., Feng, J., Ashcroft, N. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Chemical+imagination+at+work+in+very+tight+places.">The Chemical imagination at work in very tight places.</a> Angewandte Chemie (International Edition in English). 46 (20), 3620-3642 (2007).</li><li>Ma, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transparent+dense+sodium.">Transparent dense sodium.</a> Nature. 458 (7235), 182-185 (2009).</li><li>Eremets, M. I., Troyan, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conductive+dense+hydrogen.">Conductive dense hydrogen.</a> Nat Mater. 10 (12), 927-931 (2011).</li><li>Jayaraman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diamond+anvil+cell+and+high-pressure+physical+investigations.">Diamond anvil cell and high-pressure physical investigations.</a> Rev Mod Phys. 55 (1), 65-108 (1983).</li><li>Bertani, R., Mali, M., Roos, J., Brinkmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+diamond+anvil+cell+for+high-pressure+NMR+investigations.">A diamond anvil cell for high-pressure NMR investigations.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 63 (6), 3303 (1992).</li><li>Lee, S. -. H., Luszczynski, K., Norberg, R. E., Conradi, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMR+in+a+diamond+anvil+cell.">NMR in a diamond anvil cell.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 58 (3), 415 (1987).</li><li>Lee, S. -. H., Conradi, M. S., Norberg, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+NMR+resonator+for+diamond+anvil+cells.">Improved NMR resonator for diamond anvil cells.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 63 (7), 3674 (1992).</li><li>Pravica, M. G., Silvera, I. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+magnetic+resonance+in+a+diamond+anvil+cell+at+very+high+pressures.">Nuclear magnetic resonance in a diamond anvil cell at very high pressures.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 69 (2), 479 (1998).</li><li>Lee, S. -. H., Conradi, M., Norberg, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+motion+in+solid+H2+at+high+pressures.">Molecular motion in solid H2 at high pressures.</a> Phys Rev B. 40 (18), 12492-12498 (1989).</li><li>Vaughan, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Apparatus+for+Magnetic+Measurements+at+High+Pressure.">An Apparatus for Magnetic Measurements at High Pressure.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 42 (5), 626 (1971).</li><li>Yarger, J. L., Nieman, R. A., Wolf, G. H., Marzke, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Pressure+1H+and+13C+Nuclear+Magnetic+Resonance+in+a+Diamond+Anvil+Cell.">High-Pressure 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in a Diamond Anvil Cell.</a> Journal of Magnetic Resonance Series A. 114 (2), 255-257 (1995).</li><li>Okuchi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+type+of+nonmagnetic+diamond+anvil+cell+for+nuclear+magnetic+resonance+spectroscopy.">A new type of nonmagnetic diamond anvil cell for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.</a> Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. , 143-144 (2004).</li><li>Kluthe, S., Markendorf, R., Mali, M., Roos, J., Brinkmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-dependent+Knight+shift+in+Na+and+Cs+metal.">Pressure-dependent Knight shift in Na and Cs metal.</a> Phys Rev B. 53 (17), 11369-11375 (1996).</li><li>Graf, D. E., Stillwell, R. L., Purcell, K. M., Tozer, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonmetallic+gasket+and+miniature+plastic+turnbuckle+diamond+anvil+cell+for+pulsed+magnetic+field+studies+at+cryogenic+temperatures.">Nonmetallic gasket and miniature plastic turnbuckle diamond anvil cell for pulsed magnetic field studies at cryogenic temperatures.</a> High Pressure Research. 31 (4), 533-543 (2011).</li><li>Pravica, M., Silvera, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NMR+Study+of+Ortho-Para+Conversion+at+High+Pressure+in+Hydrogen.">NMR Study of Ortho-Para Conversion at High Pressure in Hydrogen.</a> Physical Review Letters. 81 (19), 4180-4183 (1998).</li><li>Haase, J., Goh, S. K., Meissner, T., Alireza, P. L., Rybicki, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+sensitivity+nuclear+magnetic+resonance+probe+for+anvil+cell+pressure+experiments.">High sensitivity nuclear magnetic resonance probe for anvil cell pressure experiments.