This research was funded by the International Research Training Group (IRTG) &#8220;Diffusion in porous Materials&#8221;. We acknowledge the technical support from Gert Klotzsche and stimulating discussions with Steven Reichhardt, Thomas Meissner, Damian Rybicki, Tobias Herzig, Natalya Georgieva, Jonas Kohlrautz, and Michael Jurkutat.

1. montaggio e l&#39;allineamento dei 6H-SiC grande cono Boehler-Anvils <ol><li> Fissare il pistone e la piastra xy negli strumenti di montaggio e inserire le incudini Boehler-tipo nella zona salotto. </li><li> Assicurarsi che ogni incudine siede saldamente nelle piastre della protezione. </li><li> Utilizzando resina epossidica, (ad esempio, Stycast 1266), colla sia incudini ai loro posti. Cure per 12 ore a temperatura ambiente, o 65 ° C in un forno per 2 ore. </li><li> Per un allineamento incudine sufficiente, utilizzare il set-viti M1 per allineare le piastre della protezione e controllare il parallelismo delle due incudini. Se sono risultati essere non-parallele le incudini, rimuovere la resina epossidica e riavviare al punto 1.2. </li></ol> 2 Guarnizione Preparazione <ol><li> Trapano 1 millimetro fori in un chip di ricotto Cu-Be (Cu 98 w%, Be 2% in peso, spessore di 0,5 mm) per i perni di guida in ottone. </li><li> Inserire tre cinque millimetri pezzi lunghi 1 mm filo diametro non isolati in rame nei fori, che sono distribuiti lungo l&#39;incudine, per servire come guidE perni per la guarnizione Cu-Be. </li><li> Verificare la corretta messa a terra tra i perni di guida e il corpo cellulare. In genere, una resistenza DC di circa 0,1 Ω si desidera. Migliora con l&#39;applicazione di una piccola quantità di argento conduttivo. </li><li> Posizionare il chip Cu-Be in cima l&#39;incudine moissanite e chiudere la cella. </li><li> Utilizzando una pressa idraulica, pressurizzare la guarnizione a circa 1/8 ° del diametro culet per la stabilità di lavoro ingrandita. Monitorare lo spessore effettivo del rientro con un calibro micrometro. </li><li> Eseguire un foro di diametro appropriato (½ del diametro culet) al centro della rientranza. </li><li> Carve due canali nella guarnizione pre-frastagliata. I canali dovrebbero essere abbastanza profonda per ospitare il filo del micro-bobina di 18 micron di rame. </li><li> Indurisce la guarnizione disposta a 617 K per 2 a 3 ore in un forno. </li></ol> 3 Preparazione e caricamento del Micro-coil <ol><li> Usare un pezzo di 1 millimetro di filo di ramed farla passare attraverso il passante del pistone. Fissare il filo di rame con resina epossidica e curare secondo passo 1.3. </li><li> Scegli un punteruolo (vedere l&#39;elenco dei materiali), che ha il diametro desiderato per la micro-bobina e fissarlo tra una coppia di rotanti Chuck-mascelle. </li><li> Colla (con, ad esempio, vernici da SCB, vedere elenco dei materiali), una estremità del filo di 18 micron di rame sulle griffe, tenendo l&#39;altra estremità e ruotare la mascella mandrino in modo che il filo è avvolto sul punteruolo. </li><li> Quando il micro-bobina è della geometria desiderata, fissare l&#39;altra estremità del filo sulla colla pure. </li><li> Utilizzare vernice diluita per fissare la bobina applicando una piccola quantità sulla parte superiore degli avvolgimenti. </li><li> Rimuovere con cautela la batteria dal punteruolo con nastro di teflon. </li><li> Inserire alcuni resina epossidica (vedi punto 1.3), senza additivi, nei canali della guarnizione. </li><li> Posizionare il micro-coil all&#39;interno della camera del campione e fissare i cavi nei canali. </li><li> Curare la Epoxy resina secondo la passo 1.3. </li><li> Saldare un cavo del micro-bobina a filo caldo e l&#39;altra ad un perno guida. </li><li> Aggiungete un po &#39;di pasta conduttiva argento sulla parte superiore di ogni incrocio. Curare in genere richiede alcuni minuti. </li><li> Sigillare entrambe le giunzioni con una piccola quantità di resina epossidica. </li><li> Curare la resina epossidica in base al punto 1.3. </li><li> Ora, controllare la resistenza DC della bobina dopo ogni passo. </li><li> Porre il campione nel micro-coil. Essere consapevoli del fatto che qualsiasi contatto fisico inutile può distruggere la bobina. </li><li> Aggiungere la polvere rubino finemente macinato al campione per la taratura della pressione. </li><li> Infine, inondare la camera del campione con una media pressione appropriata. Usare olio di paraffina per garantire condizioni di quasi-idrostatiche fino a 9 GPa. </li><li> Chiudere accuratamente la cella. </li></ol> 4 L&#39;applicazione e il monitoraggio della pressione <ol><li> In un primo momento, stringere leggermente le viti a testa svasata M3 Allen. </li><li> Per pressurizzazione fissare la cella in una morsa. Ora, stringeredue opposte a due a due viti. </li><li> Posizionare la cella di pressione in un supporto della cella appropriata. </li><li> Regolare la posizione della cella in modo che il raggio laser raggiunge la camera campione. </li><li> Utilizzare la tabella di regolazione fine per mettere a fuoco la polvere di rubino nel fascio laser. </li><li> Monitorare lo spettro di fotoluminescenza rubino utilizzando il software spettrometro corrispondente. </li><li> Estrarre la pressione effettiva nella cavità campione dallo spostamento spettrale osservata delle linee rubino R1 e R2. </li><li> Equilibrare la cella in pressione per almeno 12 ore prima di misure NMR vengono avviati. </li></ol> 5. esecuzione di esperimenti NMR <ol><li> Montare la cella di pressione su una sonda tipico NMR. Fabbricazione titolari di cellule appropriate in un&#39;officina meccanica. </li><li> Saldare il filo caldo alla sonda. Verificare il corretto contatto elettrico tra la cella e la sonda. </li><li> Ora, effettuare esperimenti NMR standard. Richiamare l&#39;attenzione sul fatto che il micro-coil è very sensibile al potere radiofrequenza applicata. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Un metodo nuovo e promettente per eseguire NMR a pressioni Giga-Pascal è stato descritto. Questo metodo apre la porta a una vasta gamma di esperimenti NMR grazie alla sua eccellente sensibilità e risoluzione. Tuttavia, alcuni passaggi descritti nella sezione del protocollo sono cruciali per l&#39;esito dell&#39;esperimento. In particolare, la preparazione del micro-bobina e la sua fissazione nella guarnizione Cu-Be è molto difficile e richiede una certa esperienza. Di seguito, alcuni consigli importanti sono dati, ch...

