We are grateful to the other members of the lab for their technical assistance in developing the CSE damage assay, and their support and advice during the development of this assay. In addition, we are grateful to the Holy Cross Fenwick Scholar Committee for their support of Nicholas Cormier, and the Holy Cross College Honors program for their support of Alexander Yeo.

注：この研究では、遠位の肺組織からの肺の間葉系幹細胞（LR-MSCを）を単離のいずれかの細胞表面マーカーの発現（CD45の陰性 、CD31のNEG、SCA-1高 、のEpCAM NEG）14,15に基づいて、使用していましたアウト・成長16植片、または酵素消化17を使用 。接着LR-MSCは、高グルコース無グルタミン、15％FBS、1×抗生物質/抗真菌剤、および2mMグルタミン（以下、完全培地）を含むDMEM中で培養し、37℃、5％CO 2でインキュベートしました。 LR-MSCは移動アッセイのために、比較的均一な増殖特性を有する細胞の集団を確保するために3~4回継代しました。 コンフルエント単層の準備1 <ol><li>標準の100mm培養皿からMSCを取り外すには、37℃で予め温めておいた10mlのPBSで細胞を洗浄、PBSを吸引し、トリプシンの4ミリリットル（0.25％）を追加します。 37℃のインキュベーター中で3-5分間インキュベート。 Cを吸引5分がダウン細胞ペレットにするための円錐管にellsは、300gで完全なメディアや遠心分離機の同等のボリュームを追加します。 注：トリプシンでのより長いインキュベーションは、細胞表面受容体を変化させ、潜在的に移行に影響を与えることができます。 </li><li>培地を吸引し、新鮮な完全培地中に再懸濁細胞。トリパンブルー排除を用いて死細胞を除くと60ミリメートルの細胞培養皿上の完全培地4mlの500,000間葉系幹細胞をプレート、細胞をカウントします。 注：細胞の供給源に依存して、テストが必要な細胞の最適な数を決定する必要があるかもしれません。 </li><li>プレートは、最適な細胞の付着および増殖のための90％コンフルエント、MSCのために通常48〜72時間になるまで細胞をインキュベートします。 注：多くの足場依存性細胞は、その遊走能を変更することができる接触阻害を経験するので、100％のコンフルエンスは、推奨されません。画像解析ソフトウェアは、ギャップを解釈するので、80％未満のコンフルエンスでプレートを使用できない写真になりますスクラッチの周囲の一部として、細胞間のS（ 図1Dを参照してください ）。 </li><li>細胞が90％コンフルエンスに達した後は、アプリケーションに応じて細胞を損傷。可溶性タバコの煙抽出物（CSE）への曝露後の細胞損傷を評価するために、2分18以上の吸引ビン内の完全培地25ミリリットル1〜ケンタッキー大学の研究タバコ（3R4F）から煙を描画することにより、100％のCSEを生成します。 </li><li>完全培地中で希釈した4ミリリットル1〜4％のCSEで24時間細胞をインキュベートします。インキュベーション後、4ミリリットル新鮮な完全培地と交換する前に、暖かい滅菌PBS 4mlで細胞を2回洗浄します。 注：タバコ煙抽出物の高濃度の損なう細胞（&gt; 5％）は、実質的に合流を低減することができます。 </li></ol> 2.スクラッチの作成<ol><li>無菌環境では、損傷したMSCの60ミリメートルプレートからふたを削除し、ストレートエッジを築く（例えば滅菌済みプラスチック定規）交流ロスプレートの上部リム。メディアを削除せずに、約5mm離れてプレート全体で1個から4個の並列傷や長い50ミリメートルを作るために、無菌のストレートエッジによって導かれた無菌の200μlのピペットチップを使用しています。 注意：ストレートエッジは、顕微鏡のステージ上にあるときプレートに必要な回転の調整の量を最小限に抑えることができます。それは傷が画面上に完全に垂直（または水平）表示されることが不可欠です。 60 mmのプレートに複数の傷を生成する細胞移動を（データは示していない）に影響を与えるように微小環境を変化させないが、他の細胞タイプを考慮してもよいです。ウェルの縁の近くに増殖する細胞の変動がより顕著になり、傷の均一な世代に影響を与える可能性があるため、より小さい井戸の使用が推奨されていません。 </li><li>培地を吸引し、穏やかに傷の中心に付着する細胞を防ぐために、予め温めた完全培地2mlでプレートを洗浄し、細胞を除去するためにスクラッチによって緩めてきたの。新鮮な完全培地4mlで交換してください。 </li><li>無菌の永久的なマーカーを使用して、傷を画像化すると干渉しない位置でプレートの下に1-4からの各スクラッチラベルを付けます。 注：スクラッチ幅にばらつきがある場合もありますので、それは、同じスクラッチからの画像が前と移行後に比較することが重要です。 </li></ol> 3.