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 80 (7), 73905 (2009).</li><li>Meissner, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Approach+to+High-Pressure+Nuclear+Magnetic+Resonance+with+Anvil+Cells.">New Approach to High-Pressure Nuclear Magnetic Resonance with Anvil Cells.</a> J Low Temp Phys. 159 (1-2), 284-287 (2010).</li><li>Meier, T., Herzig, T., Haase, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moissanite+Anvil+Cell+Design+for+Giga-Pascal+Nuclear+Magnetic+Resonance.">Moissanite Anvil Cell Design for Giga-Pascal Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 85 (4), 43903 (2014).</li><li>Boyer, R. F., Collings, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys. , (1994).</li><li>Xu, J. -. a., Yen, J., Wang, Y., Huang, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrahigh+pressures+in+gem+anvil+cells.">Ultrahigh pressures in gem anvil cells.</a> High Pressure Research. 15 (2), 127-134 (1996).</li><li>Xu, J. -. a., Mao, H. -. k., Hemley, R. J., Hines, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+moissanite+anvil+cell+a+new+tool+for+high-pressure+research.">The moissanite anvil cell a new tool for high-pressure research.</a> J Phys Condens Matter. 14 (44), 11543-11548 (2002).</li><li>Xu, J. -. a., Mao, H. -. k., Hemley, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gem+anvil+cell+high-pressure+behaviour+of+diamond+and+related+materials.">The gem anvil cell high-pressure behaviour of diamond and related materials.</a> J Phys Condens Matter. 14 (44), 11549-11552 (2002).</li><li>Meissner, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+magnetic+resonance+at+up+to+10.1+GPa+pressure+detects+an+electronic+topological+transition+in+aluminum+metal.">Nuclear magnetic resonance at up to 10.1 GPa pressure detects an electronic topological transition in aluminum metal.</a> J Phys Condens Matter. 26 (1), 15501 (2014).</li><li>Meissner, T., Goh, S. K., Haase, J., Williams, G. r. a. n. t. . V. M., Littlewood, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-pressure+spin+shifts+in+the+pseudogap+regime+of+superconducting+YBa2Cu4O8+as+revealed+by+17O+NMR.">High-pressure spin shifts in the pseudogap regime of superconducting YBa2Cu4O8 as revealed by 17O NMR.</a> Phys Rev B. 83 (22), (2011).</li><li>Goh, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+pressure+de+Haas&#8211;van+Alphen+studies+of+Sr2RuO4+using+an+anvil+cell.">High pressure de Haas&#8211;van Alphen studies of Sr2RuO4 using an anvil cell.</a> Current Applied Physics. 8 (3-4), 304-307 (2008).</li><li>Tateiwa, N., Haga, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluations+of+pressure-transmitting+media+for+cryogenic+experiments+with+diamond+anvil+cell.">Evaluations of pressure-transmitting media for cryogenic experiments with diamond anvil cell.</a> Rev Sci Instrum. 80 (12), 123901 (2009).</li><li>Hahn, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin+Echoes.">Spin Echoes.</a> Phys Rev. 80 (4), 580-594 (1950).</li><li>Boehler, R., Ross, M., Boercker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melting+of+LiF+and+NaCl+to+1+Mbar+Systematics+of+Ionic+Solids+at+Extreme+Conditions.">Melting of LiF and NaCl to 1 Mbar Systematics of Ionic Solids at Extreme Conditions.</a> Physical Review Letters. 78 (24), 4589-4592 (1997).</li><li>Funamori, N., Sato, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cubic+boron+nitride+gasket+for+diamond-anvil+experiments.">A cubic boron nitride gasket for diamond-anvil experiments.</a> Rev Sci Instr. 79 (5), 053903 (2008).</li><li>Forman, R. A., Piermarini, G. J., Barnett, J. D., Block, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure+measurement+made+by+the+utilization+of+ruby+sharp-line+luminscence.">Pressure measurement made by the utilization of ruby sharp-line luminscence.</a> Science. 176 (4032), 284-285 (1972).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Um método novo e promissor para realizar a pressões RMN Giga-Pascal foi descrito. Este método abre a porta para uma ampla variedade de experimentos de RMN, devido à sua excelente sensibilidade e resolução. No entanto, vários passos descritos na seção de protocolo são cruciais para o resultado do experimento. Especialmente, a preparação do micro-bobina e sua fixação na junta Cu-Be é muito difícil e requer alguma experiência. A seguir, algumas dicas importantes são dadas, o que deve ajudar a primeira apl...

