Name: whole retinal explants from chicken embryos for electroporation and chemical reagent treatments
Uploaded: 2015-09-30T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 40 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments at JoVE.com

The work was supported by Barncancerfonden (PR2013-0104), Swedish Research Council (12187-18-3), &#246;gonfonden, Kronprinsessan Margaretas arbetsn&#228;mnd f&#246;r synskadade, Synfr&#228;mjandets forskningsfond and St Eriks &#246;gonsjukhus forskningsstipendier.

このプロトコルは、「ビジョンと眼科での研究のための協会の実験動物の管理と使用に関する指針」の推奨事項に従って行われます。 1.卵取り扱いとアイコレクション<ol><li> 1週間以上、もはや用に12〜14℃の白色レグホン卵を保管してください。可能な場合は、受精卵を保存する冷蔵ワインクーラーを使用しています。 注意：より低い温度では死亡率を増加させながら、高い店の温度は、胚の異常な開発につながります。拡張ストレージ時間が死亡し、異常な開発の両方を向上させます。 </li><li>穏やかに24時間あたり5回の頻度でロッキングと37.5°Cで卵と60％の加湿卵インキュベーターをインキュベートします。 </li><li>希望胚年齢で卵のインキュベーターから培養した卵を削除します。 注：ニワトリ胚の年齢は、インキュベーションの時間として決定され、胚日（E）として、または段階として示される（ST）、ハンバーガーとハミルトン12で説明した発達段階の一連に従って。 </li><li>層流フード内で選択された卵を置きます。胚の汚染を避けるために70％エタノールで卵殻を拭きます。 注：滅菌溶液を無菌条件下ですべての手順を実施<url> http://www.jove.com/science-education/5030/making-solutions-in-the-laboratory&quot;lutions </url>そして、楽器。 </li><li>卵を開いてクラックするのは難しい表面に対してしっかりと卵の側をタップします。 100ミリメートルペトリ皿内のコンテンツを配置します。乾燥から組織を防止するために、予め温めた（37℃）1×PBSを含む35 mmのペトリ皿に胚を転送する小スプーンを使用します。 </li><li>層流フード内で両眼立体視の解剖顕微鏡上に胚組織を含む35ミリメートルペトリ皿を置きます。細かい鉗子で首をつまんで胚を刎ねると体を捨てます。 </li><li>切開目を作るために細かい鉗子を使用して、ラフ、口、目に腹。切開部位から開始し、全体の眼の周囲の組織を開いて涙。視神経をピンチオフし、目のソケットからそのまま目を削除します。制御または処置した眼のいずれかとして使用するために同じ胚からの左と右眼の両方を収集します。 </li><li>予め温めた（37℃）1×PBSを含む新しい35ミリメートルペトリ皿に目を転送するために、小さなスプーンを使用してください。 </li></ol>全網膜外植片の作製<ol><li>強膜原基を含む眼の周りのすべての組織を除去するために微細な鉗子を使用してください。 注：組織は、色素上皮そのまま（ 図1A-B）と硝子体とレンズで網膜を残して簡単に取り外します。 </li><li>神経網膜（ 図1C）を損傷することなく、眼の背側部分の色素上皮に小さな切開を挟ま細かい鉗子を使用してください。 </li><li>優しく色素上皮startiを開き引き裂く細かい鉗子を使用して、レンズと硝子体（ 図1D）に接続されている網膜全体を残して、切開部位でngの。色素上皮の除去を容易にするために、温かい（37℃）1×PBS中で目を離さありません。 注：色素上皮は、眼の前方領域であり、脈絡膜の亀裂に沿って、瞳孔の周りの毛様体に沿って具体的には、除去するのが困難な場合があります。したがって、色素上皮の一部が神経網膜（ 図1E-F）上に残してもよいです。 </li></ol>全網膜外植片の3治療<ol start="1"><li>全体の網膜の外植片のエレクトロポレーション 注：全体の網膜外植片のエレクトロポレーションはステップ2の後に直接実行することができます。 <ol><li> 1 DMEM：F12の栄養ミックス、10％のFBS、10 U / mlペニシリンストレプトマイシン、5μg/ mlのインスリン、および2mM L-グルタミン1を含む培地を準備します。 </li><li> 1.5ミリリットル使い捨てプラスチックキュベットをカット（12.5ミリメートル×12.5ミリメートルのx 45メートルM）（または微ブレードソーを用いて底部から）約8mmの300-400μlの溶液を保持することが可能な任意の小容器。 </li><li> 0.1μgの/μlの最終濃度に1xDPBSにおける選択肢のDNAプラスミドを希釈します。 </li><li> ST20のために15 Vにエレクトロと設定パラメータをオンにします - ST25（E3-E4）網膜とST26のための20のV - ST27（E5）網膜。 1秒間隔で50ミリ秒パルス長の5パルスにパルス繰り返しを設定します。両手が所定の位置に電極を保持するために必要とされるように床に足ペダルで制御することができるパルス発生器を使用してください。 </li><li>形の2パドル（フラット、円形DIAM 4 mm）の白金電極（ 図2A）は 、パルス発生器の出力ソケットに接続します。 注：このプロトコルで使用される白金電極は、大学のワークショップによって作られました。電極は、0.1ミリメートルの白金板」rondelles」（：950のPt / 5銅プラチナグレード）から作られました。接続0.8ミリメートルののwi再プラスチックチューブを用いて絶縁しました。 </li><li>慎重に網膜の外植片のための右先端開口サイズを取得するためにカットオフ先端を有するポリエチレンパスツールピペットを用いて、キュベット（または同等の小型容器）へのステップ2.3からの全網膜外植片を移します。網膜は、プラスチックに付着し、引き裂くする傾向があるとして、ピペットチップを使用しないでください。 </li><li>優しく引き裂きを回避するために、網膜に触れないように注意して網膜の外植片を取り巻く全体の1×PBSを除去するために、100μlのピペットを使用してください。 </li><li>全体の網膜の外植片をカバーするためにキュベットに100μlのプラスミド溶液を追加します。それがトップに浮上する場合は慎重にピンセットで網膜の外植片を押し下げます。キュベットの底にキュベットおよび視神経のいずれかの側を向くようにレンズを配置する鉗子又は電極を使用してください。 </li><li>組織に触れることなく、レンズと網膜（ 図2A）の背後にある負極の前で正極を配置します。 </li><li>フットペダルを押し下げて電流を適用します。成功した放電を示す電極での泡のために確認してください。 </li><li>網膜を損傷することなく、キュベットからすべてのプラスミドミックスを除去するために、100μlのピペットを使用してください。プラスミド混合物は、3〜5回再利用することができます。 </li><li>予め温めた（37℃）1×PBSでキュベットを埋めます。優しくキュベットの壁から網膜外植片を分離するために鉗子を使用してください。エレクトロポレーション後、網膜は、時にはそれがキュベットの壁に付着させる泡で覆われています。 </li><li>ウェルあたり1ミリリットル予め温め（37℃）培地を含む24ウェルプレートに全体の網膜の外植片を転送するためにポリエチレンパスツールピペットを使用してください。