This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NHLBI) [Grant no. HL114869] and the support from UTHSC to SM.

倫理の声明：このビデオ資料に記載されたすべての動物の手順を見直し、テネシー健康科学センターの大学の動物実験委員会（IACUC）によって承認されました。 注：外科的処置を通して無菌の顕微手術器具を使用してください。外科用器具は、1,500°F（815.6°C）の最適な殺菌温度で赤外線殺菌を利用して滅菌することができます。テレメータを再利用することができるが、動物に挿入する前に、製造業者の指示に従って、全体の送信機を殺菌し、カテーテルの先端は、メーカーが提供する特殊なゲルを補充されたことにしてください。 1.実験動物<ol><li>実行されるすべての実験のためのIACUCの承認を得ます。制度的IACUCとの協議は非常にこの手順後の術後の鎮痛剤使用のための要件に関する推奨します。 </li><li> （c）に動物を飼います食料と水に自由にアクセスで、21℃、相対湿度60％、周囲温度と12時間の明暗サイクルを持つlimateを制御した部屋。 注：マウス本体は、テレメトリプローブ（×2センチ近似的直径1cm）を収容しなければならないので、20 g以上の重マウスを使用することが好ましいです。 </li></ol> 2.麻酔や手術の準備<ol><li>精密スケールを用いてマウスを計量し、その重量を記録します。静かに静かに動物を処理することを確認します。 </li><li>誘導室に動物を置き、それを閉じます。 0.5 L / minで酸素流量を設定し、4でイソフルラン濃度を設定 - 5％。 </li><li> 37°C - マウスが意識を失うと、36で維持ボディ温暖化プレートの上に置きます。 2％イソフルランがセットされたノーズコーンを介して麻酔を維持する（0.5 L /分に流量を維持します）。 </li><li>首とトンの後ろから髪を除去することにより、操作領域を準備します彼脱毛クリームを適用することにより、首の腹側面。 </li><li> 70％イソプロピルアルコールで交互に手術用ス​​クラブ（ベータダイン液）の3アプリケーションとの切開部位を扱います。 </li></ol> 3.手術<ol><li>仰臥位でマウスを置きます。足をつまんで反射神経をチェックし、応答がないまで、麻酔を調整します。メスでマウスの首下約1 cmの正中切開を行います。カットの左側には慎重に下にある結合組織から皮膚を分離することにより、皮下スペースを作成します。 </li><li>マウスを裏返して、肩甲骨の後ろに背左側に約1.5 cmで皮膚切開を作るためにメスを使用しています。デバイスを収容するのに十分な大きさの動物の脇腹に沿って皮下ポケットを作成します。ポケットに送信機を挿入します。 </li><li>バック切開の小さな止血クランプを挿入し、前方に向かって皮下にそれを操縦首の開口部。挿入、止血クランプを使用して、穏やかに非毒性のポリエチレンチューブ（4センチメートル長×1ミリメートルID）を把握します。 <ol><li>チューブは両方の腹部と背部切開部から突出するまで、バックの横切開アウトトンネルを通って戻って止血剤を引き出し止血剤からチューブを解放します。背面から、首を通ってトンネルにチューブに圧力感知カテーテルの先端をカテーテルセンサーを挿入します。首の前部からは、引き、ポリエチレンチューブを除去し、金属製のクリップを使用して、背側切開部を閉じます。 </li></ol></li><li>慎重に滅菌綿棒アプリケーターを使用して、下顎腺を分離し、弾性ステーフックを使用して、左の下顎腺を撤回。先の細い湾曲した鉗子を使用して、気管の左側に頸動脈を見つけます。滅菌ドレープを配置し、固定することにより、無菌手術部位を保管してください。 <ol><li>慎重に周囲の組織から血管を分離し、静かに分離迷走神経（色は白っぽい）離れて動脈からの頸動脈に沿っています。カットまたは神経や動脈を傷つけないように注意してください。 </li></ol></li><li>孤立した頸動脈のセクションの下に7-0非吸収性縫合糸の3枚を渡します。血流を閉鎖する頭蓋縫合糸を結びます。一時的に大動脈からの血流を閉塞するために胸骨に最も近い縫合糸を引き出します。 </li><li>中央の縫合糸を使用して、緩い結び目を作ります。これは、容器内にカテーテルを固定するために使用されます。頭蓋とマイクロはさみを使用して、胸骨縫合糸の間の動脈に小さな切開をカット。 </li><li>プローブからのゲルの損失を防ぐためにカテーテルを圧迫しないように注意して、特殊な血管カニュレーション鉗子でカテーテルをつかみます。優しく、細かい先端湾曲したピンセットをピンセットで動脈をつかむカテーテルを取り出し、小さな切開を通って容器に挿入します。 </li><li>動脈の中間辺り縫合ノードを締めて、優しく猫を進めますheter。ゆっくり胸骨の近位にある縫合糸を解放し、横大動脈に向かってカテーテルを前進させ続けます。 <ol><li>カテーテルを挿入する必要がどこまでのおおよその指標を与えるカテーテル上のマークを観察します。ポイントに達すると、そっと下カテーテルの周りの上部に縫合糸の両方を締めます。カテーテルは、縫合糸の結び目によって頚動脈に固定されています。 </li></ol></li><li>非吸収性5-0縫合糸で皮膚切開を閉じます。閉じられた後は、組織接着剤で切開部をシールします。 </li></ol> 4.外科回復とBP測定<ol><li>通常の姿勢や行動の復帰のために密接に動物を監視します。スタッフの獣医師の指示通りに24時間術後期間中鎮痛を管理します。 </li><li>動物が回復したら（5から7日後に手術）、テレメトリーレシーバープレートの上に置かれ、通常のマウスのケージに個別に収容します。 </li><li>移植TRを回し簡単にケージの外から動物の近くに位置する磁気デバイスを使用して、そして「オン」と「オフ」ansmitters。 </li></ol>