Desde as experiências mais marcantes da Percy Bridgman da matéria condensada sob altas pressões hidrostáticas no início do século passado, o campo da física de alta pressão tem evoluído rapidamente 1. Um grande número de fenómenos interessantes são conhecidos por ocorrer sob várias pressões de GPa 2. Além disso, a resposta dos sistemas de matéria condensada de alta pressão nos ensinou muito sobre a sua terra eletrônico e estados excitados 3,4. Infelizmente, as técnicas para a investigação das propriedades eletrônicas da matéria condensada em pressões Giga-Pascal são raros, com raio-x ou medições de resistência DC liderando o caminho 5. Em particular, a detecção de momentos magnéticos eletrônicos ou nucleares com o spin do elétron (ESR) ou ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de experimentos, é obrigado a ser quase impossível de implementar em um típico células bigorna de alta pressão onde é preciso recuperar o sinal de um minúsculo volume consagrado por bigornas e uma junta de vedação. Diversos grupos têm tentado resolver este problema utilizando arranjos complexos, por exemplo, dois split-par de rádio-freqüência (RF) bobinas enroladas ao longo dos flancos das bigornas 6; um circuito único ou duplo hair-pin ressonador 7,8; . ou até mesmo uma junta de separação rênio como RF pick-up bobina 9, veja a Figura 1 Infelizmente, essas abordagens ainda sofreu uma baixa relação sinal-ruído (SNR), limitando as aplicações experimentais para grande - γ núcleos como um H 10. O leitor interessado pode ser encaminhado para outras experiências de ressonância do circuito tanque de alta pressão 11-15. Pravica e Silvera 16 relatório a maior pressão alcançada em uma bigorna para NMR com 12,8 GPa, que estudou a conversão orto-para de hidrogênio. Com grande interesse em aplicar NMRpara estudar as propriedades de sólidos quântica, nosso grupo estava interessado em ter RMN disponível em altas pressões, como bem. Finalmente, em 2009, foi possível demonstrar que de alta sensibilidade NMR bigorna é realmente possível se a ressonância de rádio-freqüência (RF) micro-bobina é colocado diretamente na cavidade de alta pressão que envolve a amostra 17. Numa tal abordagem, a sensibilidade de RMN é melhorada por várias ordens de grandeza (principalmente devido ao aumento dramático na taxa de enchimento da bobina RF), o que torna ainda mais difícil possível as experiências de RMN, por exemplo, 17 O RMN em amostras em pó de um supercondutor de alta temperatura de até 7 GPa 18. Supercondutividade nestes materiais pode ser muito ampliado pela aplicação de pressão, e agora é possível acompanhar este processo com uma sonda eletrônica local que promete intuição fundamental nos processos de governo. Outro exemplo para a alimentação de RMN sob alta pressão surgiram a partir do que foi Believed ser experimentos referenciação de rotina: a fim de testar o novo NMR bigorna introduzida, um dos materiais mais conhecidos foi medida - simples de metal de alumínio. À medida que a pressão foi aumentada, um desvio inesperado do turno RMN a partir do que se poderia esperar para um sistema de elétrons livres foi encontrado. Experiências repetidas, também sob pressões crescentes, mostrou que os novos resultados eram realmente confiáveis. Por fim, com os cálculos de estrutura de banda foi então encontrado que os resultados são a manifestação de uma transição topológica da superfície de Fermi de alumínio, que não poderia ser detectado por meio de cálculos anos atrás, quando a capacidade de computação foi baixa. A extrapolação dos resultados para as condições ambientais mostraram que as propriedades deste metal que é usado em quase toda parte são influenciadas por esta condição eletrônico especial. A fim de prosseguir uma série de diferentes aplicações de células bigorna especialmente concebidos (células anteriores tinham sido importados da Cavendish laboratório e adaptados para RMN) foram desenvolvidos. Atualmente, o chassis construídos em casa utilizadas são capazes de atingir pressões de até 25 GPa usando um par de 800 um culet bigornas 6H-SiC. Experimentos de RMN foram realizados com sucesso até 10,1 GPa, até agora. O desempenho de RMN deste novas células mostrou ser excelente 19. O principal componente é titânio-alumínio (6) -Vanadium (4) com um baixo nível intersticial adicional (grau 23), proporcionando uma resistência à deformação de cerca de 800 MPa, 20. Devido às suas propriedades não-magnéticos (a susceptibilidade magnética χ é de cerca de 5 ppm) é um material adequado para o chassis bigorna. As dimensões totais das células introduzidas (ver Figura 2 para uma visão geral de todos os projetos bigorna construídos em casa) são pequenos o suficiente para caber no furo de RMN padrão regulares ímãs. O menor projeto, o LAC-TM1, que é apenas 20 mm de altura e 17 mm de diâmetro, se encaixa também típicos pequenos imãs frio calibre (diâmetro do furo de 30 mm). A LAC-TM2, que é o mais recente chassis os autores projetado, utiliza quatro parafusos escareados M4 Allen (feitos da mesma liga como o chassis celular) como mecanismo de condução de pressão, permitindo um controlo suave da pressão interna (cópias azuis ligados em seção suplementar). Tipicamente, bigornas de diamante são usados, a fim de gerar pressões mais elevadas, superiores a 100 GPa. Xu e Mao 21-23 demonstraram que bigornas moissanite fornecer uma alternativa econômica em pesquisa de alta pressão, até pressões de cerca de 60 GPa. Portanto, bigornas moissanite foram utilizados para a abordagem GPa RMN introduzido. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com personalizados bigornas grande cone 6H-SiC do departamento de bigorna de Charles &amp; Colvard. Com essas células, para pressões de até 10,1 GPa, a utilização de 800 um bigornas Culet foi encontrada para resultar em sensibilidade muito boa RMN. Para efeitos de comparação, Lee et al. Relatam um SNR de 1 para 1 H NMR de água da torneira, enquanto que o SNR de a abordagem de micro-bobina introduzida mostrou um valor de 25 para 1/7 do seu volume, mesmo a um campo magnético ligeiramente inferior. Com este novo método de alta sensibilidade bigorna de RMN pode-se buscar muitas aplicações que prometem excitante nova visão sobre a física e química de materiais modernos. No entanto, como sempre, sensibilidade e resolução, em última análise limitar a aplicação da RMN, em particular, se alguém estiver interessado em pressões muito mais elevadas que exigem tamanhos culet menores. Em seguida, tem-se não só para otimizar o projeto de células com bobinas de RF ainda menores, mas também pensar sobre métodos para aumentar a polarização nuclear.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="672">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Titanium grade 23</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">robemetall GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ASTM F 136</td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Beryllium copper foil</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GoodFellow</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CU070501</td>
			<td>Alloy 25 (C17200)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Copper wire for micro-coil</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Polyfil</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">--</td>
			<td>quote on inquiry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Stycast 1266</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sil-Mid Ldt.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S1266001KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Moissanite anvils</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Charles &#38; Colvard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">--</td>
			<td>quote on inquiry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Paraffin oil (pressure medium)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18512-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">M4 Allen contersunk screws (Ti64)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Der Schraubenladen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DIN912 M4x20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Optiprexx PLS</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Almax-easylab</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">--</td>
			<td>quote on inquiry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Ruby spheres (~10-50 &#181;m)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">DiamondAnvils.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P00996</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Manual Toggle Press</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">DiamondAnvils.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A87000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Gasket Thickness Micrometer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">DiamondAnvils.com</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A86000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Titanium Scalpel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Newmatic Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NM45200710421&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Glass-writing Diamond</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Plano</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">54467</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Smoothing Awls</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Flume</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1 4444 001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Chuck-jaws (4 jaws)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Flume</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4 561 289</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Lathe</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Flume</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4 560 023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Drilling Machine</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Flume</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4 570 020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Drill chuck</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Flume</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4 570 021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">XY stage</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Flume</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4 570 022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Drills (0.30 to 0.50 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Flume</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4 572 652 &#8211; 654</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Low Temperature Varnish</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SCBshop</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SCBltv03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-sensitivity nuclear magnetic resonance at giga-pascal pressures: a new tool for probing electronic and chemical properties of condensed matter under extreme conditions