ウェルあたり1網膜外植片をインキュベートします。 </li><li> 24時間、5％CO 2で細胞インキュベーターの内部で、毎分50回転の一定速度で、回転子シェーカー上で37℃での網膜外植をインキュベートします。回転を培地にし、preveに最大の露出を確保することです24ウェルプレートの底に網膜のNT接着。 </li><li>ステップ4に進みます。 </li></ol></li><li>化学試薬を用いた全網膜外植片の治療 注意：全体の網膜の外植片の化学的処理は、ステップ2の後に直接実行することができます。 <ol><li> 1 DMEM：F12の栄養ミックス、10％のFBS、10 U / mlペニシリンストレプトマイシン、5μg/ mlのインスリン、および2mM L-グルタミン1を含む培地を準備します。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルにウェル当たり予め温め（37℃）培地を含む24ウェルプレートにステップ2.3から網膜外植片を転送するために、小さなスプーンを使用してください。ウェルあたり1網膜外植片をインキュベートします。 </li><li>化学試薬またはビヒクルを添加する前に5％CO 2での細胞培養器の内部で、50 rpmの一定速度で、回転子シェーカー上で37℃で60分間、全網膜外植片をインキュベートします。 </li><li>例えば、薬液を調製するCdk1 / 2阻害剤III、最終的にM期の進行13の阻害剤DMSO中、30μMの濃度。 </li><li>細胞インキュベーターから、全体の網膜の外植片を含む、24ウェルプレートを取り外します。 0.01％DMSO中300 nMのCdk1の/ 2阻害剤IIIの最終濃度で、その結果、網膜の中に直接化学試薬またはビヒクル（DMSO）の10μLを追加します。手動で、溶液中の化学試薬または車両の均一な分布を可能にするために、24ウェルプレートを回転させます。 </li><li>希望の時間（最大24時間）、5％CO 2のインキュベーターの内側に、毎分50回転の一定速度で、回転子シェーカー上で37℃での網膜外植片をインキュベートします。 </li><li>ステップ4に進みます。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.固定全体網膜Eexplantsの凍結<ol><li>細胞インキュベーターから治療全体の網膜外植片を含む24ウェルプレートを取り外します。 </li><li> 1×PBSで1ミリリットル/ウェルの氷冷4％パラホルムアルデヒドを含む24ウェルプレートに網膜外植片を転送するために、小さなスプーンを使用してください。 Incuba15分間氷上でTE。 </li><li>網膜を洗浄するために1ミリリットル/ウェルの氷冷を1×PBSを含む24ウェルプレートに全体の網膜の外植片を転送するために、小さなスプーンを使用してください。氷上で10分間インキュベートします。 </li><li> 1ミリリットル/を1×PBSでよく氷冷30％スクロースを含む24ウェルプレートに全体の網膜の外植片を転送するために、小さなスプーンを使用してください。網膜の日胚に応じて1〜3時間、氷上でインキュベートします。 ST20について - ST25（E3）網膜は、1時間インキュベート、古い網膜は、スクロースより長いインキュベーション時間を必要としています。 </li><li>約500μlのクライオスタット凍結マウンティング培地を含むパラフィンフィルム上に全体の網膜の外植片を転送するために、小さなスプーンを使用してください。そっと小さなスプーンを使用して、凍結培地の網膜外植片を移動させることにより、できるだけ多くのショ糖、できるだけ削除します。 </li><li>凍結培地を含む埋め込む型に網膜外植を転送します。将来の切片を容易にするために、目の位置を調整します。 DRの全網膜外植片を含む埋め込む型を入れて中までのy氷は固体凍結されます。 -80℃で保存してください。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