Dal momento che gli esperimenti caratteristici di Percy Bridgman della materia condensata sotto alte pressioni idrostatiche all&#39;inizio del secolo scorso, il campo della fisica delle alte pressioni si è evoluta rapidamente 1. Un gran numero di fenomeni interessanti sono notoriamente presenti sotto le pressioni di diversi GPa 2. Inoltre, la risposta dei sistemi di materia condensata ad alta pressione ci ha insegnato molto sulla loro terra elettroniche e stati eccitati 3,4. Purtroppo, le tecniche per lo studio delle proprietà elettroniche della materia condensata a pressioni Giga-Pascal sono rari, con x-ray o misure di resistenza CC aprendo la strada 5. In particolare, l&#39;individuazione di momenti magnetici elettronici o nucleari con spin elettronico (ESR) o la risonanza magnetica nucleare (NMR) esperimenti, è destinata ad essere quasi impossibile da implementare in un tipico cellule incudini ad alta pressione in cui si ha la necessità di recuperare il segnale da un piccolo volume sancito da incudini e una guarnizione di tenuta. Diversi gruppi hanno cercato di risolvere questo problema utilizzando arrangiamenti complessi, ad esempio, due split-coppia di radio frequenza (RF), bobine avvolte lungo i fianchi delle incudini 6; un loop singolo o doppio capelli pin risonatore 7,8; . o anche una guarnizione spaccata renio come un pick-up bobina RF 9, vedi Figura 1 Purtroppo, questi approcci ancora soffriva da un basso rapporto segnale-rumore (SNR), limitando le applicazioni sperimentali a grande - γ nuclei quali 1 H 10. Il lettore interessato può essere riferito ad altri esperimenti di risonanza del circuito serbatoio ad alta pressione 11 - 15. Pravica e Silvera 16 relazione alla pressione massima raggiunta in una cella incudine per NMR con 12,8 GPa, che ha studiato la conversione orto-para di idrogeno. Con grande interesse per l&#39;applicazione NMRper studiare le proprietà dei solidi quantistici, il nostro gruppo era interessato ad avere NMR disponibile ad alte pressioni, pure. Infine, nel 2009 si potesse dimostrare che l&#39;alta sensibilità NMR cellule incudine è infatti possibile se una risonanza a radiofrequenza (RF) micro-coil è posto direttamente nella cavità ad alta pressione che racchiude il campione 17. In un tale approccio, la sensibilità NMR è migliorata di diversi ordini di grandezza (per lo più a causa del drammatico aumento nel fattore della bobina RF riempimento), che ha reso ancora più impegnativo esperimenti NMR possibile, ad esempio, 17 O NMR su campioni di polvere di un superconduttore ad alta temperatura fino a 7 GPa 18. La superconduttività in questi materiali può essere notevolmente amplificato mediante l&#39;applicazione di pressione, ed è ora possibile seguire questo processo con una sonda elettronica locale che promette intuizione fondamentale nei processi che governano. Un altro esempio per l&#39;alimentazione di NMR ad alta pressione emerso da quelli che erano Believed essere esperimenti referenziamento di routine: al fine di testare il nuovo NMR cellulare incudine introdotto, uno dei materiali più conosciuti è stata misurata - semplice metallo alluminio. Quando la pressione è stata aumentata, è stata trovata una deviazione inattesa del passaggio NMR da quello che ci si aspetterebbe per un sistema di elettroni liberi. Esperimenti ripetuti, anche sotto crescenti pressioni, hanno mostrato che i nuovi risultati sono stati davvero affidabile. Infine, con calcoli di