スクラッチの初期画像を撮影注：スクラッチアッセイは複数のプレート上で実行されている場合、それは傷が次のプレートの上に作られています前に、単一のプレート上のすべての傷の初期画像が取られることをお勧めします。 <ol><li>分析に必要な画像を生成するカメラで倒立位相差顕微鏡を使用します。 </li><li>顕微鏡上で培養プレートを置き、スクラッチ＃1を見つけるために、低消費電力の目標（10倍）を使用します。培養プレートの蓋に結露が明確IMAGを妨害した場合細胞のeは、37℃に加熱されたステージセットを使用します。 </li><li>完全に水平方向と視野の中心にスクラッチを維持、傷の長さの90％を包含することを必要な限り多くの画像を得ます。画像間の重複がないとスクラッチの異なる部分の画像を取得します。 注：培養皿の縁で光の屈折が分析するためにそれらを不可能に、画像をover​​exposes。そのため、傷の長さの最初と最後の5％から画像を取ることはありません。 </li><li>別のフォルダに各一から画像を保存します。 </li><li>繰り返し傷2、3のための3.2から3.4、および手順4。 </li><li>すぐに最初の画像の後にインキュベーターにプレートを返します。細胞は4-7時間に移行しましょう​​。 注意：CSEで損傷したMSCを評価する際に7時間が最適です。細胞増殖は、細胞移動のための交絡変数として作用することができるので、より大きく7時間細胞をインキュベートする（オプション注以下の8.2を参照）が推奨されていません。 </li></ol><pクラス= &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 4。初期傷の画像の解析<ol><li> ImageJのをダウンロードして、創傷治癒ツールプラグインをインストール（材料/機器の表を参照）。 </li><li> ImageJの中の画像ファイルを開き、「プロセス」をクリックして、スクラッチ領域（ 図2B）を計算するためにツールを創傷治癒のためのスクラッチを周囲の細胞を強調するために「エッジを探します」。次に、「画像」、「調整」「カラーしきい値」と「しきい​​値の色」と表示されたドロップダウンメニューで値を変更する]をクリックし、「白黒」を</li><li>傷やセル前面との間の最適なコントラストが達成されるまで、「カラーしきい値」メニュー内では、両方の明るさしきい値スライダを調整します。画像のコントラストを作成しようとしたとき、最大の範囲を可能に右（完全に黒画像）に完全に底のスライダを移動し、最大コントラストを生成するためにトップのスライダーを調整します。 </li><li>ゆっくりとトップBRIを調整画像がきれいにスクラッチ（ 図2C）の輪郭が表示されるまで、左から右にghtnessスライダー。スクラッチのエッジが識別されると、スクラッチ領域を強調するために（つまり、ImageJのツールバーに表示されます）、ImageJのツールバーの「その他のツール」をクリックし、ドロップダウンメニューから「MRI_Wound_Healing_Tool」を選択し、「M」ボタンを押してくださいそして、出力結果ポップアウトウィンドウ （図2D）で計算されたエリア。 </li><li>コピーし、Excelスプレッドシートに結果画面（ 図2E）からすべての数字を貼り付けます。個々の傷からデータを分離することを確認します。 </li></ol> 5.スクラッチの最終画像を撮影<ol><li>細胞は（4-7時間）に移行した後、繰り返しは3.2から3.4を繰り返します。画像各プレート上の細胞が移動に等しい時間があったように、彼らは傷されたのと同じ順序でプレート。 注：細胞は、センシに応じて、複数の時点で撮像することができます両方の温度およびpH変化にtivity。また、ライブセルイメージングは​​、彼らが移行するとリアルタイムで細胞を追跡するために使用することができます。 </li></ol> 6.最終的なスクラッチ画像の解析<ol><li>繰り返し、最終的なスクラッチ画像の4.2から4.5を繰り返します。 </li></ol> 7.移行を定量化するためのスクラッチ領域を計算します<ol><li>それぞれの傷の初期面積値を平均することにより平均移行前の面積を計算します。 </li><li>平均移行前のエリア（ステップ7.1）から、ステップ6で算出された各画像のための最終的な移行領域を減算することによって、移行の合計金額を計算します。移行の変化を表す各スクラッチの値のリストを生成します。 </li><li>プール同じ試験群（ すなわち、全てのプレートと0％CSEに曝露された細胞上のすべての傷）内に複数の傷からのデータ。実験群間の差を分析するために分散テストの分析を使用してください。 </li><li>細胞は移行遅い場合及び（10-12時間よりも大きい）をスクラッチした後に、より長いインキュベーション時間を必要とし、細胞が遊走アッセイが発生している期間中に増殖を受けているかどうかを決定するのBrDUまたはEDU取り込みアッセイ19を実行します 。有意な細胞増殖を避けるために、遊走アッセイ時間を選択してください。 </li></ol> 8.オプション<ol><li>有意な細胞老化は、スクラッチの手順の結果として発生しているかどうかを評価するために、19に傷をつけた後、所定の時間に試験板の老化関連β-ガラクトシダーゼアッセイを行います。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