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	<li>Danaei, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+preventable+causes+of+death+in+the+United+States:+comparative+risk+assessment+of+dietary,+lifestyle,+and+metabolic+risk+factors.">The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors.</a> PLoS Med. 6 (4), e1000058 (2009).</li><li>Dornas, W. C., Silva, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+for+the+study+of+arterial+hypertension.">Animal models for the study of arterial hypertension.</a> J Biosci. 36 (4), 731-737 (2011).</li><li>Henze, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Persistent+alterations+in+heart+rate+variability,+baroreflex+sensitivity,+and+anxiety-like+behaviors+during+development+of+heart+failure+in+the+rat.">Persistent alterations in heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, and anxiety-like behaviors during development of heart failure in the rat.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 295 (1), H29-H38 (2008).</li><li>Hoffmann, D. 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E., Salomao, A., Gavras, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+experimental+hypertension+in+mice.">Models of experimental hypertension in mice.</a> Hypertension. 28 (6), 1064-1069 (1996).</li><li>Vatner, S. F., Braunwald, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+control+mechanisms+in+the+conscious+state.">Cardiovascular control mechanisms in the conscious state.</a> N Engl J Med. 293 (19), 970-976 (1975).</li><li>Zhao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arterial+Pressure+Monitoring+in+Mice.">Arterial Pressure Monitoring in Mice.</a> Curr Protoc Mouse Biol. 1, 105-122 (2011).</li><li>Whitesall, S. E., Hoff, J. B., Vollmer, A. P., D'Alecy, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+simultaneous+measurement+of+mouse+systolic+arterial+blood+pressure+by+radiotelemetry+and+tail-cuff+methods.">Comparison of simultaneous measurement of mouse systolic arterial blood pressure by radiotelemetry and tail-cuff methods.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 286 (6), H2408-H2415 (2004).</li><li>Kurtz, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+blood+pressure+measurement+in+humans+and+experimental+animals.+Part+2:+Blood+pressure+measurement+in+experimental+animals:+a+statement+for+professionals+from+the+subcommittee+of+professional+and+public+education+of+the+American+Heart+Association+council+on+high+blood+pressure+research.">Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 2: Blood pressure measurement in experimental animals: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association council on high blood pressure research.</a> Hypertension. 45 (2), 299-310 (2005).</li><li>Kurtz, T. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+blood+pressure+measurement+in+animals:+summary+of+an+AHA+scientific+statement+from+the+Council+on+High+Blood+Pressure+Research,+Professional+and+Public+Education+Subcommittee.">Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in animals: summary of an AHA scientific statement from the Council on High Blood Pressure Research, Professional and Public Education Subcommittee.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 25 (3), 478-479 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