struttura banda si è poi scoperto che i risultati sono la manifestazione di una transizione topologica della superficie di Fermi di alluminio, che non poteva essere rilevato da calcoli di anni fa, quando la potenza di calcolo è stata bassa. L&#39;estrapolazione dei risultati alle condizioni ambientali è emerso che le proprietà di questo metallo che viene utilizzato quasi ovunque sono influenzati da questa condizione elettronica speciale. Al fine di perseguire una serie di applicazioni diverse cellule incudini appositamente progettati (celle precedenti erano stati importati dalla Cavendish Laboratorio e adattati per NMR) sono stati sviluppati. Attualmente, il telaio in casa costruita utilizzati sono in grado di raggiungere pressioni fino a 25 GPa utilizzando una coppia di 800 micron culet 6H-SiC incudini. Esperimenti NMR sono stati condotti con successo fino a 10.1 GPa, finora. Le prestazioni NMR di questo nuove cellule ha dimostrato di essere eccellente 19. Il componente principale è in titanio-alluminio (6) -Vanadium (4) con un basso livello interstiziale supplementare (grado 23), fornendo un carico di snervamento di 800 MPa 20. Grazie alle sue proprietà non magnetiche (suscettività magnetica χ è di circa 5 ppm) è un materiale adeguato per il telaio delle cellule incudine. Le dimensioni di ingombro delle celle introdotte (vedi Figura 2 per una panoramica di tutti i modelli di cella incudine in casa costruita) sono abbastanza piccolo da entrare in normali magneti standard, foro NMR. Il design più piccolo, la LAC-TM1, che dista solo 20 mm di altezza e 17 mm di diametro, adatta anche piccoli magneti a freddo calibro tipici (30 mm Diametro del foro). La LAC-TM2, che è l&#39;ultimo telaio autori progettati, utilizza quattro bulloni svasati M4 a brugola (realizzate dalla stessa lega come il telaio cella) come meccanismo di guida di pressione, consentendo un controllo regolare della pressione interna (stampe blu allegati nei sezione supplementare). Tipicamente, incudini di diamante sono utilizzati al fine di generare alti pressioni superiori a 100 GPa. Xu Mao e 21 - 23 hanno dimostrato che incudini moissanite forniscono un&#39;alternativa conveniente nel campo della ricerca ad alta pressione, fino a pressioni di circa 60 GPa. Pertanto, incudini moissanite sono stati utilizzati per l&#39;approccio GPa NMR introdotto. I migliori risultati sono stati ottenuti con la misura incudini grande cono-6H-SiC del dipartimento incudine di Charles &amp; Colvard. Con tali cellule, per pressioni fino a 10.1 GPa, l&#39;uso di 800 micron incudini culet è stato trovato per causare molto buona sensibilità NMR. Per confronto, Lee et al. Segnalare un SNR di 1 per 1 H NMR di acqua di rubinetto, mentre il SNR dell&#39;approccio micro-bobina introdotto ha mostrato un valore del 25 per 1/7 del loro volume, anche in un campo magnetico leggermente inferiore. Con questo nuovo approccio alla alta sensibilità delle cellule incudine NMR si può perseguire molte applicazioni che promettono nuova entusiasmante visione della fisica e della chimica dei materiali moderni. Tuttavia, come sempre, sensibilità e risoluzione definitiva limitano l&#39;applicazione di NMR, in particolare, se si è interessati a pressioni molto elevate che richiedono dimensioni culet piccole. Poi, si deve non solo per ottimizzare la progettazione cella con bobine RF ancora più piccoli, ma anche pensare a metodi per la crescente polarizzazione nucleare.