ここで説明するプロトコルは、スクラッチアッセイを実施し、分析するための定量的堅牢な、標準化された方法を提供します。単純なスクラッチアッセイは日常的に細胞の遊走を調べるために、研究のさまざまな分野で使用されています。しかし、伝統的にスクラッチアッセイは再現7,10の問題につながっている、標準化されたセットアップと定量化プロトコルを欠いていました。ス?...

細胞移動は、組織開発、修理、再生、ならびにがんの転移や動脈硬化1と病理学的過程として多くの生理学的プロセスに非常に協調的かつ不可欠です。細胞遊走の理解は、損傷を受けた組織を修復し、細胞移植技術と2グラフト人工組織などの病理学的状態を治療するために使用される新規治療薬に特に関連します。厳密に、定量化適応可能で、かつコスト効率が重要であるアッセイを用いてこれらの細胞の遊走能を定量化する、組織修復3の媒介における間葉系間質細胞（MSC）の役割現在の関心を考えます。重要なことは、このようなアッセイは、損傷後の細胞遊走能が比較的微妙な変化を検出するのに十分な感度でなければなりません。スクラッチアッセイ、トランスウェル遊走アッセイ（ボイデンCH含む細胞遊走を定量するための現在の方法は、琥珀）、マイクロピラーアレイ、および細胞排他ゾーンアッセイは再現性、カスタマイズ、定量化、および費用対効果1,4,5の制限の範囲を有します。ここで説明する最適化されたスクラッチアッセイは堅牢な成果、定量化、および画像ベースの解析機能、費用対効果、および他のアプリケーションへの適応性を示しています。 スクラッチアッセイは、種々の実験条件5下で細胞の遊走および増殖を評価するために、複数の容量で使用されてきました。アッセイは、またはそれに近い合流を完了するためにそれらを成長、指定された細胞を播種し、滅菌針またはピペットチップ6と、得られた単層を傷つけ伴います。分析は、最も一般的に、ランダムに選択された位置7-9における複数の時点にわたるスクラッチの幅を比較することによって行われます。その顕著な使用にもかかわらず、スクラッチアッセイは、再現性と定量化の問題によって混乱されます。変動でスクラッチの発生だけでなく、細胞の微小環境を変化させるだけでなく、プレート表面とその下の細胞外マトリックス5を損傷することによって細胞遊走を阻害することができます。アッセイは、しばしば12時間に7にわたって実施されている、しかし、より遅い移行と長い分析時間を表示する細胞株について、増殖が交絡変数7,10になります。最後に、スクラッチ・プロセスによって生成された老化細胞は、単層1のギャップを埋めるために必要な細胞外シグナル伝達を妨害因子を放出することができます。スクラッチアッセイの最適化は、アッセイ時間の長さを最小にし、操作中の望ましくない細胞死を防止、表面特性を妨害しない一貫したギャップの生成を必要とします。ストッパーベースのアッセイは、細胞の除外ゾーンアッセイの最適化です。このアッセイは、細胞増殖を除外ウェルの中央に配置されたストッパを利用するが、細胞が中央排除区域の周囲にメッキされることを可能にします。移行を評価するために、ストッパーを除去し、得られた排他ゾーンは、移行が発生するための表面を提供します。しかし、このアッセイは、10のカスタマイズ又は適合させることが困難であり、いくつかの用途のために、この技術はまた、法外な費用がかかることができます。 スクラッチアッセイおよびその誘導体、トランスウェル遊走アッセイ（またはボイデンチャンバーアッセイ）とは対照的に走化性剤8,11を含むチャンバ内に、微孔性ろ過膜を介して、一方のチャンバから移動する細胞の数を定量化することによって、マイグレーションを評価します、 12。多孔質膜を介した移行後、細胞は走化性薬剤に暴露された膜面に付着し、正確に定量化することは難しいことができますので、この技術は、MSCのような接着細胞のための有用性を制限しています。アッセイは、いくつかの三次元の移動パターンを検査することができるが、制限された細胞型はれる正確細胞移動の制限その有用性を定量化することができ、10。スクラッチアッセイの別の方法としては、変形し、代理として配列中に移行する細胞の能力を用いて3次元空間を介して細胞運動性を測定したマイクロピラーアレイを使用しています。 Polydimethlysiloxane（PDMS）エラストマーは、精密金型の上に硬化させ、オゾンで処理し、フィブロネクチンは、均質で非分解性微小環境を生成します。 アレイ 4 を入力する細胞の能力を測定するために、必要に応じてマイクロピラーの間隔も変化させることができます。金型は、高アスペクト比のアレイ 13の負のバージョンを作成するために、シリコンウエハの深い反応性イオンエッチングを使用して作成されます。アッセイは、そのカスタマイズによって強化されている間、移動細胞の直接可視化を介して三次元の移行、および分析をモデル化する能力は、マイクロピラーのアレイを作成する際の難しさは、経済的にその普及を妨げます。 このプロトコルで説明最適化されたスクラッチアッセイは、効率的な、COSを提供自由に利用可能なソフトウェアを用いて分析することができる一貫した傷を製造するためのT-有効な方法。代わりに、細胞移動の前後にスクラッチを介して行われる単純な幅の測定、ソフトウェアは、移行前と後の合計スクラッチ領域を決定することを可能にします。この進歩は、傷が幅測定が行われるべき場所を決定しようとしているの発行を制限し、傷の幅はそれの長さに沿って均一であるかどうか。