This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (P41-EB015903, R21EY023043, K25EB015885), National Science of Foundation (CBET-0853773) and Human Frontier Science Program (Young Investigator Grant).

<ol>
	<li>Brillouin, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+de+la+lumiere+et+des+rayonnes+X+par+un+corps+transparent+homogene;+influence+del'agitation+thermique.">Diffusion de la lumiere et des rayonnes X par un corps transparent homogene; influence del'agitation thermique.</a> Ann. Phys. (Paris) . 17, 88-122 (1922).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multistage+VIPA+etalons+for+high-extinction+parallel+Brillouin+spectroscopy.">Multistage VIPA etalons for high-extinction parallel Brillouin spectroscopy.</a> Opt. Exp. 19 (11), 10913-10922 (2011).</li><li>Scarcelli, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+Brillouin+microscopy+for+three-dimensional+mechanical+imaging.">Confocal Brillouin microscopy for three-dimensional mechanical imaging.</a> Nat. Phot. 2 (1), 39-43 (2008).</li><li>Nichols, A. J., Evans, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Video-rate+Scanning+Confocal+Microscopy+and+Microendoscopy.">Video-rate Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Microendoscopy.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (56), e3252 (2011).</li><li>Steelman, Z., Meng, Z., Traverso, A. J., Yakovlev, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brillouin+spectroscopy+as+a+new+method+of+screening+for+increased+CSF+total+protein+during+bacterial+meningitis.">Brillouin spectroscopy as a new method of screening for increased CSF total protein during bacterial meningitis.</a> J. Biophoton. 8 (5), 1-7 (2014).</li><li>Koski, K. J., Yarger, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brillouin+imaging.">Brillouin imaging.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 (6), 061903 (2005).</li><li>Faris, G. W., Jusinski, L. E., Hickman, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+stimulated+Brillouin+gain+spectroscopy+in+glasses+and+crystals.">High-resolution stimulated Brillouin gain spectroscopy in glasses and crystals.</a> J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 10 (4), 587-599 (1993).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Brillouin+optical+microscopy+of+the+human+eye.">In vivo Brillouin optical microscopy of the human eye.</a> Opt. Exp. 20 (8), 9197-9202 (2012).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Besner, S., Pineda, R., Kalout, P., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Biomechanical+Mapping+of+Normal+and+Keratoconus+Corneas.">In Vivo Biomechanical Mapping of Normal and Keratoconus Corneas.</a> Jama Ophtalmol. , (2015).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Kim, P., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=+In+Vivo+Measurement+of+Age-Related+Stiffening+in+the+Crystalline+Lens+by+Brillouin+Optical+Microscopy."> In Vivo Measurement of Age-Related Stiffening in the Crystalline Lens by Brillouin Optical Microscopy.</a> Biophys. J. 101 (6), 1539-1545 (2011).</li><li>Antonacci, G., Foreman, M. R., Paterson, C., T&#246;r&#246;k, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+broadening+in+Brillouin+imaging.">Spectral broadening in Brillouin imaging.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 (22), 221105 (2013).</li><li>Meng, Z., Traverso, A. J., Yakovlev, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Background+clean-up+in+Brillouin+microspectroscopy+of+scattering+medium.">Background clean-up in Brillouin microspectroscopy of scattering medium.</a> Opt. Exp. 22 (5), 5410-5415 (2014).</li><li>Reiss, S., Burau, G., Stachs, O., Guthoff, R., Stolz, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatially+resolved+Brillouin+spectroscopy+to+determine+the+rheological+properties+of+the+eye+lens.">Spatially resolved Brillouin spectroscopy to determine the rheological properties of the eye lens.</a> Biomed. Opt. Exp. 2 (8), 2144-2159 (2011).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Kling, S., Quijano, E., Pineda, R., Marcos, S., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brillouin+microscopy+of+collagen+crosslinking:+noncontact+depth-dependent+analysis+of+corneal+elastic+modulus.">Brillouin microscopy of collagen crosslinking: noncontact depth-dependent analysis of corneal elastic modulus.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54 (2), 1418-1425 (2013).</li></ol>

Giuliano Scarcelli and Seok H. Yun hold patents related to Brillouin spectroscopy technology.

