We thank Matthew O'Connell, Maryam Jahanshahi, and Andreas Jenny for assistance. We thank Istv&#225;n And&#243; for plasmatocyte-specific antibodies, Utpal Banerjee for dome-meso-EBFP2 flies, Julian Martinez-Agosto for antp&gt;GFP flies, and Michael O'Connor for ptth and ptth&gt;grim flies. These methods were developed with support by the Kimmel Foundation, the Leukemia &amp; Lymphoma Society, NIH/NCI R01CA140451, NSF 1257939, DOD/NFRP W81XWH-14-1-0059, and NIH/NCI T32CA078207.

<ol>
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著者は、彼らが何の競合や金融利害関係を持たないことを宣言します。

遺伝的または環境の変化に応じ、ここで説明した4つの方法は、シグナル伝達、生存、増殖、および分化のような造血中に別個のプロセスを分析するために、個別に、または組み合わせて使用することができるショウジョウバエ造血は、動的なプロセスです。動物あたりの血球数が35増加し、リンパ腺の構造と遺伝子発現は、開発中に32を変更します 。これらの?...

血液疾患における造血系の開発とその誤動作の座標転写因子およびシグナル伝達経路を調節する複雑なメカニズムはよくわかっていないままです。これらの転写因子およびシグナル伝達経路、ならびにそれらの調節は、非常にショウジョウバエおよび哺乳動物の造血1~5の間で保存されています。したがってショウジョウバエ造血系は、造血及び下地血液疾患を制御する分子機構を定義するための優れた遺伝的モデルを表します。 哺乳類と同様に、 ショウジョウバエは、造血の空間的および時間的に別個の相では、血球と呼ばれる、血液細胞を生成します。伝統的に、 ショウジョウバエの造血は、胚中胚葉にし、幼虫のリンパ腺に段階に限定されると考えられていました。最近の研究は、造血はまた、幼虫の無茎性のCLUで発生するという証拠を提供しますstersと6-8腹部大人インチplasmatocytesと液晶セル：すべての造血相は、成熟血球の2種類を生成します。 Plasmatocytesは食作用、先天性免疫、および創傷治癒に関与するマクロファージ様細胞です。クリスタル細胞がメラニン化のために必要なプロphenoloxidases、昆虫の免疫応答および創傷治癒に使用される反応が含まれています。幼虫の造血は、このような寄生蜂感染9,10などの特定の免疫の課題に応じて、lamellocyteと呼ばれる第三の成熟した血球タイプを、生成することができます。 Lamellocytesは、 ショウジョウバエの幼虫に敷設されたスズメバチの卵をカプセル化し、中和するために、plasmatocytesと液晶セルと組み合わせて、機能大、接着細胞です。寄生虫感染の非存在下で、lamellocytes野生型幼虫では見られません。メラニン質量はメラニン、カプセル化されたスズメバチの卵に似ています。多くの変異体ショウジョウバエ株は、寄生虫感染の非存在下での黒色腫瘤を開発します。 lamelloの存在球および/またはメラニンの塊は、造血異常を示すことができます。実際には、黒色質量表現型は、造血11-14に関与する遺伝子および経路を同定するために使用されています。 幼虫の造血系は、最も広く今日までに研究されています。それは、血リンパ中を循環血球、キューティクルの下にパターン化さ固着血球クラスター、およびリンパ腺に存在する血球から構成されています。リンパ腺は背容器に取り付けられた二国間のローブのシリーズです。リンパ腺の各一次ローブは、3つの主要な領域に分割されます。最も外側のゾーンは、皮質ゾーンとして知られており、成熟血球が含まれます。最も内側のゾーンは、髄質ゾーンと呼ばれ、静止血球前駆体から構成されています。第三ゾーン、後部のシグナリングセンターでは、幹細胞様ニッチとして機能リンパ腺の基部にある細胞の小グループです。初期の研究は、Notch 15-18のための重要な機能を確立しました</suP&gt;、ヘッジホッグ19,20、JAK-STAT 18、および無翅21の活動は、幼虫のリンパ腺の開発を規制します。より最近の研究は、BMP 22、FGF-RAS 23、およびカバ24,25シグナリングはまた幼虫のリンパ腺内で機能することを実証しました。 ここで説明四幼虫造血アッセイ1を説明する）3） インビボでの液晶セルを可視化する、2）免疫組織化学のために循環血球を単離し、固定し、単位体積あたりの細胞数として定義血球濃度が、循環、及び4）、解剖固定、実装測定免疫組織化学のための腺リンパ。これらのアッセイは、幼虫の造血系内シグナル伝達経路の機能および規則を評価するために、造血読み出しとして使用することができます。これらのメソッドは、フィールドで以前に使用されてきたが、これらのアッセイの視覚的なドキュメントは、ごく最近8,26-30を開始しました。ここで引用したいくつかの刊行物は、ヘルプです同様の方法および造血マーカー26,31-33を説明FUL資源。さらに、TROLとバイキングは、リンパ腺の基底膜の有用なマーカーです。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="804">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">PBS tablets</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">2810305</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">dissecting dish</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">7220-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Denville</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">C2170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:229px;">silicone dissecting pad, made from Sylgard 184 kit</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Krayden (distributed through Fisher)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">NC9644388 (Fisher catalog number)</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Made in petri dish by mixing components of Sylgard elastomer kit according to manufacturer instructions.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Morrell Instruments (Nikon distributor)</td>
			<td>mna42000, mma36300</td>
			<td>Nikon models SMZ1000 and SMZ645</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">tissue wipe</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">82003-820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">forceps</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">72700-DZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">p200 pipette</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3120000054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Countess Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">C10227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Countess cell counting chamber slides</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">C10283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">3200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">trypan blue stain</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BP531-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Triton</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BP151-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BP337-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Rocky Mountain Biologicals</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">BSA-BSH-01K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">normal goat serum</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">G9023-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">normal donkey serum</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">D9663-10ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">200 proof ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">V1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">N-propyl gallate</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">102747</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">EM-4750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">DAPI (4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>62248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">351146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">12-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">351143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">microscope cover glass, 22 mm square</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">12-544-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">microscope cover glass, 18mm circular</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">12-545-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">glass microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">22-034-980</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">thermal cycler</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td>E950010037</td>
			<td>Mastercycler EP Gradient S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">PCR tubes</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">1402-2700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">24-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">351147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">disposable transfer pipet</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">13-711-9AM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td style="width:176px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
			<td>Axio Imager.Z1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods to examine the lymph gland and hemocytes in drosophila larvae