また、細胞数、細胞の種類と合流し、細胞にダメージの程度の注意深い最適化がさらに分析を最適化するために議論されています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1143">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">DMEM (high glucose, no added glutamine)</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">31053-036</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">Fetal Bovine Serum, Thermo Scientific HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">SH3091002</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">Antibiotic/antimycotic, Thermo Scientific HyClone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">SV3007901</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:527px;">Glutamine, 200mM, Thermo Scientific HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">SH3003401</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">TypeLE cell dissociation reagent</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">12563-01</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline, Thermo Scientific HyClone&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">SH3002802</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">Falcon standard 60mm tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">08-772B</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">Fisherbrand Sterile 200ul pipet tips</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-707-502</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">Inverted light microscope with camera attachment</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Variable</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:39px;width:527px;">ImageJ software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">http://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:527px;">MRI_Wound_Healting plugin</td>
			<td style="width:221px;"><a href="http://dev.mri.cnrs.fr/projects/imagej-macros/wiki/Wound_Healing_Tool">http://dev.mri.cnrs.fr/projects/imagej-macros/wiki/Wound_Healing_Tool</a></td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:527px;">Statistical analysis software</td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Microsoft Excel</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimization of the wound scratch assay to detect changes in murine mesenchymal stromal cell migration after damage by soluble cigarette smoke extract