この分光計の構成の重要な設計上の特徴は、二つのステージが独立して整列させることができるということです。各段階からのスペクトルパターンは、CCDカメラ上に結像されるように、1イメージングシステム：VIPAエタロンは、光路の外にスライドさせると、分光計ステージの残りのレンズは、1を形成します。したがって、他のステージの配置に影響を与えることなく、その性能を向上させ?...

最初の1922年にレオンブリルアン1で説明したブリルアン散乱は、固体及び液体や気体の熱密度の変動からの熱音響モードからの光の非弾性散乱です。通常、サブGHzの範囲で散乱光のスペクトルシフトは、入射光と、試料中の音響フォノンとの相互作用に関する情報を提供します。結果として、それが検査材料の粘弾性特性に関する有用な情報を提供することができます。 その自発的なバージョンでは、ブリルアン散乱は、一般的に非常に弱い信号を生じる、ラマン散乱のために、断面を有しています。また、ブリルアン周波数シフトは、ラマンシフトよりも小さい大きさのオーダーです。その結果、弾性（レイリーやミー散乱からの）散乱光、迷光、およびサンプルのオフ後方反射は、すべて簡単にブリルアンスペクトル特性を曇らせることができます。したがって、、ブリルアン分光計は、サブGHzのスペクトル分解能も高いスペクトルコントラストや絶滅を達成するだけでなく、必要があります。 伝統的なブリルアン分光器では、これらの要件は、最も一般走査格子モノクロメータ、光ビーティング法、および、マルチパススキャニングファブリペロー干渉計2によって満たされます。これらの方法は、各スペクトル成分を順次測定します。このアプローチは、機器上で、サンプルに応じて、数分から数時間に及ぶ単一のブリルアンスペクトルを取得時間につながります。二段VIPA分析計、このプロトコルを使用して構築され、効果的に他のスプリアス信号2を抑制するために十分な消光（&gt; 60 dB）を提供しながら秒未満内のスペクトル成分のすべてを収集する能力を有します。 VIPAエタロンの統合は、この分光計の重要な要素です。 VIPAは、3つの異なるCと固体エタロンであります浮動領域は：表面の残りの部分は、高反射性（HR）コーティングを備えていながら、前面には、狭い反射防止コーティングストリップは、光がVIPAを入力することができます。裏面に、部分的に反射コーティングは、光の小さな部分（約5％）が送信されることを可能にします。少し傾いVIPAの狭い入り口上に集光すると、光ビームは、VIPA 2内の固定位相差でサブコンポーネントに反映されます。サブコンポーネント間の干渉が熱望高いスペクトル分散を実現しています。交差軸構成で順次2 VIPAsを整列させること直交方向3のスペクトル分散を紹介します。直交する方向のスペクトル分散は、空間的にのみブリルアン信号をピックアップすることが可能となり、不要なクロストークからブリルアンピークを分離します。1ディスプレイを2段VIPA分光計の模式図 。光学素子の下にある矢印は、度を示します並進ステージが指向されるべき自由のREE。 <img alt="図1" class="jove_content" p="" src="/files/ftp_upload/53468/53468fig1.jpg" /> 図1.インストゥルメンタルセットアップ。光ファイバは、分光計にブリルアン散乱を提供しています。円柱レンズC1（F = 200ミリメートル）は、第一VIPA（VIPA1）の入り口に光を集光します。別のシリンドリカルレンズC2（F = 200ミリメートル）はC2の焦点面で空間的に分離するにスペクトル角度分散をマッピングします。この面では、垂直マスクは、スペクトルの所望の部分を選択するために使用されます。類似の構成は、90度に傾け、次の。ビームは球面レンズS1（F = 200ミリメートル）を通過し、第二VIPA（VIPA2）の入射スリットに集光されます。球面レンズS2（F = 200 mm）を、別の水平方向のマスクが配置され、その焦点面、2次元スペクトル分離パターンを作成します。 HORizontalマスクは色消しレンズ対を用いEMCCDカメラ上に結像される。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53468/53468fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> いくつかの光学コースと基本的な位置合わせの経験を持つ学部学生は、この二段階の分光器を構築し、使用することができるはずです。分光計は、最近、標準的な光学プローブ3,4,5（例えば、共焦点顕微鏡、内視鏡、細隙灯検眼鏡）の様々な互換性のあることが示されています。ここで、分光器は、共焦点顕微鏡に接続されています。レーザ光を90:10ビームスプリッタを統合した後、標準的な研究システム倒立顕微鏡に整列されます。サンプルからの後方散乱光は、共焦点顕微鏡を作る、単一モード光ファイバに結合されます。