多くの類似点は、 ショウジョウバエ、哺乳動物の適応免疫を特徴付けるリンパ系統を欠いていても、 ショウジョウバエおよび哺乳動物の造血系の間に存在し、ショウジョウバエおよび哺乳動物の造血は、いくつかの血液細胞系統を生成するために空間的および時間的に異なる段階で起こります。両方のシステムが成熟した系統を展開したり交換すると、血液前駆細胞の貯水池を維持します。造血系は、 ショウジョウバエや哺乳類が応答すると免疫の課題に適応することができます。重要なのは、生成、保守、および造血系の機能を制御する転写調節因子およびシグナル伝達経路は、哺乳動物へのハエから保存されています。これらの類似性は、 ショウジョウバエは遺伝的モデル造血開発および疾患に使用することができます。 ここでは詳細なアッセイは、 ショウジョウバエの幼虫の造血系を検討しました。に特に、我々は、血液細胞数および濃度を測定生体内で特定の成熟した系統を視覚化し、循環中および造血器官に血液細胞の免疫組織化学法を実行するための方法を概説します。これらのアッセイは、遺伝子発現の変化及びシグナリング、生存、増殖、および分化を含む細胞プロセスを明らかにすることができるし、造血に関する質問の様々な調査するために使用することができます。 ショウジョウバエで利用可能な遺伝子ツールと組み合わせて、これらのアッセイは、定義された遺伝的改変の際に造血系を評価するために使用することができます。具体的にここで説明されていないが、これらのアッセイは、造血系の、そのような感染症や食事などの環境変化の影響を調べるために使用できます。

循環血球濃度血球数は、幼虫の発育35全体で増加します。この方法は、血球数と濃度の違いを検出することを説明するために、関係なく、生物学的原因の、私たちは、遅延および非遅延幼虫の血球濃度を測定しました。 PTTH-産生ニューロン（PTTH&gt;厳しい）の遺伝的アブレーションによる前胸腺刺激ホルモン（PTTH）?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae at JoVE.com

Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

ショウジョウバエおよび哺乳動物の造血系は、 ショウジョウバエの造血を研究するための魅力的な遺伝モデル作り、多くの共通の特徴を共有します。ここでは、免疫組織化学のための主要な幼虫の造血器官の解剖と取り付けを示しています。また、循環血球と固着液晶セルを含む様々な幼虫の造血コンパートメントをアッセイする方法を記載しています。

リンパ腺や血球中を調べるための方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫

Many parallels exist between the Drosophila and mammalian hematopoietic systems, even though Drosophila lack the lymphoid lineage that characterize ...

methods-to-examine-the-lymph-gland-and-hemocytes-in-drosophila-larvae

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

12.7K ビュー.  The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.  ショウジョウバエおよび哺乳動物の造血系は、 ショウジョウバエの造血を研究するための魅力的な遺伝モデル作り、多くの共通の特徴を共有します。ここでは、免疫組織化学のための主要な幼虫の造血器官の解剖と取り付けを示しています。また、循環血球と固着液晶セルを含む様々な幼虫の造血コンパートメントをアッセイする方法を記...

ビデオ: Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

エバンスブルー色素でゼブラフィッシュ幼生骨格筋の整合性の分析

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

発生生物学

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

郭清ときのこ体の免疫蛍光染色と大人のショウジョウバエ脳光受容器ニューロン

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) play important roles in the regulation of many cellular functions, including metabolism, proliferation, and differentiation. Typically, pHi dynamics are determined in cultured cells, which are amenable to measuring and experimentally manipulating pHi. However, the recent development of new tools and methodologies has made it possible to study pHi dynamics within intact, live tissue. For Drosophila research, one important development was the generation of a transgenic line carrying a pHi biosensor, mCherry::pHluorin. Here, we describe a protocol that we routinely use for imaging live Drosophila ovarioles to measure pHi in the epithelial follicle stem cell (FSC) lineage in mCherry::pHluorin transgenic wild type lines; however, the methods described here can be easily adapted for other tissues, including the wing discs and eye epithelium. We describe techniques for expressing mCherry::pHluorin in the FSC lineage, maintaining ovarian tissue during live imaging, and acquiring and analyzing images to obtain pHi values.

Methods for Imaging Intracellular pH of the Follicle Stem Cell Lineage in Live Drosophila Ovarian Tissue

We provide a protocol for imaging intracellular pH of an epithelial stem cell lineage in live Drosophila ovarian tissue. We describe methods to generate transgenic flies expressing a pH biosensor, mCherry::pHluorin, image the biosensor using quantitative fluorescence imaging, generate standard curves, and convert fluorescence intensity values to pH values.

ライブショウジョウバエ卵巣組織の卵胞幹細胞系列のイメージング細胞内 pH の方法

Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) play important roles in the regulation of many cellular functions, including metabolism, proliferation, and ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain and protect cellular identities. The conversion of germ cells into specific neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a powerful tool for performing genetic screens in order to dissect regulatory pathways that safeguard established cell identities. Reprogramming of germ cells to a specific type of neurons termed ASE requires transgenic animals that allow broad over-expression of the Zn-finger transcription factor (TF) CHE-1. Endogenous CHE-1 is expressed exclusively in two head neurons and is required to specify the glutamatergic ASE neurons fate, which can easily be visualized by the gcy-5prom::gfp reporter. A trans gene containing the heat-shock promoter-driven che-1 gene expression construct allows broad mis-expression of CHE-1 in the entire animal upon heat-shock treatment. The combination of RNAi against the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 and heat-shock-induced che-1 over-expression leads to reprogramming of germ cell into ASE neuron-like cells. We describe here the specific RNAi procedure and appropriate conditions for heat-shock treatment of transgenic animals in order to successfully induce germ cell to neuron conversion.

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

This protocol describes how to study cellular processes during cell fate conversion in Caenorhabditis elegans in vivo. Using transgenic animals, allowing heat-shock promoter-driven overexpression of the neuron fate-inducing transcription factor CHE-1 and RNAi-mediated depletion of the chromatin-regulating factor LIN-53 germ cell to neuron reprogramming can be observed in vivo.