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high-sensitivity nuclear magnetic resonance at giga-pascal pressures: a new tool for probing electronic and chemical properties of condensed matter under extreme conditions

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their electronic properties. The application of high pressure enables one to synthesize new materials, but the response of known materials to high pressure is a very useful tool for studying their electronic structure and developing theories. For example, high-pressure synthesis might be at the origin of life; and understanding the behavior of small molecules under extreme pressure will tell us more about fundamental processes in our universe. It is no wonder that there has always been great interest in having NMR available at high pressures. Unfortunately, the desired pressures are often well into the Giga-Pascal (GPa) range and require special anvil cell devices where only very small, secluded volumes are available. This has restricted the use of NMR almost entirely in the past, and only recently, a new approach to high-sensitivity GPa NMR, which has a resonating micro-coil inside the sample chamber, was put forward. This approach enables us to achieve high sensitivity with experiments that bring the power of NMR to Giga-Pascal pressure condensed matter research. First applications, the detection of a topological electronic transition in ordinary aluminum metal and the closing of the pseudo-gap in high-temperature superconductivity, show the power of such an approach. Meanwhile, the range of achievable pressures was increased tremendously with a new generation of anvil cells (up to 10.1 GPa), that fit standard-bore NMR magnets. This approach might become a new, important tool for the investigation of many condensed matter systems, in chemistry, geochemistry, and in physics, since we can now watch structural changes with the eyes of a very versatile probe.

La Figura 3 mostra come la cellula completamente assemblato pressione, il cablaggio e il montaggio su una sonda tipica NMR assomigliano. In seguito, diversi esperimenti saranno rivisti che dovrebbe consentire al lettore di raccogliere un&#39;ampia panoramica sui vantaggi e limiti della tecnica introdotta. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52243/52243fig1highres.jpg" /> Figura 1. diversi approcci per NMR ad alta pres...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extr

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most important spectroscopic tools. Here, the development of a new approach under high pressure, currently up to 10.1 GPa, is presented. This opens a new window into condensed matter physics and chemistry, where high-pressure research is of great importance.

Ad alta sensibilità la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare a Giga-Pascal Pressioni: Un nuovo strumento per Probing proprietà elettroniche e chimiche della Materia Condensata in condizioni estreme

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their ...

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11.5K Views.  University of Leipzig. Nuclear magnetic resonance is one of the most important spectroscopic tools. Here, the development of a new approach under high pressure, currently up to 10.1 GPa, is presented. This opens a new window into condensed matter physics and chemistry, where high-pressure research is of great importance.

Video: High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

Probing e mapping superfici di elettrodo nelle celle di combustibile ad ossidi solidi

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary interiors, design materials with novel properties, understand the mechanical behavior of materials exposed to very high stresses as in explosions or impacts. Synthesis and structural analysis of materials at extreme conditions of pressure and temperature entails remarkable technical challenges. In the laser heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC), very high pressure is generated between the tips of two opposing diamond anvils forced against each other; focused infrared laser beams, shined through the diamonds, allow to reach very high temperatures on samples absorbing the laser radiation. When the LH-DAC is installed in a synchrotron beamline that provides extremely brilliant x-ray radiation, the structure of materials under extreme conditions can be probed in situ. LH-DAC samples, although very small, can show highly variable grain size, phase and chemical composition. In order to obtain the high resolution structural analysis and the most comprehensive characterization of a sample, we collect diffraction data in 2D grids and combine powder, single crystal and multigrain diffraction techniques. Representative results obtained in the synthesis of a new iron oxide, Fe4O5 1 will be shown.