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high speed sub-ghz spectrometer for brillouin scattering analysis

このプロトコルの目的は、並列高絶滅と高解像度光学ブリルアン分光計を構築することです。ブリルアン分光法は、粘弾性材料特性の直接読み出しを得るために使用することができる非接触測定方法です。これは、材料特性評価、構造的なモニタリングと環境センシングに有用なツールとなっています。過去には、ブリルアン分光法は、通常、スペクトル解析を実行するためのスキャンファブリペローエタロンを用いています。このプロセスは、生物医学的用途に適さない技術を作り、高い照射パワーと長い取得時間を必要とします。最近導入された新規な分光計は、交差軸構成の2つのVIPAsを用いることにより、この課題を克服します。この技術革新は、生体組織の安全限界内のサブ第2の取得時間と照明電力でサブGHz（ギガヘルツ）の分解能スペクトル解析を可能にします。この改良することによって容易に複数の新しいアプリケーションは、Cuですrrently生物学的研究および臨床応用で検討されています。

<html> 図3は、代表的なブリルアンスペクトルと異なる材料のための彼らのフィットを示しています。 VIPAs両方が約20ギガヘルツのFSRになり5mmの厚さを有します。これらの測定のための積分時間は100ミリ秒でした。 100測定値を採取し、平均しました。 1つの較正測定は、スペクトルを取得する前に採取しました。 <img alt="図3" src="/files...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis at JoVE.com

High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

ここでは、迅速なブリルアン分光計を構築するためのプロトコルを提示します。事実上、画像化された位相配列をカスケード（VIPA）エタロンは、1,000以上の倍高速伝統的なスキャニングファブリペロー分光計より測定速度を実現。この改善は 、インビボで、低電力レベルで組織と生体材料のブリルアン分析のための手段を提供します。

ブリルアン散乱分析用高速サブGHzの分光

The goal of this protocol is to build a parallel high-extinction and high-resolution optical Brillouin spectrometer. Brillouin spectroscopy is a ...

high-speed-sub-ghz-spectrometer-for-brillouin-scattering-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

14.9K ビュー.  University of Maryland. ここでは、迅速なブリルアン分光計を構築するためのプロトコルを提示します。事実上、画像化された位相配列をカスケード（VIPA）エタロンは、1,000以上の倍高速伝統的なスキャニングファブリペロー分光計より測定速度を実現。この改善は 、インビボで、低電力レベルで組織と生体材料のブリルアン分析のための手段を提供します。 