この作品では、切開、エレクトロポレーションまたは化学的処理、およびニワトリ胚からの全体の網膜の外植片を培養するための詳細なプロトコルが提示されています。このプロトコルは、迅速、簡単であり、高い成功率と再現性の両方を可能にします 結果。 全網膜外植片のエレクトロポレーションは、対象の遺伝子構築物を発現する細胞の大部分を生成?...

網膜は中枢神経系の一部であり、その相対的な簡単さと十分に特徴付け細胞構造、中枢神経系の発達を研究するための人気のあるモデルです。ニワトリ胚の眼は、胚の残りの部分に比べて相対的に大きいです。従って、このような注射またはエレクトロポレーションなどの実験操作のための卵内に容易にアクセスでき、網膜細胞や生体内で発生生物学に関する知識を得るための優れたツールとして機能します。実験は、エレクトロポレーション、反復注射、または組み合わせた実験操作と同様に侵襲的であるとき、これらの主要な利点にもかかわらず、胚の生存率は低くすることができます。 卵内ニワトリ胚へのDNAプラスミドのエレクトロポレーションは重要であり、十分に確立された技術1です。これは、神経細胞の標識化を可能にする細胞の運命の追跡だけでなく、中央NERVにおける神経管OUのシステムは、それがインビボでタンパク質機能を解析するための異所性の遺伝子発現を可能にします。技術は、3後脳、および4網膜、神経管2の研究のために使用されてきました。 卵内胚網膜のエレクトロポレーションは、in vivoでの状況に関連したいくつかの実験の困難を持っています。胚の頭蓋折りたたみに起因する目の位置は、心臓に比較的近いです。この接近は、エレクトロポレーション後の心停止のリスク、および胚の年齢とともにリスク増加が増加します。また、目にアクセスするために、それによって出血、奇形およびその後の生存率減少のリスクを増加させる、胚の膜を開くことが必要です。既知の表現型の結果なしで、多くの場合、新たなDNAプラスミドをテストし、最適化する場合、これらの制限はあっても、経験豊富な実験者のための方法の有効性とパワーを減少させることができます。このプロトコルは、Wの文化の中で提示したよう削除色素上皮と神経網膜全体として形成された孔網膜外植は、OVOのアプローチで補完する効率的な方法です。 化学試薬の眼内注射は 、OVO で実行するのが比較的容易です。しかし、神経網膜内注射、試薬の有効かつ正確な濃度は、完全に制御することが困難な場合があります。注入量は、漏れに変えることができ、注射の正確な部位は、眼内の試薬の分布と硝子体を通して拡散の両方に影響を与える可能性があります。酵素阻害剤のための、すなわち、用量応答曲線を決定する際の変動は、結果の解釈のために主要な影響を有することになります。特に効果が小さく、効果の時間窓が狭い場合。血流を介し潜在的な全身作用のために、OVOの実験で行うときにまた、唯一の目には、各胚から使用することができます反対側の眼へ。開発および処置および対照胚は、追加実験の変動につながる可能性の間の個体差を検討する際に年齢のマッチングが重要です。 これらの理由のために、ニワトリ胚の網膜外植片に基づく方法卵EXは、神経網膜を均一に露出し、 インビトロで実験条件を制御することが可能で、開発されました。現在のプロトコルは、以前のプロトコル5-9に基づいて開発されました。ステージからの網膜外植体（ST）、ST31〜20（3胚日[E]）は、（E7）は、ニワトリ胚を培養し、解剖し、エレクトロポレーション定義DNAプラスミドの濃度または化学試薬の規定された濃度を含有する培地に曝露しました。ここで紹介するプロトコルは成功し、このようなKU55933、SB 218078、およびNSC 109555 DITOなどのDNA損傷経路の調節因子を含む、いくつかの異なる化学試薬を使用して、最近の出版物に実装されましたこのようするCdk1 / 2阻害剤III 10,11としてsylate、および細胞周期、。

<table><tbody><tr><td>1xPBS (tablet)</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>18912-014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10x DPBS</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>14080-048</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mm Petri dish</td><td>VWR</td><td>734-0006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;mu;l pipette tips</td><td>VWR</td><td>613-0798</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml disposable plastic cuvette</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>8495V01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24-well plate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D7039</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>35 mm Petri dish</td><td>VWR</td><td>391-1998</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70% ethanol</td><td>Solveco</td><td>1054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cdk1/2 inhibitor III</td><td>217714</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>300 nM in 0.01% DMSO</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture incubator</td><td>Thermo Forma</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>41966-029</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrodes</td><td></td><td></td><td>Platina, custom made</td></tr><tr><td>Electro square porator ECM 830</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>F12 Nutrient mix</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>31331-028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>16140-071</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>AgnThos</td><td>0108-5-PS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Freezing medium NEG50</td><td>Cellab, Sweden</td><td>6502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GFP expressing DNA plasmid (pZGs)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Humidified incubator</td><td>Grumbach Brutgeraete GmbH, Asslar, Germany</td><td>8204</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>I9278-5ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>25030024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mounting medium ProLong Gold with DAPI</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>P36935</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin film</td><td>VWR</td><td>291-1214P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>16005-1KG-R</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Peel-A-Way embedding mold&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E6032</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin streptomycin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PhosphoHistone 3 (PH3)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore</td><td>06-570</td><td>Dilution 1/4,000</td></tr><tr><td>Platinum electrodes (custom made from &quot;rondelles&quot;)</td><td>Sargenta</td><td>390-R (rondeller)</td><td>Dia: 4mm, 0.1 mm thickness</td></tr><tr><td>Platimun electrodes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sonidel</td><td>CUY700P4L</td><td>Dia: 4 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene pasteur pipette</td><td>VWR</td><td>612-2853</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotator shaker</td><td>VWR</td><td>444-2900</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Small spoon</td><td>VWR</td><td>231-2151</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>VWR</td><td>443815S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>White Leghorn eggs</td><td></td><td></td><td>Local supplier</td></tr><tr><td>Wine cooler</td><td>WineMaster 24, Caso, Berlin Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