埋め込み可能な無線遠隔測定は、過去10年間で大幅に改善されました。小さいプローブサイズは、動物のためのインプラントが少ない外傷なり、長時間のバッテリ寿命は、コストを削減するのに役立ち、かつ独立したテレメータ周波数は受信機間のクロストークを排除します。テレメトリーは自由に他の技術8,9によって必要とされている拘束、人間の相互作用、または麻酔の使用に関...

高血圧は間違いなく、それが1先進国と途上国の両方で主要な公衆衛生問題である、心血管疾患の主要な危険因子の一つです。実験的な高血圧症のいくつかの動物モデルは、ヒト2で観察されたもののような高血圧の応答を模倣するために開発されてきました。なかでも、歩行マウスが起源と高血圧への慢性暴露の影響をin vivo分析で可能に高血圧の進行を研究するための優れたモデルを表しています。 マウスでの血圧（BP）の監視は、高血圧や心不全3、4などの疾患の生理学および病態生理に関与するいくつかのメカニズムを解明するための研究を支援してきました。実際、マウスゲノムの操作は、高血圧5、6を研究するためのトランスジェニックまたは遺伝子標的モデルの生成は、適切な許可しました。しかし、穏やかな操作意識のあるマウスの鎮静や精神安定剤の使用は深く血圧7に影響を与えながら、潜在的に、データ収集中にアーティファクトを導入することができ興奮を誘発します。これらの態様は、特に重要であり、長期的な血圧の監視をしようとしたときに考慮に入れなければなりません。 そこマウスにおいて血圧を記録するいくつかの方法があり、現在入手可能な最も一般的な技術との比較は他8,9議論されています。しかし、血圧測定のためのAHAの推奨事項は、BPの動脈内測定は、一般的にあるため、直接時間10の長期間にわたってBPを測定する能力のために好ましいと結論付けました。動脈圧の直接測定と相まってラジオテレメトリは目を覚ましに生理機能を監視し、ストレスや環境関連のアーティファクト9、11を最小限に抑えながら、自由に実験動物を移動するための最先端の方法です。ラジオテレメトリは、自動的に複数の意識のある動物から血圧、心拍数、体温や動物の活動を収集する機能を提供しています。 この方法は多くの研究室では非常に人気が高まっていますが、マウスでのラジオテレメトリー注入は技術的に挑戦することができます。ここでは、マウスでの圧力変換器を移植する方法を示してステップバイステップのプロトコルを示しています。技術はマウス本体内にプローブの皮下に挿入することを含む、首にカテーテルチャンネルと左頸動脈を介して大動脈弓の近くに転送します。リモートで取得されたデータは、コンピュータモニタ上にライブ表示されます。データはまた、「オフライン」分析のために保存されています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Small animal anesthesia system</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>low-flow small animal anesthesia system</td></tr><tr><td>Pad warmer and mouse termometer</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>allows monitoring body temperature, and homeothermic control in small animals</td></tr><tr><td>Binocular Microscope</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>KSCXTS-1121</td><td>binocular body with boom stand pole and top LED</td></tr><tr><td>Hemostat Forceps</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>INS750451</td><td>used to clamp blood vessels or tag sutures</td></tr><tr><td>Small metal Clips, 7 mm, Stainless Steel</td><td>Kent Scientific Corp, Torrington, Connecticut, USA</td><td>INS750344</td><td>used for skin closure</td></tr><tr><td>Betadine solution</td><td>Purdue Products L.P., Stamford, CT, USA</td><td>NDC-67618-150-01</td><td>10% povidone iodine topical solution</td></tr><tr><td>Normal saline solution</td><td>Abott Laboratories</td><td>04930-04-10</td><td>needed for preventing tissue from drying.</td></tr><tr><td>Nair (Hair remover lotion)</td><td></td><td></td><td>needed for fur removal from the site of incision/surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Braide silk suture</td><td>Teleflex Medical OEM, Coventry, Connecticut, USA</td><td></td><td>Size 5.0, 6.0, 7.0</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td></td><td>2716</td><td>70% ethanol for disinfection</td></tr><tr><td>Spring scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>15000-10</td><td>for minor dissection</td></tr><tr><td>Scissors (angled to side)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>14063-011</td><td>No. 3 handle</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blade</td><td></td><td>2976-0</td><td>No. 10</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (curved)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11150-10</td><td>for holding tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps (straight)</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>11151-10</td><td>for holding tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Needle holder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td>12002-12</td><td>for suturing</td></tr><tr><td>Fine needle nose Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tool</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Henry Schein&amp;nbsp;Animal Health, Melville, New York, USA</td><td></td><td>a general inhalation anesthetic agent</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilizer</td><td>Benchmark Scientific, 116 Corporate Blvd, South Plainfield, NJ, USA</td><td>B1000</td><td>sterilize surgical tools&amp;nbsp;in 5-10 seconds using infrared heating</td></tr><tr><td>Gauze Pads</td><td>Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ, USA</td><td>JJ8513</td><td>to use for wound cleaning, prepping, scrubbing or dressing</td></tr><tr><td>Telemetry Device</td><td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td>DSI-PA-C10</td><td>to record blood pressure in freely moving mice</td></tr><tr><td>Telemetry receiver system&amp;nbsp; coumpled with a PC</td><td>Data Sciences International, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tubing</td><td>Instech Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA USA</td><td>BTPE-90</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vessel Cannulation Forceps, 13 cm, 0.5 mm OD</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>503374</td><td>special vessel cannulation forceps</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue adhesive</td><td>3M Animal Care Products, St. Paul, MN, USA</td><td>NAC No.:&amp;nbsp;11380041</td><td>use to close minor wounds, often eliminating the need for sutures and/or bandages</td></tr><tr><td>Weighing scale&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>BB300</td><td>precision analytical laboratory balance</td></tr></tbody></table>