ビデオ: High Speed Sub-GHz Spectrometer for Brillouin Scattering Analysis

Polymer Microarrays for High Throughput Discovery of Biomaterials

The discovery of novel biomaterials that are optimized for a specific biological application is readily achieved using polymer microarrays, which allows a combinatorial library of materials to be screened in a parallel, high throughput format1. Herein is described the formation and characterization of a polymer microarray using an on-chip photopolymerization technique 2. This involves mixing monomers at varied ratios to produce a library of monomer solutions, transferring the solution to a glass slide format using a robotic printing device and curing with UV irradiation. This format is readily amenable to many biological assays, including stem cell attachment and proliferation, cell sorting and low bacterial adhesion, allowing the ready identification of 'hit' materials that fulfill a specific biological criterion3-5. Furthermore, the use of high throughput surface characterization (HTSC) allows the biological performance to be correlated with physio-chemical properties, hence elucidating the biological-material interaction6. HTSC makes use of water contact angle (WCA) measurements, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). In particular, ToF-SIMS provides a chemically rich analysis of the sample that can be used to correlate the cell response with a molecular moiety. In some cases, the biological performance can be predicted from the ToF-SIMS spectra, demonstrating the chemical dependence of a biological-material interaction, and informing the development of hit materials5,3.

A description of the formation of a polymer microarray using an on-chip photopolymerization technique. The high throughput surface characterization using atomic force microscopy, water contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and a cell attachment assay is also described.

バイオマテリアルのハイスループット検出用高分子マイクロアレイ

The discovery of novel biomaterials that are optimized for a specific biological application is readily achieved using polymer microarrays, which allows a ...

生物工学

Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a technology for regenerative medicine2. Unlike viruses, which have significant safety issues, polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be non-toxic, non-immunogenic, non-mutagenic, easier to synthesize, chemically versatile, capable of carrying larger nucleic acid cargo and biodegradable and/or environmentally responsive. Cationic polymers self-assemble with negatively charged DNA via electrostatic interaction to form complexes on the order of 100 nm that are commonly termed polymeric nanoparticles. Examples of biomaterials used to form nanoscale polycationic gene delivery nanoparticles include polylysine, polyphosphoesters, poly(amidoamines)s and polyethylenimine (PEI), which is a non-degradable off-the-shelf cationic polymer commonly used for nucleic acid delivery1,3 . Poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are a newer class of cationic polymers4 that are hydrolytically degradable5,6 and have been shown to be effective at gene delivery to hard-to-transfect cell types such as human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs)7, mouse mammary epithelial cells8, human brain cancer cells9 and macrovascular (human umbilical vein, HUVECs) endothelial cells10.
A new protocol to characterize polymeric nanoparticles utilizing nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) is described. In this approach, both the particle size distribution and the distribution of the number of plasmids per particle are obtained11. In addition, a high-throughput 96-well plate transfection assay for rapid screening of the transfection efficacy of polymeric nanoparticles is presented. In this protocol, poly(beta-amino ester)s (PBAEs) are used as model polymers and human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) are used as model human cells. This protocol can be easily adapted to evaluate any polymeric nanoparticle and any cell type of interest in a multi-well plate format.

A protocol for nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and high-throughput flow cytometry to evaluate polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles is described. NTA is utilized to characterize the nanoparticle particle size distribution and the plasmid per particle distribution. High-throughput flow cytometry enables quantitative transfection efficacy evaluation for a library of gene delivery biomaterials.

ナノ粒子トラッキング分析とハイスループットフローサイトメトリーによる高分子遺伝子デリバリーナノ粒子の評価

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a ...

Self-reporting Scaffolds for 3-Dimensional Cell Culture

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting 3D cellular construct can often be more relevant to studying the molecular events and cell-cell interactions than similar experiments studied in 2D. To create effective 3D cultures with high cell viability throughout the scaffold the culture conditions such as oxygen and pH need to be carefully controlled as gradients in analyte concentration can exist throughout the 3D construct. Here we describe the methods of preparing biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors and their incorporation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds along with their subsequent preparation for the culture of mammalian cells. The pH responsive scaffolds can be used as tools to determine microenvironmental pH within a 3D cellular construct. Furthermore, we detail the delivery of pH responsive nanosensors to the intracellular environment of mammalian cells whose growth was supported by electrospun PLGA scaffolds. The cytoplasmic location of the pH responsive nanosensors can be utilized to monitor intracellular pH (pHi) during ongoing experimentation.