whole retinal explants from chicken embryos for electroporation and chemical reagent treatments

網膜は、発展途上の中枢神経系のための優れたモデルです。 OVO / in vivoでの実験操作のための目のサイズが大きいと、最も重要なアクセシビリティ鶏胚網膜汎用性と非常に効率的な実験モデルを作成します。鶏の網膜は眼内注射またはエレクトロポレーションによって卵内標的にするのは簡単ですが、網膜内の試薬 ​​の効果的かつ正確な濃度は、完全に制御することが困難な場合があります。これは、眼または物質の不均一な拡散の正確な注射部位、漏れの変動に起因し得ます。さらに、このようなエレクトロポレーションなどの侵襲的な操作後の奇形や死亡の頻度はかなり高いです。 このプロトコルは、ニワトリ胚から全網膜の外植片を培養する技術OVO EXを記述し、試薬に網膜の制御された露光のための方法を提供します。プロトcolが実験的に、解剖操作、ニワトリ胚の培養全体の網膜の外植する方法について説明します。外植片は、約24時間培養することができ、例えば、エレクトロポレーションのような別の操作に付すこと。主な利点は、実験は、胚の生存に導入試薬の濃度を変化させると効果的な濃度を決定し、最適化するために制御することができる依存しないことです。さらに、この技術は、その高い実験成功率とともに、迅速、安価であり、それは再現性を保証します 結果。それは卵内行われた実験に優れた補完するものとして機能していることを強調すべきです。

このプロトコルは、ニワトリ胚からの全体の網膜の外植片の準備（ 図1A-F）および培養について説明します。このプロトコルが正常にST31にST20（E3）の胚からの全体の網膜外植（E7）のために使用されています。 全網膜外植片へのDNAプラスミドのエレクトロポレーションは、網膜前駆細胞の標識および追跡のためにまたは過剰発現の異なる遺伝子産物のことが?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments at JoVE.com

Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments

このプロトコルは、解剖実験的に操作し、ニワトリ胚の培養全体の網膜外植する方法について説明します。高い成功率、有効性と再現性をエレクトロポレーションおよび/ ​​または試薬物質、 すなわち、酵素阻害剤のためのプラスミドの効果をテストするために必要な場合、外植片培養は便利です。

エレクトロポレーションおよび化学試薬の治療のための鶏胚からの全網膜の外植片

The retina is a good model for the developing central nervous system. The large size of the eye and most importantly the accessibility for experimental ...

whole-retinal-explants-from-chicken-embryos-for-electroporation

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.4K ビュー.  Uppsala University. このプロトコルは、解剖実験的に操作し、ニワトリ胚の培養全体の網膜外植する方法について説明します。高い成功率、有効性と再現性をエレクトロポレーションおよび/ ​​または試薬物質、 すなわち、酵素阻害剤のためのプラスミドの効果をテストするために必要な場合、外植片培養は便利です。 

ビデオ: Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying the biology of retinal neurons, particularly photoreceptors. The applications of this system go beyond basic research, as they can easily be adapted to high throughput technologies for drug development. However, genetic manipulation of retinal photoreceptors in these cultures has proven to be very challenging, posing an important limitation to the usefulness of the system. We have recently developed and validated an ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation technique that increases the rate of transfection of retinal cells in these cultures by five-fold compared to other currently available protocols1. In this method embryonic chick eyes are enucleated at stage 27, the RPE is removed, and the retinal cup is placed in a plasmid-containing solution and electroporated using easily constructed custom-made electrodes. The retinas are then dissociated and cultured using standard procedures. This technique can be applied to overexpression studies as well as to the downregulation of gene expression, for example via the use of plasmid-driven RNAi technology, commonly achieving transgene expression in 25% of the photoreceptor population. The video format of the present publication will make this technology easily accessible to researchers in the field, enabling the study of gene function in primary retinal cultures. We have also included detailed explanations of the critical steps of this procedure for a successful outcome and reproducibility.