long-term blood pressure measurement in freely moving mice using telemetry

新しい血管作用薬の開発中に、動脈血圧の監視は新しい提案された薬の有効性を評価するために重要です。実際、遺伝子改変マウスを用いて、新しい潜在的な治療標的の発見に焦点を当てた研究は、全身動脈圧変動の信頼性が高く、長期的評価を必要とします。現在、外来マウスでは血圧の長期的な測定値を得るためのゴールドスタンダードは、動脈カニューレ挿入を必要とする移植可能な無線送信機を使用しています。この技術は、テザリング、規制の必要性を排除する、またはデータサンプリング時の応力とアーチファクトを導入動物を麻酔します。しかし、カテーテル挿入を介したマウスにおける動脈血圧監視が原因で動脈のサイズが小さいため、むしろ挑戦することができます。ここでは、無線送信機と頸動脈cの成功皮下移植のための重要な鍵の通路を説明するためにステップバイステップガイドを提示しますマウスでの環化。我々はまた、術後の回復期間の後、自由に動くマウスから採取した長期血圧活性の例を含みます。この手順に従うことで、同時に複数の動物からの信頼性の直接的な血圧の録音が可能になります。

データは、受信機によってリモートで取得することができます。トレースは、品質管理（ 図1a）は、コンピュータ画面上に視覚化されます。このような動物ID、拡張期血圧と収縮期血圧などの詳細は、（ 図1b）に示されています。動脈BPを連続的に（24/7）を記録することができ、または短いプログラム間隔で（ すなわち 、60秒の取得時...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry at JoVE.com

Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

テレメトリを使用して自由に動くマウスにおける長期血圧測定

The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

During the development of new vasoactive agents, arterial blood pressure monitoring is crucial for evaluating the efficacy of the new proposed drugs. ...