Biocompatible pH responsive sol-gel nanosensors can be incorporated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) electrospun scaffolds. The produced self-reporting scaffolds can be used for in&#160;situ monitoring of microenvironmental conditions whilst culturing cells upon the scaffold. This is beneficial as the 3D cellular construct can be monitored in real-time without disturbing the experiment.

3次元細胞培養のための自己申告足場

Culturing cells in 3D on appropriate scaffolds is thought to better mimic the in vivo microenvironment and increase cell-cell interactions. The resulting ...

High-resolution Spatiotemporal Analysis of Receptor Dynamics by Single-molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

Single-molecule microscopy is emerging as a powerful approach to analyze the behavior of signaling molecules, in particular concerning those aspect (e.g., kinetics, coexistence of different states and populations, transient interactions), which are typically hidden in ensemble measurements, such as those obtained with standard biochemical or microscopy methods. Thus, dynamic events, such as receptor-receptor interactions, can be followed in real time in a living cell with high spatiotemporal resolution. This protocol describes a method based on labeling with small and bright organic fluorophores and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to directly visualize single receptors on the surface of living cells. This approach allows one to precisely localize receptors, measure the size of receptor complexes, and capture dynamic events such as transient receptor-receptor interactions. The protocol provides a detailed description of how to perform a single-molecule experiment, including sample preparation, image acquisition and image analysis. As an example, the application of this method to analyze two G-protein-coupled receptors, i.e., &#946;2-adrenergic and &#947;-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor, is reported. The protocol can be adapted to other membrane proteins and different cell models, transfection methods and labeling strategies.

This protocol describes how to use total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy to visualize and track single receptors on the surface of living cells and thereby analyze receptor lateral mobility, size of receptor complexes as well as to visualize transient receptor-receptor interactions. This protocol can be extended to other membrane proteins.

単一分子蛍光顕微鏡による受容体ダイナミクスの高分解能時空間解析

Single-molecule microscopy is emerging as a powerful approach to analyze the behavior of signaling molecules, in particular concerning those aspect (e.g., ...

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

Optical super-resolution imaging with structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a key technology for the visualization of processes at the molecular level in the chemical and biomedical sciences. Although commercial SIM systems are available, systems that are custom designed in the laboratory can outperform commercial systems, the latter typically designed for ease of use and general purpose applications, both in terms of imaging fidelity and speed. This article presents an in-depth guide to building a SIM system that uses total internal reflection (TIR) illumination and is capable of imaging at up to 10 Hz in three colors at a resolution reaching 100 nm. Due to the combination of SIM and TIRF, the system provides better image contrast than rival technologies. To achieve these specifications, several optical elements are used to enable automated control over the polarization state and spatial structure of the illumination light for all available excitation wavelengths. Full details on hardware implementation and control are given to achieve synchronization between excitation light pattern generation, wavelength, polarization state, and camera control with an emphasis on achieving maximum acquisition frame rate. A step-by-step protocol for system alignment and calibration is presented and the achievable resolution improvement is validated on ideal test samples. The capability for video-rate super-resolution imaging is demonstrated with living cells.

This article provides an in depth guide for the assembly and operation of a structured illumination microscope operating with total internal reflection fluorescence illumination (TIRF-SIM) to image dynamic biological processes with optical super-resolution in multiple colors.

複数の色で高速構造化照明TIRF顕微鏡のガイド

Optical super-resolution imaging with structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a key technology for the visualization of processes at the molecular ...