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Embryonic chick retinal cell cultures constitute valuable tools for the study of photoreceptor biology. We have developed an efficient gene transfer technique based on ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation of the retinas prior to culture. This technique considerably increases transfection efficiencies over currently available protocols, making genetic manipulation feasible for this system.

初代細胞培養研究のためのひよこ網膜における効率的な遺伝子導入：<em&gt;元オボ</em&gt;エレクトロポレーションアプローチ

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

発生生物学

In Ovo Electroporations of HH Stage 10 Chicken Embryos

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of molecular biological techniques, the chick has become a useful system in which to study gene regulation and function.  By electroporating DNA or RNA constructs into the developing chicken embryo, genes can be expressed or knocked down in order to analyze in vivo gene function.  Similarly, reporter constructs can be used for fate mapping or to examine putative gene regulatory elements.  Compared to similar experiments in mouse, chick electroporation has the advantages of being quick, easy and inexpensive.  This video demonstrates first how to make a window in the eggshell to manipulate the embryo.  Next, the embryo is visualized with a dilute solution of India ink injected below the embryo.  A glass needle and pipette are used to inject DNA and Fast Green dye into the developing neural tube, then platinum electrodes are placed parallel to the embryo and short electrical pulses are administered with a pulse generator.  Finally, the egg is sealed with tape and placed back into an incubator for further development.  Additionally, the video shows proper egg storage and handling and discusses possible causes of embryo loss following electroporation.

Chick in ovo electroporation is a technique which allows genetic manipulation of the avian embryo. Common applications of this technique include functional analysis of genes and putative enhancer elements. This video demonstrates neural tube electroporation in HH 10 chick embryos. Injection technique and proper egg handling are discussed.

HHステージ10ニワトリ胚のOVOエレクトロポレーションで

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of ...

生物学

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

開発マウス網膜の in vivoエレクトロポレーションで

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

神経科学

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, depression, and dementia1-5. Thus, studying the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation could not only provide important insight into mechanisms regulating midbrain development and neural progenitor fate specification, but also help develop new therapeutic strategies for treating a variety of human neurological disorders.
Dopaminergic neurons differentiate from neural progenitors lining the ventricular zone of embryonic ventral midbrain. The development of neural progenitors is controlled by gene expression programs6,7. Here we report techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes specifically in the midbrain of Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 11 (thirteen somites, 42 hours) chick embryos8,9. The external development of chick embryos allows for convenient experimental manipulations at specific embryonic stages, with the effects determined at later developmental time points10-13. Chick embryonic neural tubes earlier than HH stage 13 (nineteen somites, 48 hours) consist of multipotent neural progenitors that are capable of differentiating into distinct cell types of the nervous system. The pCAG vector, which contains both a CMV promoter and a chick &beta;-actin enhancer, allows for robust expression of Flag or other epitope-tagged constructs in embryonic chick neural tubes14. In this report, we emphasize special measures to achieve regionally restricted gene expression in embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors, including how to inject DNA constructs specifically into the embryonic midbrain region and how to pinpoint electroporation with small custom-made electrodes. Analyzing chick midbrain at later stages provides an excellent in vivo system for plasmid vector-mediated gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies of midbrain development. Modification of the experimental system may extend the assay to other parts of the nervous system for performing fate mapping analysis and for investigating the regulation of gene expression.