The laser heated diamond anvil cell combined with synchrotron micro-diffraction techniques allows researchers to explore the nature and properties of new phases of matter at extreme pressure and temperature (PT) conditions. Heterogeneous samples can be characterized in situ under high pressure by 2D mapping and combined powder, single-crystal and multigrain diffraction approaches.

Sintesi e microdiffrazione a pressioni e temperature estreme

High pressure compounds and polymorphs are investigated for a broad range of purposes such as determine structures and processes of deep planetary ...

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

Misurare Materiale microstruttura Under flusso Utilizzo di 1-2 aereo Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

Esperimenti di fiamma alla Advanced Light Source: nuove informazioni sui processi fuliggine Formazione

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric vehicles.1,2 However, many challenges, such as energy density and battery lifetimes, need to be overcome before this particular battery technology can be widely implemented in such applications.3 This research is challenging, and we outline a method to address these challenges using in situ NPD to probe the crystal structure of electrodes undergoing electrochemical cycling (charge/discharge) in a battery. NPD data help determine the underlying structural mechanism responsible for a range of electrode properties, and this information can direct the development of better electrodes and batteries.
We briefly review six types of battery designs custom-made for NPD experiments and detail the method to construct the &#8216;roll-over&#8217; cell that we have successfully used on the high-intensity NPD instrument, WOMBAT, at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The design considerations and materials used for cell construction are discussed in conjunction with aspects of the actual in situ NPD experiment and initial directions are presented on how to analyze such complex in situ data.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

We describe the design and construction of an electrochemical cell for the examination of electrode materials using in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD). We briefly comment on alternate in situ NPD cell designs and discuss methods for the analysis of the corresponding in situ NPD data produced using this cell.

In Situ Neutron polvere diffrazione Utilizzo su misura agli ioni di litio batterie

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the presence of carbon nanotubes. These nanowires are extreme in the sense that they are the limit of miniaturization of nanowires and their behavior is not always a simple extrapolation of the behavior of larger nanowires as their diameter decreases. The paper then describes the methods required to obtain Raman spectra from extreme nanowires and the fact that due to the van Hove singularities that 1D systems exhibit in their optical density of states, that determining the correct choice of photon excitation energy is critical. It describes the techniques required to determine the photon energy dependence of the resonances observed in Raman spectroscopy of 1D systems and in particular how to obtain measurements of Raman cross-sections with better than 8% noise and measure the variation in the resonance as a function of sample temperature. The paper describes the importance of ensuring that the Raman scattering is linearly proportional to the intensity of the laser excitation intensity. It also describes how to use the polarization dependence of the Raman scattering to separate Raman scattering of the encapsulated 1D systems from those of other extraneous components in any sample.

The paper describes a method for producing extreme nanowires by melt infiltration into carbon nanotubes and how 1D systems may be characterized and investigated using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy to determine vibrational and optical excitation energies.

Risonanza Spettroscopia Raman di estrema nanofili e altri sistemi 1D

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to visualize the behavior of petroleum samples under process conditions. The experimental setup relies on a custom-built micro-reactor fitted with a sapphire window at the bottom, which is placed over the objective of an inverted microscope equipped with a cross-polarizer module. Using reflection microscopy enables the visualization of opaque samples, such as petroleum vacuum residues, or asphaltenes. The combination of the sapphire window from the micro-reactor with the cross-polarizer module of the microscope on the light path allows high-contrast imaging of isotropic and anisotropic media. While observations are carried out, the micro-reactor can be heated to the temperature range of cracking reactions (up to 450 &#176;C), can be subjected to H2 pressure relevant to hydroconversion reactions (up to 16 MPa), and can stir the sample by magnetic coupling. 
Observations are typically carried out by taking snapshots of the sample under cross-polarized light at regular time intervals. Image analyses may not only provide information on the temperature, pressure, and reactive conditions yielding phase separation, but may also give an estimate of the evolution of the chemical (absorption/reflection spectra) and physical (refractive index) properties of the sample before the onset of phase separation.