Preparation of Extracellular Matrix Protein Fibers for Brillouin Spectroscopy

Brillouin spectroscopy is an emerging technique in the biomedical field. It probes the mechanical properties of a sample through the interaction of visible light with thermally induced acoustic waves or phonons propagating at a speed of a few km/sec. Information on the elasticity and structure of the material is obtained in a nondestructive contactless manner, hence opening the way to in vivo applications and potential diagnosis of pathology. This work describes the application of Brillouin spectroscopy to the study of biomechanics in elastin and trypsin-digested type I collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix. Fibrous proteins of the extracellular matrix are the building blocks of biological tissues and investigating their mechanical and physical behavior is key to establishing structure-function relationships in normal tissues and the changes which occur in disease. The procedures of sample preparation followed by measurement of Brillouin spectra using a reflective substrate are presented together with details of the optical system and methods of spectral data analysis.

We present a protocol for the application of Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy to elastin and trypsin-purified type I collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix to extract their full elastic properties.

ブリルアン分光法のための細胞外マトリックスのタンパク質繊維の調製

Brillouin spectroscopy is an emerging technique in the biomedical field. It probes the mechanical properties of a sample through the interaction of ...

A High-throughput Cell Microarray Platform for Correlative Analysis of Cell Differentiation and Traction Forces

Microfabricated cellular microarrays, which consist of contact-printed combinations of biomolecules on an elastic hydrogel surface, provide a tightly controlled, high-throughput engineered system for measuring the impact of arrayed biochemical signals on cell differentiation. Recent efforts using cell microarrays have demonstrated their utility for combinatorial studies in which many microenvironmental factors are presented in parallel. However, these efforts have focused primarily on investigating the effects of biochemical cues on cell responses. Here, we present a cell microarray platform with tunable material properties for evaluating both cell differentiation by immunofluorescence and biomechanical cell&#8211;substrate interactions by traction force microscopy. To do so, we have developed two different formats utilizing polyacrylamide hydrogels of varying Young&#39;s modulus fabricated on either microscope slides or glass-bottom Petri dishes. We provide best practices and troubleshooting for the fabrication of microarrays on these hydrogel substrates, the subsequent cell culture on microarrays, and the acquisition of data. This platform is well-suited for use in investigations of biological processes for which both biochemical (e.g., extracellular matrix composition) and biophysical (e.g., substrate stiffness) cues may play significant, intersecting roles.

Cell differentiation is regulated by a host of microenvironmental factors, including both matrix composition and substrate material properties. We describe here a technique utilizing cell microarrays in conjunction with traction force microscopy to evaluate both cell differentiation and biomechanical cell&#8211;substrate interactions as a function of microenvironmental context.

細胞の分化やトラクション軍の相関的分析のためのハイスループット細胞マイクロアレイプラットフォーム

Microfabricated cellular microarrays, which consist of contact-printed combinations of biomolecules on an elastic hydrogel surface, provide a tightly ...

Using Nanoplasmon-Enhanced Scattering and Low-Magnification Microscope Imaging to Quantify Tumor-Derived Exosomes

Infected or malignant cells frequently secrete more exosomes, leading to elevated levels of disease-associated exosomes in the circulation. These exosomes have the potential to serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and to monitor disease progression and treatment response. However, most exosome analysis procedures require exosome isolation and purification steps, which are usually time-consuming and labor-intensive, and thus of limited utility in clinical settings. This report describes a rapid procedure to analyze specific biomarkers on the outer membrane of exosomes without requiring separate isolation and purification steps. In this method, exosomes are captured on the surface of a slide by exosome-specific antibodies and then hybridized with nanoparticle-conjugated antibody probes specific to a disease. After hybridization, the abundance of the target exosome population is determined by analyzing low-magnification dark-field microscope (LMDFM) images of the bound nanoparticles. This approach can be easily adopted for research and clinical use to analyze membrane-associated exosome biomarkers linked to disease.

Clinical translation of exosome-derived biomarkers for diseased and malignant cells is hindered by the lack of rapid and accurate quantification methods. This report describes the use of low-magnification dark-field microscope images to quantify specific exosome subtypes in small volume serum or plasma samples.