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

To assess the function and the regulation of genes during the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we describe a method that involves in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA constructs into embryonic chick ventral midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors. This technique can be used to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest to study different aspects of midbrain development and dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの開発における遺伝子機能を研究するためのニワトリ中脳でのOVOエレクトロポレーションに

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

マウス網膜神経節細胞における遺伝子発現のための子宮内および生体外でのエレクトロポレーションで

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

Visualization of Tangential Cell Migration in the Developing Chick Optic Tectum

Time-lapse imaging is a powerful method to analyze migrating cell behavior. After fluorescent cell labeling, the movement of the labeled cells in culture can be recorded under video microscopy. For analyzing cell migration in the developing brain, slice culture is commonly used to observe cell migration parallel to the slice section, such as radial cell migration. However, limited information can be obtained from the slice culture method to analyze cell migration perpendicular to the slice section, such as tangential cell migration. Here, we present the protocols for time-lapse imaging to visualize tangential cell migration in the developing chick optic tectum. A combination of cell labeling by electroporation in ovo and a subsequent flat-mount culture on the cell culture insert enables detection of migrating cell movement in the horizontal plane. Moreover, our method facilitates detection of both individual cell behavior and the collective action of a group of cells in the long term. This method can potentially be applied to detect the sequential change of the fluorescent-labeled micro-structure, including the axonal elongation in the neural tissue or cell displacement in the non-neural tissue.

We describe the methods for fluorescent labeling of tangentially migrating cells by electroporation, and for time-lapse imaging of the labeled cell movement in a flat-mount culture in order to visualize migrating cell behavior in the developing chick optic tectum.

発展途上ひよこ視蓋接線細胞移動の可視化

Time-lapse imaging is a powerful method to analyze migrating cell behavior. After fluorescent cell labeling, the movement of the labeled cells in culture ...

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is comparatively very easy to manipulate the chick embryonic retina using recombinant DNA/RNA technology. Electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the embryonic retina have a great advantage to study gene regulation in retinal stem/progenitor cells during retinal development. Different type of assays such as reporter gene assay, gene over-expression, gene knock down (shRNA) etc. can be performed using the electroporation technique. This video demonstrates targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation into the embryonic chick retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). Here we show a rapid and convenient in ovo electroporation technique whereby a plasmid DNA that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker is directly delivered into the chick embryonic subretinal space and followed by electric pulses to facilitate DNA uptake by retinal stem/progenitor cells. The new method of retinal injection and electroporation at E4 allows the visualization of all retinal cell types, including the late-born neurons1, which has been difficult with the conventional method of injection and electroporation at E1.52.

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

The overall goal of this video is to show how to perform targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the chick embryonic retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). This technique is very useful to study gene expression, gene regulation, and morphological change in developing chick retina.

ニワトリ胚の網膜におけるOVOエレクトロポレーションに

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is ...

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

The chicken embryo provides an excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is a powerful method to over-express exogenous genes or down-regulate endogenous genes in vivo in chicken embryos1. Different structures such as DNA plasmids encoding genes2-4, small interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmids5, small synthetic RNA oligos6, and morpholino antisense oligonucleotides7 can be easily transfected into chicken embryos by electroporation. However, the application of in ovo electroporation is limited to embryos at early incubation stages (younger than stage HH20 - according to Hamburg and Hamilton)8 and there are some disadvantages for its application in embryos at later stages (older than stage HH22 - approximately 3.5 days of development). For example, the vitelline membrane at later stages is usually stuck to the shall membrane and opening a window in the shell causes rupture of the vessels, resulting in death of the embryos; older embryos are covered by vitelline and allantoic vessels, where it is difficult to access and manipulate the embryos; older embryos move vigorously and is difficult to control the orientation through a relatively small window in the shell.
In this protocol we demonstrate an ex ovo electroporation method for gene transfer into chicken embryos at late stages (older than stage HH22). For ex ovo electroporation, embryos are cultured in Petri dishes9 and the vitelline and allantoic vessels are widely spread. Under these conditions, the older chicken embryos are easily accessed and manipulated. Therefore, this method overcomes the disadvantages of in ovo electroporation applied to the older chicken embryos. Using this method, plasmids can be easily transfected into different parts of the older chicken embryos10-12.