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

This article describes a setup and method for the in situ visualization of oil samples under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions that aim to emulate refining and upgrading processes. It is primarily used for studying isotropic and anisotropic media involved in the fouling behavior of petroleum feeds.

In Situ Visualizzazione del comportamento di fase dei campioni di olio Sotto raffineria condizioni di processo

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional experimental approaches, such as out-of-plane and in-plane tests, are not applicable to the determination of forming limits when heating and rapid cooling processes are introduced prior to forming for tests conducted under hot stamping conditions. A novel in-plane biaxial testing system was designed and used for the determination of forming limits of sheet metals at various strain paths, temperatures, and strain rates after heating and cooling processes in a resistance heating uniaxial testing machine. The core part of the biaxial testing system is a biaxial apparatus, which transfers a uniaxial force provided by the uniaxial testing machine to a biaxial force. One type of cruciform specimen was designed and verified for the formability test of aluminum alloy 6082 using the proposed biaxial testing system. The digital image correlation (DIC) system with a high-speed camera was used for taking strain measurements of a specimen during a deformation. The aim of proposing this biaxial testing system is to enable the forming limits of an alloy to be determined at various temperatures and strain rates under hot stamping conditions.

This protocol proposes a novel biaxial testing system used on a resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine in order to determine the forming limit diagram (FLD) of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions.

Una nuova apparecchiatura biassiale test per la determinazione del limite di formatura in stampa a caldo Condizioni

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve desired molecular orientation states in LC displays, the "static" surface property of LCs, so-called surface anchoring, has been intensively studied. As a rule of thumb, once the initial orientation of LCs is "locked" by specific surface treatments, such as rubbing or treatment with a specific alignment layer, it hardly changes with temperature. Here, we present a system exhibiting an orientational transition upon temperature variation, which conflicts with the consensus. Right on the transition, the bulk LC molecules experience the orientational rotation, with 90&#176; between the planar (P) orientation at high temperatures and the vertical (V) orientation at low temperatures in the first-order transitional manner. We have tracked thermodynamic surface anchoring behavior by means of polarizing optical microscopy (POM), dielectric spectroscopy (DS), high-resolution differential scanning calorimetry (HR-DSC), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GI-XRD) and reached a plausible physical explanation: that the transition is triggered by a growth of surface wetting sheets, which impose the V orientation locally against the P orientation in the bulk. This landscape would provide a general link explaining how the equilibrium bulk orientation is affected by surface-localized orientation in many LC systems. In our characterization, POM and DS are advantageous by offering information on the spatial distribution of the orientation of LC molecules. HR-DSC gives information about the precise thermodynamic information on transitions, which cannot be addressed by conventional DSC instruments due to limited resolution. GI-XRD provides information on surface-specific molecular orientation and short-range orderings. The goal of this paper is to present a protocol for preparing a sample that exhibits the transition and to demonstrate how the thermodynamic structural variation, both in the bulk and on surfaces, can be analyzed through the abovementioned methods.

Here, we present a protocol to trigger an orientational transition of a liquid crystal in response to temperature. Methodologies are described for preparing a sample in order to observe the transition and the detailed transitional evolution.

Transizione orientativa in un cristallo liquido innescata dalla crescita termodinamica delle lastre di interfaccia

In liquid crystal (LC) physical chemistry, molecules near the surface play a great role in controlling bulk orientation. Thus far, mainly to achieve ...

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

The miniaturization of semiconductor devices to scales where small numbers of dopants can control device properties requires the development of new techniques capable of characterizing their dynamics. Investigating single dopants requires sub-nanometer spatial resolution, which motivates the use of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). However, conventional STM is limited to millisecond temporal resolution. Several methods have been developed to overcome this shortcoming, including all-electronic time-resolved STM, which is used in this study to examine dopant dynamics in silicon with nanosecond resolution. The methods presented here are widely accessible and allow for local measurement of a wide variety of dynamics at the atomic scale. A novel time-resolved scanning tunneling spectroscopy technique is presented and used to efficiently search for dynamics.

We demonstrate an all-electronic method to observe nanosecond-resolved charge dynamics of dopant atoms in silicon with a scanning tunneling microscope.

Tutto-elettronico nanosecondo-risolto scansione microscopio a effetto tunnel: Agevolare le indagini di drogante singola carica dinamica

The miniaturization of semiconductor devices to scales where small numbers of dopants can control device properties requires the development of new ...