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18.5K ビュー.  University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center. The goal of this protocol is to assess systemic blood pressure in conscious freely moving mice using implantable radio-telemetry devices.

ビデオ: Long-term Blood Pressure Measurement in Freely Moving Mice Using Telemetry

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

A surgical technique for implantation of commercially available telemetry transmitters used for continuous measurement of biopotential (one-lead ECG), heart rate, core body temperature and locomotor activity in freely moving mice is shown. Recommendations and protocols for post-operative care and pain relief, improving recovery, well being and survival rate are also presented.

自由に動く実験用マウスの心電図上のデータ、心拍数、体温および活動の要因となるRadiotelemetryトランスミッターの注入

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

医学

Measuring Blood Pressure in Mice using Volume Pressure Recording, a Tail-cuff Method

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume. A specially designed differential pressure transducer and an occlusion tail-cuff measure the total blood volume in the tail without the need to obtain the individual pulse signal. Special attention is afforded to the length of the occlusion cuff in order to derive the most accurate blood pressure readings. VPR can easily obtain readings on dark-skinned rodents, such as C57BL6 mice and is MRI compatible. The CODA system provides you with measurements of six (6) different blood pressure parameters; systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, mean blood pressure, tail blood flow, and tail blood volume. Measurements can be made on either awake or anesthetized mice or rats. The CODA system includes a controller, laptop computer, software, cuffs, animal holders, infrared warming pads, and an infrared thermometer. There are seven different holder sizes for mice as small as 8 grams to rats as large as 900 grams.

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. This tail-cuff system uses Volume Pressure Recording (VPR) to measure the blood pressure by determining the tail blood volume.

ボリューム圧力記録、テールカフ法を用いたマウスにおける測定血圧

The CODA 8-Channel High Throughput Non-Invasive Blood Pressure system measures the blood pressure in up to 8 mice or rats simultaneously. The CODA ...

生物学

Monitoring of Systemic and Hepatic Hemodynamic Parameters in Mice

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. However, due to the small size of the mouse, technical details of the intraoperative monitoring procedure suitable for the mouse were rarely described. Previously we have reported a monitoring procedure to obtain hemodynamic parameters for rats. Now, we adapted the procedure to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters in mice, a species ten-fold smaller than rats. This film demonstrates the instrumentation of the animals as well as the data acquisition process needed to assess systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. Vital parameters, including body temperature, respiratory&#160;rate&#160;and heart&#160;rate were recorded throughout the whole procedure. Systemic hemodynamic parameters consist of carotid artery pressure (CAP) and central venous pressure (CVP). Hepatic perfusion parameters include portal vein pressure (PVP), portal flow rate as well as the flow rate of the common hepatic artery (table 1). Instrumentation and data acquisition to record the normal values was completed within 1.5 h. Systemic and hepatic hemodynamic parameters remained within normal ranges during this procedure.
This procedure is challenging but feasible. We have already applied this procedure to assess hepatic hemodynamics in normal mice as well as during 70% partial hepatectomy and in liver lobe clamping experiments. Mean PVP after resection (n= 20), was 11.41&#177;2.94 cmH2O which was significantly higher (P&#60;0.05) than before resection (6.87&#177;2.39 cmH2O). The results of liver lobe clamping experiment indicated that this monitoring procedure is sensitive and suitable for detecting small changes in portal pressure and portal flow rate. In conclusion, this procedure is reliable in the hands of an experienced micro-surgeon but should be limited to experiments where mice are absolutely needed.