線虫のニューロンに生殖細胞を再プログラムする RNAi と熱衝撃による転写因子の発現のアプリケーション

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Cell Aggregation Assays to Evaluate the Binding of the Drosophila Notch with Trans-Ligands and its Inhibition by Cis-Ligands

Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-cell communication system used broadly in animal development and adult maintenance. Interaction of the Notch receptor with ligands from neighboring cells induces activation of the signaling pathway (trans-activation), while interaction with ligands from the same cell inhibits signaling (cis-inhibition). Proper balance between trans-activation and cis-inhibition helps establish optimal levels of Notch signaling in some contexts during animal development. Because of the overlapping expression domains of Notch and its ligands in many cell types and the existence of feedback mechanisms, studying the effects of a given post-translational modification on trans- versus cis-interactions of Notch and its ligands in vivo is difficult. Here, we describe a protocol for using Drosophila S2 cells in cell-aggregation assays to assess the effects of knocking down a Notch pathway modifier on the binding of Notch to each ligand in trans and in cis. S2 cells stably or transiently transfected with a Notch-expressing vector are mixed with cells expressing each Notch ligand (S2-Delta or S2-Serrate). Trans-binding between the receptor and ligands results in the formation of heterotypic cell aggregates and is measured in terms of the number of aggregates per mL composed of &#62;6 cells. To examine the inhibitory effect of cis-ligands, S2 cells co-expressing Notch and each ligand are mixed with S2-Delta or S2-Serrate cells and the number of aggregates is quantified as described above. The relative decrease in the number of aggregates due to the presence of cis-ligands provides a measure of cis-ligand-mediated inhibition of trans-binding. These straightforward assays can provide semi-quantitative data on the effects of genetic or pharmacological manipulations on the binding of Notch to its ligands, and can help deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the in vivo effects of such manipulations on Notch signaling.

Cell Aggregation Assays to Evaluate the Binding of the Drosophila Notch with Trans-Ligands and its Inhibition by Cis-Ligands

Complexity of in vivo systems makes it difficult to distinguish between the activation and inhibition of Notch receptor by trans- and cis-ligands, respectively. Here, we present a protocol based on in vitro cell-aggregation assays for qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation of the binding of Drosophila Notch to trans-ligands vs cis-ligands.

セルショウジョウバエ切り込みをトランスとの結合を評価する集計の試金-配位子とCisによるその阻害-配位子

Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-cell communication system used broadly in animal development and adult maintenance. Interaction of the ...

Methods for the Study of Regeneration in Stentor

Cells need to be able to regenerate their parts to recover from external perturbations. The unicellular ciliate Stentor coeruleus is an excellent model organism to study wound healing and subsequent cell regeneration. The Stentor genome became available recently, along with modern molecular biology methods, such as RNAi. These tools make it possible to study single-cell regeneration at the molecular level. The first section of the protocol covers establishing Stentor cell cultures from single cells or cell fragments, along with general guidelines for maintaining Stentor cultures. Culturing Stentor in large quantities allows for the use of valuable tools like biochemistry, sequencing, and mass spectrometry. Subsequent sections of the protocol cover different approaches to inducing regeneration in Stentor. Manually cutting cells with a glass needle allows studying the regeneration of large cell parts, while treating cells with either sucrose or urea allows studying the regeneration of specific structures located at the anterior end of the cell. A method for imaging individual regenerating cells is provided, along with a rubric for staging and analyzing the dynamics of regeneration. The entire process of regeneration is divided in three stages. By visualizing the dynamics of the progression of a population of cells through the stages, the heterogeneity in regeneration timing is demonstrated.

Methods for the Study of Regeneration in Stentor

The giant ciliate, Stentor coeruleus, is an excellent system to study regeneration and wound healing. We present procedures for establishing Stentor cell cultures from single cells or cell fragments, inducing regeneration by cutting cells, chemically inducing the regeneration of membranellar band and oral apparatus, imaging, and analysis of cell regeneration.

ラッパムシの再生の研究のための方法

Cells need to be able to regenerate their parts to recover from external perturbations. The unicellular ciliate Stentor coeruleus is an excellent model ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the number of novel cell lines is expected to increase. The DGRC aims to familiarize researchers with using Drosophila cell lines as an experimental tool to complement and drive their research agenda. Procedures for working with a variety of Drosophila cell lines with distinct characteristics are provided, including protocols for thawing, culturing, and cryopreserving cell lines. Importantly, this publication demonstrates the best practices required to work with Drosophila cell lines to minimize the risk of contaminations from adventitious microorganisms or from other cell lines. Researchers who become familiar with these procedures will be able to delve into the many applications that use Drosophila cultured cells including biochemistry, cell biology and functional genomics.