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their electronic properties. The application of high pressure enables one to synthesize new materials, but the response of known materials to high pressure is a very useful tool for studying their electronic structure and developing theories. For example, high-pressure synthesis might be at the origin of life; and understanding the behavior of small molecules under extreme pressure will tell us more about fundamental processes in our universe. It is no wonder that there has always been great interest in having NMR available at high pressures. Unfortunately, the desired pressures are often well into the Giga-Pascal (GPa) range and require special anvil cell devices where only very small, secluded volumes are available. This has restricted the use of NMR almost entirely in the past, and only recently, a new approach to high-sensitivity GPa NMR, which has a resonating micro-coil inside the sample chamber, was put forward. This approach enables us to achieve high sensitivity with experiments that bring the power of NMR to Giga-Pascal pressure condensed matter research. First applications, the detection of a topological electronic transition in ordinary aluminum metal and the closing of the pseudo-gap in high-temperature superconductivity, show the power of such an approach. Meanwhile, the range of achievable pressures was increased tremendously with a new generation of anvil cells (up to 10.1 GPa), that fit standard-bore NMR magnets. This approach might become a new, important tool for the investigation of many condensed matter systems, in chemistry, geochemistry, and in physics, since we can now watch structural changes with the eyes of a very versatile probe.

A Figura 3 mostra como a célula completamente montado pressão, a fiação ea instalação em uma sonda de RMN típico parecer. A seguir, vários experimentos serão revistas que deve permitir ao leitor a reunir uma ampla visão geral sobre os benefícios e limites da técnica introduzida. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52243/52243fig1highres.jpg" /> Figura 1: RMN de várias abordagens para alta pressão: (A)</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extr