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

A method of gene transfer into chicken embryos at later incubation stages (older than Hamburger and Hamilton stage (HH) 22) is described. This method overcomes disadvantages of in ovo electroporation applied to older chicken embryos and is a useful technique to study gene function and regulation at older developmental stages.

して、古いニワトリ胚への遺伝子導入<em&gt; EX OVO</em&gt;エレクトロポレーション

The chicken embryo provides an  excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during  embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is ...

Cone-Enriched Cultures from the Retina of Chicken Embryos to Study Rod to Cone Cellular Interactions

Human daytime vision relies on the function of cone photoreceptors at the center of the retina, the fovea. Patients suffering from the most prevalent form of inherited retinal degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, lose night vision because of mutation driven loss of rod photoreceptors, a phenomenon followed by a progressive loss of function and death of cones leading to blindness. Geneticists have identified many genes with mutations causing this disease, but the first mutations identified questioned the mechanisms of secondary cone degeneration and how a dominant mutation in the rhodopsin gene encoding for the visual pigment expressed exclusively in rods can trigger cone degeneration.
This result of transplantations in a genetic model of the disease led to the concept of cell interactions between rods and cones and of non-cell autonomous degeneration of cones in all genetic forms of retinitis pigmentosa.
Cones comprise 5% of all photoreceptors in humans and only 3% in the mouse, so their study is difficult in these species, but cones outnumber rods in bird species. We have adapted 96-well plates to culture retinal precursors from the retina of chicken embryos at stage 29 of their development. In these primary cultures, cones represent 80% of the cells after in vitro differentiation. The cells degenerate over a period of one week in the absence of serum. Here, we describe the methods and its standardization.
This cone-enriched culture system was used to identify the epithelium-derived cone viability factor (EdCVF) by high content screening of a rat retinal pigmented epithelium normalized cDNA library. Recombinant EdCVF prevents the degeneration of the cones.

We describe a method to obtain primary cultures of cone photoreceptors from the retina of chicken embryos and its use for high content screening.

鶏胚のレチナから、ロッドからコーン細胞相互作用を研究するコーンエンリッチ培養

Human daytime vision relies on the function of cone photoreceptors at the center of the retina, the fovea. Patients suffering from the most prevalent form ...

Loss-of-Function Approach in the Embryonic Chick Retina by Using Tol2 Transposon-Mediated Transgenic Expression of Artificial microRNAs

The chick retina has long been an important model system in developmental neurobiology, with advantages including its large size, rapid development, and accessibility for visualization and experimental manipulations. However, its major technical limitation had been the lack of robust loss-of-function approaches for gene function analyses. This protocol describes a methodology of gene silencing in the developing chick retina that involves transgenic expression of artificial microRNAs (miRNAs) by using the Tol2 transposon system. In this approach, a Tol2 transposon plasmid that contains an expression cassette for the EmGFP (emerald green fluorescent protein) marker and artificial pre-miRNA sequences against a target gene is introduced into the embryonic chick retina with a Tol2 transposase expression construct by in ovo electroporation. In the transfected retinal cells, the transposase catalyzes the excision of the expression cassette from the transposon vector and its integration into host chromosomes, leading to the stable expression of miRNAs and the EmGFP protein. In our previous study, we have demonstrated that the expression of Nel, a glycoprotein that exerts multiple functions in neural development, can be significantly suppressed in the developing chick retina by using this technique. Our results indicate that this methodology induces a stable and robust suppression of gene expression and thus provides an efficient loss-of-function approach for studies of retinal development.

We have developed a novel loss-of-function approach that involves the introduction and genomic integration of artificial micro-RNA sequences into chick embryos by using in ovo electroporation and the Tol2 transposon system. This technique provides a robust and stable gene knockdown methodology for studies of gene function during development.

Tol2トランスポゾンを介した人工マイクロRNAのトランスジェニック発現を用いたニワトリ胚網膜における機能喪失アプローチ

The chick retina has long been an important model system in developmental neurobiology, with advantages including its large size, rapid development, and ...

エレクトロポレーションおよび化学試薬の治療のための鶏胚からの全網膜の外植片

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初代細胞培養研究のためのひよこ網膜における効率的な遺伝子導入：