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Drosophila cell lines are important reagents for both fundamental and biomedical research. This article provides protocols for thawing, subculturing, and the cryopreservation of commonly used Drosophila cell lines to assist researchers in incorporating the use of these reagents in their research.

解凍、養殖、ショウジョウバエ細胞をトウキョウ

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs). These chemicals may alter the normal balance of endocrine systems and lead to adverse effects, as well as an increasing number of hormonal disorders in the human population or disturbed growth and reduced reproduction in the wildlife species. For some EDCs, there are documented health effects and restrictions on their use. However, for most of them, there is still no scientific evidence in this sense. In order to verify potential endocrine effects of a chemical in the full organism, we need to test it in appropriate model systems, as well as in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report detailed in vivo protocols to study endocrine disruption in Drosophila, addressing EDC effects on the fecundity/fertility, developmental timing, and lifespan of the fly. In the last few years, we used these Drosophila life traits to investigate the effects of exposure to 17-&#945;-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), and bisphenol AF (BPA F). Altogether, these assays covered all Drosophila life stages and made it possible to evaluate endocrine disruption in all hormone-mediated processes. Fecundity/fertility and developmental timing assays were useful to measure the EDC impact on the fly reproductive performance and on developmental stages, respectively. Finally, the lifespan assay involved chronic EDC exposures to adults and measured their survivorship. However, these life traits can also be influenced by several experimental factors that had to be carefully controlled. So, in this work, we suggest a series of procedures we have optimized for the right outcome of these assays. These methods allow scientists to establish endocrine disruption for any EDC or for a mixture of different EDCs in Drosophila, although to identify the endocrine mechanism responsible for the effect, further essays could be needed.

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) represent a serious problem for organisms and for natural environments. Drosophila melanogaster represents an ideal model to study EDC effects in vivo. Here, we present methods to investigate endocrine disruption in Drosophila, addressing EDC effects on fecundity, fertility, developmental timing, and lifespan of the fly.

ショウジョウバエメラメラノガスターにおける内分泌破壊を試験する方法

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational health hazard. Here, we demonstrate the exposure of primary stem cells from the mouse ocular surface to UV-C radiation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation is the readout of the extent of oxidative stress/damage. In an experimental in vitro setting, it is also essential to assess the percentage of dead cells generated due to oxidative stress. In this article, we will demonstrate the 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate (DCFDA) staining of UV-C exposed mouse primary ocular surface stem cells and their quantification based on the fluorescent images of DCFDA staining. DCFDA staining directly corresponds to ROS generation. We also demonstrate the quantification of dead and live cells by simultaneous staining with propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 3332 respectively and the percentage of DCFDA (ROS positive) and PI positive cells.

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

This protocol demonstrates the simultaneous detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS), live cells, and dead cells in live primary cultures from mouse ocular surface cells. 2&#39;,7&#39;-Dichlorofluoresceindiacetate, propidium iodide, and Hoechst staining are used to assess the ROS, dead cells, and live cells, respectively, followed by imaging and analysis.

紫外C(UV-C)損傷に対する主なマウス眼表面細胞/幹細胞における酸化的損傷の評価

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...

Whole Mount Immunohistochemistry in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. Although many immunohistochemistry protocols have been optimized for mammalian tissue and tissue sections, these protocols often require modification and optimization for non-mammalian model organisms. Zebrafish are increasingly used as a model system in basic, biomedical, and translational research to investigate the molecular, genetic, and cell biological mechanisms of developmental processes. Zebrafish offer many advantages as a model system but also require modified techniques for optimal protein detection. Here, we provide our protocol for whole-mount fluorescence immunohistochemistry in zebrafish embryos and larvae. This protocol additionally describes several different mounting strategies that can be employed and an overview of the advantages and disadvantages each strategy provides. We also describe modifications to this protocol to allow detection of chromogenic substrates in whole mount tissue and fluorescence detection in sectioned larval tissue. This protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many developmental stages and embryonic structures.

Here, we present a protocol for fluorescent antibody-mediated detection of proteins in whole preparations of zebrafish embryos and larvae.

ゼブラフィッシュ胚と幼虫の全山免疫賦形化学

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. ...