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most important spectroscopic tools. Here, the development of a new approach under high pressure, currently up to 10.1 GPa, is presented. This opens a new window into condensed matter physics and chemistry, where high-pressure research is of great importance.

Alta Sensibilidade de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear em Giga-Pascal Pressões: uma nova ferramenta para sondar propriedades eletrônicas e químicas da Matéria Condensada sob condições extremas

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their ...

high-sensitivity-nuclear-magnetic-resonance-at-giga-pascal-pressures

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Analytical Chemistry

Engineering

Unit 1

Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.5K visualizações.  University of Leipzig. Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most important spectroscopic tools. Here, the development of a new approach under high pressure, currently up to 10.1 GPa, is presented. This opens a new window into condensed matter physics and chemistry, where high-pressure research is of great importance.

Vídeo: High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

Sondagem e Mapeamento superfície do eletrodo em células a combustível de óxido sólido

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Engenharia

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

Síntese e microdiffraction a pressões e temperaturas extremas

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

Medição de materiais Microstructure Sob fluxo Usando 1-2 Plane Fluxo-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

Experimentos chama na fonte luminosa avançada: novos insights sobre processos de formação de fuligem

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric vehicles.1,2 However, many challenges, such as energy density and battery lifetimes, need to be overcome before this particular battery technology can be widely implemented in such applications.3 This research is challenging, and we outline a method to address these challenges using in situ NPD to probe the crystal structure of electrodes undergoing electrochemical cycling (charge/discharge) in a battery. NPD data help determine the underlying structural mechanism responsible for a range of electrode properties, and this information can direct the development of better electrodes and batteries.
We briefly review six types of battery designs custom-made for NPD experiments and detail the method to construct the &#8216;roll-over&#8217; cell that we have successfully used on the high-intensity NPD instrument, WOMBAT, at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The design considerations and materials used for cell construction are discussed in conjunction with aspects of the actual in situ NPD experiment and initial directions are presented on how to analyze such complex in situ data.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