This film demonstrates how to acquire systemic and hepatic hemodynamics in mice. The whole monitoring includes acquisition of vital parameters, systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, common hepatic artery flow rate, and portal vein pressure as well as the portal flow rate in mice.

マウスにおける全身および肝血行動態パラメータの監視

The use of mouse models in experimental research is of enormous importance for the study of hepatic physiology and pathophysiological disturbances. ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

マウス収縮圧力を測定するために子宮内テレメトリ<em&gt;インビボ</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Novel Approach for Simultaneous Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure with Intravenous Infusion in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is of great interest in many areas of research such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesity. Unequivocal assessment of the role of the sympathetic nervous system is thus imperative for proper interpretation of experimental results and understanding of disease processes. RSNA has been traditionally measured in anesthetized rodents, including mice. However, mice usually exhibit very low systemic blood pressure and hemodynamic instability for several hours during anesthesia and surgery. Meaningful interpretation of RSNA is confounded by this non-physiological state, given the intimate relationship between sympathetic nervous tone and cardiovascular status. To address this limitation of traditional approaches, we developed a new method for measuring RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice. Mice were chronically instrumented with radio-telemeters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure as well as a jugular venous infusion catheter and custom-designed bipolar electrode for direct recording of RSNA. Following a 48-72 hour recovery period, survival rate was 100% and all mice behaved normally. At this time-point, RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of mice, with viable signals acquired up to 4 and 5 days post-surgery in 70% and 50% of mice, respectively. Physiological blood pressures were recorded in all mice (116&plusmn;2 mmHg; n=10). Recorded RSNA increased with eating and grooming, as well-established in the literature. Furthermore, RSNA was validated by ganglionic blockade and modulation of blood pressure with pharmacological agents. Herein, an effective and manageable method for clear recording of RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice is described.

Anesthetized mice exhibit non-physiological systemic blood pressure, which precludes meaningful assessment of autonomic tone given the intimate relationship between blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system. Thus, a novel method to simultaneously record renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure with intravenous infusion in conscious mice is outlined.

腎交感神経活動と意識、持続静脈内投与による血圧の同時記録への新しいアプローチ気ままなマウス。

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity ...

Simultaneous Electrocardiography Recording and Invasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Rats

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. Research focusing on cardiovascular disease models, potential cardiovascular therapeutic targets or pharmaceutical agents requires assessment of systemic arterial pressure and heart rhythm changes. In situations where radio telemetry systems are not available or affordable, the technique of femoral artery cannulation is an alternative way to obtain intra-arterial pressure waveform recordings and systemic BP measurements. This technique is economical and can be performed with standard equipment in animal facilities. However, invasive arterial pressure recording requires cannulation of small arteries, which can be a challenging surgical skill. Here, we present step-by-step protocols for femoral artery cannulation procedures. Key procedures include the calibration of the data acquisition system, tissue dissection and femoral artery cannulation, and setup of the arterial cannulation system for pressure recording. Surface electrocardiography recording procedures are also included. We also present examples of BP recordings from normotensive and hypertensive rats. This protocol allows reliable direct recordings of systemic BP with simultaneous electrocardiography.

Here, we describe a setup for simultaneous recording of electrocardiography and intra-arterial blood pressure (BP) in experimental rats, which can be done with standard equipment in animal facilities and can be applied to physiological or pharmacological studies to investigate pathogenic or therapeutic mechanisms in cardiovascular medicine.