Cell migration is vital to many physiological and pathological processes including tissue development, repair, and regeneration, cancer metastasis, and inflammatory responses. Given the current interest in the role of mesenchymal stromal cells in mediating tissue repair, we are interested in quantifying the migratory capacity of these cells, and understanding how migratory capacity may be altered after damage. Optimization of a rigorously quantitative migration assay that is both easy to customize and cost-effective to perform is key to answering questions concerning alterations in cell migration in response to various stimuli. Current methods for quantifying cell migration, including scratch assays, trans-well migration assays (Boyden chambers), micropillar arrays, and cell exclusion zone assays, possess a range of limitations in reproducibility, customizability, quantification, and cost-effectiveness. Despite its prominent use, the scratch assay is confounded by issues with reproducibility related to damage of the cell microenvironment, impediments to cell migration, influence of neighboring senescent cells, and cell proliferation, as well as lack of rigorous quantification. The optimized scratch assay described here demonstrates robust outcomes, quantifiable and image-based analysis capabilities, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability to other applications.

ここで提示スクラッチアッセイは、マウスの肺常駐間葉系間質細胞（LR-MSCS）を使用して実施し、プロトコル・ノートで参照として単離しました。 LR-MSCは、60 mmの組織培養皿中の500,000個の細胞の密度で播種し、48時間で90％コンフルエンスまで増殖させました。損傷を生成するために、4％のCSEは、（上述の）初期播種期間後24時間が、スクラッチアッセイの前に細胞とともにインキュベートし?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimization of the Wound Scratch Assay to Detect Changes in Murine Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Migration After Damage by Soluble Cigarette Smoke Extract at JoVE

Optimization of the Wound Scratch Assay to Detect Changes in Murine Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Migration After Damage by Soluble Cigarette Smoke Extract

The capacity to migrate is a key function of many different cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). However, quantifying alterations in migratory capacity after damage is challenging. This protocol describes an easily adaptable migration assay that uses rigorous statistics to quantify changes in MSC migratory capacity after damage.

可溶性タバコの煙抽出物によって損傷した後のマウス間葉系幹細胞の移動の変化を検出するために創傷スクラッチアッセイの最適化

Cell migration is vital to many physiological and pathological processes including tissue development, repair, and regeneration, cancer metastasis, and ...

optimization-wound-scratch-assay-to-detect-changes-murine-mesenchymal

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

16.8K ビュー.  College of the Holy Cross. The capacity to migrate is a key function of many different cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). However, quantifying alterations in migratory capacity after damage is challenging. This protocol describes an easily adaptable migration assay that uses rigorous statistics to quantify changes in MSC migratory capacity after damage.

ビデオ: Optimization of the Wound Scratch Assay to Detect Changes in Murine Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Migration After Damage by Soluble Cigarette Smoke Extract

Zebrafish Keratocyte Explants to Study Collective Cell Migration and Reepithelialization in Cutaneous Wound Healing

Due to their unique motile properties, fish keratocytes dissociated from explant cultures have long been used to study the mechanisms of single cell migration. However, when explants are established, these cells also move collectively, maintaining many of the features which make individual keratocytes an attractive model to study migration: rapid rates of motility, extensive actin-rich lamellae with a perpendicular actin cable, and relatively constant speed and direction of migration. In early explants, the rapid interconversion of cells migrating individually with those migrating collectively allows the study of the role of cell-cell adhesions in determining the mode of migration, and emphasizes the molecular links between the two modes of migration. Cells in later explants lose their ability to migrate rapidly and collectively as an epithelial to mesenchymal transition occurs and genes associated with wound healing and inflammation are differentially expressed. Thus, keratocyte explants can serve as an in vitro model for the reepithelialization that occurs during cutaneous wound healing and can represent a unique system to study mechanisms of collective cell migration in the context of a defined program of gene expression changes. A variety of mutant and transgenic zebrafish lines are available, which allows explants to be established from fish with different genetic backgrounds. This allows the role of different proteins within these processes to be uniquely addressed. The protocols outlined here describe an easy and effective method for establishing these explant cultures for use in a variety of assays related to collective cell migration.