We describe the design and construction of an electrochemical cell for the examination of electrode materials using in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD). We briefly comment on alternate in situ NPD cell designs and discuss methods for the analysis of the corresponding in situ NPD data produced using this cell.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction uso das baterias de íon-lítio sob medida

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the presence of carbon nanotubes. These nanowires are extreme in the sense that they are the limit of miniaturization of nanowires and their behavior is not always a simple extrapolation of the behavior of larger nanowires as their diameter decreases. The paper then describes the methods required to obtain Raman spectra from extreme nanowires and the fact that due to the van Hove singularities that 1D systems exhibit in their optical density of states, that determining the correct choice of photon excitation energy is critical. It describes the techniques required to determine the photon energy dependence of the resonances observed in Raman spectroscopy of 1D systems and in particular how to obtain measurements of Raman cross-sections with better than 8% noise and measure the variation in the resonance as a function of sample temperature. The paper describes the importance of ensuring that the Raman scattering is linearly proportional to the intensity of the laser excitation intensity. It also describes how to use the polarization dependence of the Raman scattering to separate Raman scattering of the encapsulated 1D systems from those of other extraneous components in any sample.

The paper describes a method for producing extreme nanowires by melt infiltration into carbon nanotubes and how 1D systems may be characterized and investigated using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy to determine vibrational and optical excitation energies.

Espectroscopia Raman de nanofios extremos e Outros Sistemas 1D

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

In Situ Visualização do comportamento da fase de Amostras de óleo sob Refinaria Condições do Processo

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional experimental approaches, such as out-of-plane and in-plane tests, are not applicable to the determination of forming limits when heating and rapid cooling processes are introduced prior to forming for tests conducted under hot stamping conditions. A novel in-plane biaxial testing system was designed and used for the determination of forming limits of sheet metals at various strain paths, temperatures, and strain rates after heating and cooling processes in a resistance heating uniaxial testing machine. The core part of the biaxial testing system is a biaxial apparatus, which transfers a uniaxial force provided by the uniaxial testing machine to a biaxial force. One type of cruciform specimen was designed and verified for the formability test of aluminum alloy 6082 using the proposed biaxial testing system. The digital image correlation (DIC) system with a high-speed camera was used for taking strain measurements of a specimen during a deformation. The aim of proposing this biaxial testing system is to enable the forming limits of an alloy to be determined at various temperatures and strain rates under hot stamping conditions.

This protocol proposes a novel biaxial testing system used on a resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine in order to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions.

Um novo aparelho Biaxial Teste para a Determinação do limite de conformação sob Hot Stamping Condições

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

Transição Orientacional em Cristal Líquido Ativada pelo Crescimento Termodinâmico de Folhas Múltiplas Interfaciais

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

The miniaturization of semiconductor devices to scales where small numbers of dopants can control device properties requires the development of new techniques capable of characterizing their dynamics. Investigating single dopants requires sub-nanometer spatial resolution, which motivates the use of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). However, conventional STM is limited to millisecond temporal resolution. Several methods have been developed to overcome this shortcoming, including all-electronic time-resolved STM, which is used in this study to examine dopant dynamics in silicon with nanosecond resolution. The methods presented here are widely accessible and allow for local measurement of a wide variety of dynamics at the atomic scale. A novel time-resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy technique is presented and used to efficiently search for dynamics.

We demonstrate an all-electronic method to observe nanosecond-resolved charge dynamics of dopant atoms in silicon with a scanning tunneling microscope.

Todo-eletrônico nanossegundo-resolvido encapsulamento microscopia: Facilitar a investigação do Dopant única carga dinâmica

The miniaturization of semiconductor devices to scales where small numbers of dopants can control device properties requires the development of new ...