心電図の同時記録と侵襲的血圧ラットにおける測定

For studies related to cardiovascular physiology or pathophysiology, blood pressure (BP) and electrocardiography are basic observational parameters. ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

意識のあるマウスにおける自発的な圧反射感受性を決定するための遠隔ECGと血圧伝達器の組み合わせの埋め込み

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Long-Term Continuous Measurement of Renal Blood Flow in Conscious Rats

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital functions of filtration and metabolism in kidney function. Many acute studies have been carried out in anesthetized animals to measure RBF under various conditions to determine mechanisms responsible for the regulation of kidney perfusion. However, for technical reasons, it has not been possible to measure RBF continuously (24 h/day) in unrestrained unanesthetized rats over prolonged periods. These methods allow the continuous determination of RBF over many weeks while also simultaneously recording blood pressure (BP) with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry). RBF monitoring is carried out with rats placed in a circular servo-controlled rat cage that enables the unrestrained movement of the rat throughout the study. At the same time, the tangling of cables from the flow probe and arterial catheters is prevented. Rats are first instrumented with an ultrasonic flow probe placement on the left renal artery and an arterial catheter implanted in the right femoral artery. These are routed subcutaneously to the nape of the neck, and connected to the flowmeter and pressure transducer, respectively, to measure RBF and BP. Following surgical implantation, rats are immediately placed in the cage to recover for at least one week and stabilize the ultrasonic probe recordings. Urine collection is also feasible in this system. The surgical and post-surgical procedures for continuous monitoring are demonstrated in this protocol.

The present protocol describes a long-term continuous measurement of renal blood flow in conscious rats and simultaneously recording blood pressure with implanted catheters (fluid-filled or by telemetry).

意識のあるラットにおける腎血流の長期連続測定

The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of body fluids. The regulation of renal blood flow (RBF) is essential to the vital ...

Multiple Intravenous Bolus Dosing and Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment in a Hypoxia-Induced Mouse Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Model

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease, primarily affecting small pulmonary arterioles of the lung. Currently, there is no cure for PAH. It is important to discover new compounds that can be used to treat PAH. The mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model is a widely used model for PAH research. This model recapitulates human clinical manifestations of PAH Group 3 disease and is an important research tool to evaluate the effectiveness of new experimental therapies for PAH. Research using this model often requires the administration of compounds in mice. For a compound that needs to be given directly into the bloodstream, optimizing intravenous (IV) administration is a key part of the experimental procedures. Ideally, the IV injection system should permit multiple injections over a set time course. Although the mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model is very popular in many laboratories, it is technically challenging to perform multiple IV bolus dosing and invasive hemodynamic assessment in this model. In this protocol, we present step-by-step instructions on how to carry out multiple IV bolus dosing via mouse jugular vein and perform arterial and right ventricle catheterization for hemodynamic assessment in mouse hypoxia-induced PAH model.

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure for executing multiple intravenous bolus dose administration and invasive hemodynamic monitoring in mice. Investigators can use this protocol for future therapeutic compound screening for pulmonary artery hypertension.

低酸素誘発マウス肺動脈高血圧症モデルにおける複数の静脈内ボーラス投与と侵襲的血行動態評価

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive life-threatening disease, primarily affecting small pulmonary arterioles of the lung. Currently, ...

Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which requires handling the mice, causes stress, and does not provide data on freely behaving mice during the dark cycle. State-of-the-art continuous glucose measurement in mice requires inserting a probe into the aortic arch of the mouse, as well as a specialized telemetry system. This challenging and expensive method has not been adopted by most labs. Here, we present a simple protocol involving the utilization of commercially available continuous glucose monitors used by millions of patients to measure glucose continuously in mice as a part of basic research. The glucose-sensing probe is inserted into the subcutaneous space in the back of the mouse through a small incision to the skin and is held in place tightly using a couple of sutures. The device is sutured to the mouse skin to ensure it remains in place. The device can measure glucose levels for up to 2 weeks and sends the data to a nearby receiver without any need to handle the mice. Scripts for the basic data analysis of glucose levels recorded are provided. This method, from surgery to computational analysis, is cost-effective and potentially very useful in metabolic research.

Here, we describe a simple method to implant a commercial continuous glucose monitor designed for patients onto mice and provide the scripts to analyze the results.

自由に動くマウスにおける簡単な連続グルコースモニタリング

Mice are a common model organism used to study metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Glucose levels are typically measured by tail-bleeding, which ...