Zebrafish keratocytes migrate in cell sheets from explants and provide an in vitro model for the study of the mechanisms of collective cell migration in the context of epithelial wound healing. These protocols detail an effective way to establish primary explant cultures for use in collective cell migration assays.

ゼブラフィッシュ角膜実質外植片は皮膚創傷治癒における集団細胞の移動および再上皮化を研究するために

Due to their unique motile properties, fish keratocytes dissociated from explant cultures have long been used to study the mechanisms of single cell ...

発生生物学

Assessment of Endothelial Cell Migration After Exposure to Toxic Chemicals

Exposure to chemical substances (including alkylating chemical warfare agents like sulfur and nitrogen mustards) cause a plethora of clinical symptoms including wound healing disorder. The physiological process of wound healing is highly complex. The formation of granulation tissue is a key step in this process resulting in a preliminary wound closure and providing a network of new capillary blood vessels &#8211; either through vasculogenesis (novel formation) or angiogenesis (sprouting of existing vessels). Both vasculo- and angiogenesis require functional, directed migration of endothelial cells. Thus, investigation of early endothelial cell (EEC) migration is important to understand the pathophysiology of chemical induced wound healing disorders and to potentially identify novel strategies for therapeutic intervention.
We assessed impaired wound healing after alkylating agent exposure and tested potential candidate compounds for treatment. We used a set of techniques outlined in this protocol. A modified Boyden chamber to quantitatively investigate chemokinesis of EEC is described. Moreover, the use of the wound healing assay in combination with track analysis to qualitatively assess migration is illustrated. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the fluorescent dye TMRM for the investigation of mitochondrial membrane potential to identify underlying mechanisms of disturbed cell migration. The following protocol describes basic techniques that have been adapted for the investigation of EEC.

Investigation of early endothelial cell (EEC) migration is important to understand the pathophysiology of certain illnesses and to potentially identify novel strategies for therapeutic intervention. The following protocol describes techniques to assess cell migration that have been adapted for the investigation of EEC.

有害化学物質への曝露後の内皮細胞の遊走の評価

Exposure to chemical substances (including alkylating chemical warfare agents like sulfur and nitrogen mustards) cause a plethora of clinical symptoms ...

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is the formation of fibroblastic foci, which is associated with the disease severity. Mesenchymal cells consisting of the fibroblastic foci are proposed to be derived from several cell sources, including originally resident intrapulmonary fibroblasts and circulating fibrocytes from bone marrow. Recently, mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been also supposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In addition, EMT can be induced by transforming growth factor &#946;, and EMT can be enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor &#945;. The gel contraction assay is an ideal in vitro model for the evaluation of contractility, which is one of the characteristic functions of fibroblasts and contributes to wound repair and fibrosis. Here, the development of a gel contraction assay is demonstrated for evaluating contractile ability of mesenchymal cells that underwent EMT.

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Here, we describe the development and application of a gel contraction assay for evaluating contractile function in mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

開発<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;アッセイは、間葉細胞受けた上皮間葉移行の収縮機能を評価します