Nanoplasmon の散乱と低倍率の顕微鏡イメージングによる腫瘍由来エキソソームの定量化

Infected or malignant cells frequently secrete more exosomes, leading to elevated levels of disease-associated exosomes in the circulation. These exosomes ...

Implementation of Interference Reflection Microscopy for Label-free, High-speed Imaging of Microtubules

There are several methods for visualizing purified biomolecules near surfaces. Total-internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a commonly used method, but has the drawback that it requires fluorescent labeling, which can interfere with the activity of the molecules. Also, photobleaching and photodamage are concerns. In the case of microtubules, we have found that images of similar quality to TIRF can be obtained using interference reflection microscopy (IRM). This suggests that IRM might be a general technique for visualizing the dynamics of large biomolecules and oligomers in vitro. In this paper, we show how a fluorescence microscope can be modified simply to obtain IRM images. IRM is easier and considerably cheaper to implement than other contrast techniques such as differential interference contrast microcopy or interferometric scattering microscopy. It is also less susceptible to surface defects and solution impurities than darkfield microscopy. Using IRM, together with the image analysis software described in this paper, the field of view and the frame rate is limited only by the camera; with a sCMOS camera and&#160;wide-field&#160;illumination&#160;microtubule length can be measured with precision up to 20 nm with a bandwidth of 10 Hz.&#160;

This protocol is a guide for implementing interference reflection microscopy on a standard fluorescence microscope for label-free, high-contrast, high-speed imaging of microtubules using in vitro surfaces assays.

微小管のラベルフリー高速イメージングのための干渉反射顕微鏡の実装

There are several methods for visualizing purified biomolecules near surfaces. Total-internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy is a commonly used ...

Substructure Analyzer: A User-Friendly Workflow for Rapid Exploration and Accurate Analysis of Cellular Bodies in Fluorescence Microscopy Images

The last decade has been characterized by breakthroughs in fluorescence microscopy techniques illustrated by spatial resolution improvement but also in live-cell imaging and high-throughput microscopy techniques. This led to a constant increase in the amount and complexity of the microscopy data for a single experiment. Because manual analysis of microscopy data is very time consuming, subjective, and prohibits quantitative analyses, automation of bioimage analysis is becoming almost unavoidable. We built an informatics workflow called Substructure Analyzer to fully automate signal analysis in bioimages from fluorescent microscopy. This workflow is developed on the user-friendly open-source platform Icy and is completed by functionalities from ImageJ. It includes the pre-processing of images to improve the signal to noise ratio, the individual segmentation of cells (detection of cell boundaries) and the detection/quantification of cell bodies enriched in specific cell compartments. The main advantage of this workflow is to propose complex bio-imaging functionalities to users without image analysis expertise through a user-friendly interface. Moreover, it is highly modular and adapted to several issues from the characterization of nuclear/cytoplasmic translocation to the comparative analysis of different cell bodies in different cellular sub-structures. The functionality of this workflow is illustrated through the study of the Cajal (coiled) Bodies under oxidative stress (OS) conditions. Data from fluorescence microscopy show that their integrity in human cells is impacted a few hours after the induction of OS. This effect is characterized by a decrease of coilin nucleation into characteristic Cajal Bodies, associated with a nucleoplasmic redistribution of coilin into an increased number of smaller foci. The central role of coilin in the exchange between CB components and the surrounding nucleoplasm suggests that OS induced redistribution of coilin could affect the composition and the functionality of Cajal Bodies.

We present a freely available workflow built for rapid exploration and accurate analysis of cellular bodies in specific cell compartments in fluorescence microscopy images. This user-friendly workflow is designed on the open-source software Icy and also uses ImageJ functionalities. The pipeline is affordable without knowledge in image analysis.

サブ構造アナライザー:蛍光顕微鏡画像における細胞体の迅速な探査と正確な分析のためのユーザフレンドリーなワークフロー

The last decade has been characterized by breakthroughs in fluorescence microscopy techniques illustrated by spatial resolution improvement but also in ...