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

単離およびヒト胎盤組織由来の間葉系幹/間質細胞の増殖

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (MSC) Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via their strong adherence to tissue culture plastic and then further expanded in vitro, most commonly using fetal bovine serum (FBS). Since FBS can cause MSCs to become immunogenic, its presence in MSC cultures limits both clinical and experimental applications of the cells. Therefore, studies employing chemically defined xeno-free (XF) media for MSC cultures are extremely valuable. Many beneficial effects of MSCs have been attributed to their ability to regulate inflammation and immunity, mainly through secretion of immunomodulatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG6) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, MSCs require activation to produce these factors and since the effect of MSCs is often transient, great interest has emerged to discover ways of pre-activating the cells prior to their use, thus eliminating the lag time for activation in vivo. Here we present protocols to efficiently activate or prime MSCs in three-dimensional (3D) cultures under chemically defined XF conditions and to administer these pre-activated MSCs in vivo. Specifically, we first describe methods to generate spherical MSC micro-tissues or &#39;spheroids&#39; in hanging drops using XF medium and demonstrate how the spheres and conditioned medium (CM) can be harvested for various applications. Second, we describe gene expression screens and in vitro functional assays to rapidly assess the level of MSC activation in spheroids, emphasizing the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential of the cells. Third, we describe a novel method to inject intact MSC spheroids into the mouse peritoneal cavity for in vivo efficacy testing. Overall, the protocols herein overcome major challenges of obtaining pre-activated MSCs under chemically defined XF conditions and provide a flexible system to administer MSC spheroids for therapies.

Production and Administration of Therapeutic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell MSC Spheroids Primed in 3-D Cultures Under Xeno-free Conditions

The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) is well-documented, however the best method of preparing the cells for patients remains controversial. Herein, we communicate protocols to efficiently generate and administer therapeutic spherical aggregates or 'spheroids' of MSCs primed under xeno-free conditions for experimental and clinical applications.

異種非含有条件下での3次元培養における治療間葉系幹/間質細胞の生産と管理（MSC）スフェロイドプライム

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold great promise in bioengineering and regenerative medicine. MSCs can be isolated from multiple adult tissues via ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

ヒト臍帯及び胎児胎盤由来間葉系間質細胞の単離および特徴付け

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

A Device for Performing Cell Migration/Wound Healing in a 96-Well Plate

The cell migration/wounding assay is a commonly used method to study cell migration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. In this assay, cells are grown to form a confluent monolayer and a mechanical wound is created by scratching with a device. Then the migration rate of the cells towards the denuded area can be monitored by imaging. Our 8-channel mechanical wounder is designed to tackle most of the problems associated with the cell migration assay. Firstly, our wounder can be easily sterilized by autoclaving or with common disinfectants. Secondly, the individual adjustable pins allow even contact with the cell culture plate so that sharp and reproducible wounds can be created. Thirdly, the guiding bars on both sides of the wounder ensure consistent wounding position in each well. The use of disposable plastic pipette tips for wounding can further provide better handling of the wounder as well as to minimize cross-contamination. In conclusion, our cell wounder can provide researchers with a user friendly and reproducible device for performing the cell migration assay using the standard 96-well culture plate.

Here, we present a protocol to perform a semi-high throughput cell migration assay on a 96-well cell culture plate. This protocol is a fast, simple and economical method to create consistent scratch wounds on a cell monolayer.

96ウェルプレートに細胞遊走/創傷治癒を行う装置

The cell migration/wounding assay is a commonly used method to study cell migration and other biological processes, such as angiogenesis and tumor ...

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global DNA methylation level of chondrocytes is considered to be a suitable biomarker for the loss of the chondrocyte phenotype. However, results based on different experimental methods can be inconsistent. Therefore, it is important to establish a precise, simple, and rapid method to quantify global DNA methylation levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation.
Current genome-wide methylation analysis techniques largely rely on bisulfite genomic sequencing. Due to DNA degradation during bisulfite conversion, these methods typically require a large sample volume. Other methods used to quantify global DNA methylation levels include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). However, HPLC requires complete digestion of genomic DNA. Additionally, the prohibitively high cost of HPLC instruments limits HPLC&#39;s wider application.
In this study, genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from human chondrocytes cultured with varying number of passages. The gDNA methylation level was detected using a methylation-specific dot blot assay. In this dot blot approach, a gDNA mixture containing the methylated DNA to be detected was spotted directly onto an N+ membrane as a dot inside a previously drawn circular template pattern. Compared with other gel electrophoresis-based blotting approaches and other complex blotting procedures, the dot blot method saves significant time. In addition, dot blots can detect overall DNA methylation level using a commercially available 5-mC antibody. We found that the DNA methylation level differed between the monolayer subcultures, and therefore could play a key role in chondrocyte dedifferentiation. The 5-mC dot blot is a reliable, simple, and rapid method to detect the general DNA methylation level to evaluate chondrocyte phenotype.

A 5-mC Dot Blot Assay Quantifying the DNA Methylation Level of Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro

We present a method to quantify DNA methylation based on the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) dot blot. We determined the 5-mC levels during chondrocyte dedifferentiation. This simple technique could be used to quickly determine the chondrocyte phenotype in ACI treatment.

軟骨細胞分化のDNAメチル化レベルを定量化する5-mCドットブロットアッセイ<em&gt;インビトロ</em

The dedifferentiation of hyaline chondrocytes into fibroblastic chondrocytes often accompanies monolayer expansion of chondrocytes in vitro. The global ...

The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature maintenance and pathological malformations can result in severe ischemic diseases, while overly abundant vascular development is associated with cancer and inflammatory disorders. A promising form of pro-angiogenic therapy is the use of angiogenic cell sources, which can provide regulatory factors as well as physical support for newly developing vasculature.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are extensively investigated candidates for vascular regeneration due to their paracrine effects and their ability to detect and home to ischemic or inflamed tissues. In particular, first trimester human umbilical cord perivascular cells (FTM HUCPVCs) are a highly promising candidate due to their pericyte-like properties, high proliferative and multilineage potential, immune-privileged properties, and robust paracrine profile. To effectively evaluate potentially angiogenic regenerative cells, it is a requisite to test them in reliable and &#34;translatable&#34; pre-clinical assays. The aortic ring assay is an ex vivo angiogenesis model that allows for easy quantification of tubular endothelial structures, provides accessory supportive cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) from the host, excludes inflammatory components, and is fast and inexpensive to set up. This is advantageous when compared to in vivo models (e.g., corneal assay, Matrigel plug assay); the aortic ring assay can track the administered cells and observe intercellular interactions while avoiding xeno-immune rejection.
We present a protocol for a novel application of the aortic ring assay, which includes human MSCs in co-cultures with developing rat aortic endothelial networks. This assay allows for the analysis of the MSC contribution to tube formation and development through physical pericyte-like interactions and of their potency for actively migrating to sites of angiogenesis, and for evaluating their ability to perform and mediate ECM processing. This protocol provides further information on changes in MSC phenotype and gene expression following co-culture.

The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Here, we present a novel application of the aortic ring assay where prelabelled mesenchymal cells are co-cultured with rat aorta-derived endothelial networks. This novel method allows visualization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) homing and integration with endothelial networks, quantification of network properties, and evaluation of MSC immunophenotypes and gene expression.

大動脈リング共培養アッセイ:体外間葉系間質細胞の血管新生の可能性を評価するために便利なツール

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature ...

Visualization of Tangential Cell Migration in the Developing Chick Optic Tectum

Time-lapse imaging is a powerful method to analyze migrating cell behavior. After fluorescent cell labeling, the movement of the labeled cells in culture can be recorded under video microscopy. For analyzing cell migration in the developing brain, slice culture is commonly used to observe cell migration parallel to the slice section, such as radial cell migration. However, limited information can be obtained from the slice culture method to analyze cell migration perpendicular to the slice section, such as tangential cell migration. Here, we present the protocols for time-lapse imaging to visualize tangential cell migration in the developing chick optic tectum. A combination of cell labeling by electroporation in ovo and a subsequent flat-mount culture on the cell culture insert enables detection of migrating cell movement in the horizontal plane. Moreover, our method facilitates detection of both individual cell behavior and the collective action of a group of cells in the long term. This method can potentially be applied to detect the sequential change of the fluorescent-labeled micro-structure, including the axonal elongation in the neural tissue or cell displacement in the non-neural tissue.

We describe the methods for fluorescent labeling of tangentially migrating cells by electroporation, and for time-lapse imaging of the labeled cell movement in a flat-mount culture in order to visualize migrating cell behavior in the developing chick optic tectum.

発展途上ひよこ視蓋接線細胞移動の可視化

Time-lapse imaging is a powerful method to analyze migrating cell behavior. After fluorescent cell labeling, the movement of the labeled cells in culture ...